Vietnamese is the national language of Vietnam, with 85-90% Vietnamese as their mother tongue. In addition, the Jing people and three million overseas Chinese living in China and Guangxi also use Vietnamese. In history, Vietnamese used to use Chinese characters and southern characters as notation, but in modern times, it used Mandarin characters with several new letters and tone symbols based on Latin letters (Yue: ch? Qu? c Ng？ /? Mandarin) writing.
Directory [hidden]
1 history
2 Language symbols in Vietnamese history
2. 1 Summary
2.2 Three file systems
3 pedigree classification
Four dialects
5 phonology
6 vocabulary
7 grammar
8 Vietnamese Mandarin characters
Nine Chinese Phonetic Pairs
10 alphabet
Footnote 1 1
12 See also
13 external link
[Edit] History
The languages of most countries in Southeast Asia are greatly influenced by Indian culture, while Vietnamese, like Korean and Japanese, has been deeply influenced by Chinese character culture since ancient times. Under the rule of China from 1 century to1century, Vietnamese introduced a huge vocabulary of Chinese characters, and its pronunciation (Chinese-Vietnamese pronunciation) was similar to that of ancient Chinese, but its grammar inherited a lot of features of Khmer. Although it doesn't have the same tense and verb changes as Chinese, it is also tonal language, but the word order is just the opposite of Chinese, and the situation is similar to Thai.
The picture is written in Vietnamese as "I speak Vietnamese"; The first line is written in Mandarin in Vietnamese, and the second line is written in Vietnamese mixed with Chinese and South languages. The three underlined words are nan characters. In the early days, Vietnamese did not invent a writing system suitable for their own language. About the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chinese characters (called "Confucian characters" by Vietnamese) began to be introduced into Vietnam systematically and on a large scale. After the Chen Dynasty in Vietnam, Chinese characters became the main characters of the Vietnamese government and people. At this time, a large number of works in Chinese characters began to appear, the most famous of which was/kloc-The Great Historian of Vietnam compiled in the 5th century. It is worth noting that these articles written in Chinese characters are basically not written in accordance with Vietnamese grammar rules, nor do they use Vietnamese vocabulary, but are written purely in ancient Chinese grammar. So these Chinese works are Chinese works, which are very different from the spoken Vietnamese at that time.
Because Vietnamese spoken language is different from Chinese, classical Chinese can't accurately record Vietnamese national language (like ancient Korea and Vietnam, classical Chinese was used in writing, but folk spoken language is the national language). After the spread of Chinese characters in Vietnam, some people began to try to create new characters based on Chinese characters to record the Vietnamese national language. These words are nanzi (yue: ch? n？ m/？ South). In the 8th century, southern characters began to appear, and in the 3rd century/kloc-0, Vietnamese literati began to use southern characters for literary creation. The most famous literary works here are Ruan You (Nguy? N Du) was written in19th century (Truy? n Ki？ U). Vietnamese upper class has always rejected this kind of writing because of its strong idea of "respecting Han", and the national education authorities have not regarded it as an official writing, nor have they made any efforts to sort it out and standardize it. Although both the rulers of the Hu Dynasty (1400-1407) and the Fuchun Courtyard of the Ruan Dynasty in Xishan (1788-1802) once attached importance to Nanzi and promoted it to the status of national documents.
Now Vietnamese is written in Latin letters, whiCh are called Mandarin characters (ch? Qu? c Ng？ )。 It is the French missionary Alexandre Rhodes (French: Alexandre de Rhodes, Vietnamese: A-L? ch-S？ n？ c-L？ ), 159 1 year-1660) are integrated on the basis of the spelling principles of previous missionaries. During the French occupation of Vietnam in the19th century, this writing system became popular and was fully used in the 20th century.
[Editor] Linguistic symbols in Vietnamese history
[edit] summary
Vietnamese classical literature is mostly written in classical Chinese, and more than 70% of the words in the dictionary are Sino-Vietnamese words (the more: t? Han VI? T/ Chinese and Vietnamese), before modern times, Chinese characters and Chinese characters invented by our nation were often used. Official documents are generally made in classical Chinese, and ordinary documents are generally made in Vietnamese, in which Chinese characters and Chinese characters are mixed. 19 19 Vietnam abolished the imperial examination, 1945 saw the demise of the Ruan Dynasty and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which led to a gradual decrease in the use of Chinese characters and southern characters.
It was invented by Christian missionaries in the17th century and popularized by the French colonial policy. Roman characters are used to represent Chinese characters (the more: ch? Qu? c Ng？ /? Mandarin) During the colonial period, Chinese characters were called "French gifts" by French colonists. After the independence movement, nationalists thought that Chinese characters and southern characters were inconvenient, and non-verbal characters and mandarin characters became the official notation of Vietnamese after independence. Generally speaking, Vietnamese people regard Chinese characters as official symbols without any objection.
[Edit] Three document systems
Historically, Vietnam has three file systems, including:
Chinese (classical Chinese)
Han nanwen
Mandarin characters
Chinese (Yue: Hanwu? N/ Chinese) was the main official document system in feudal Vietnam, and nobles and intellectuals also wrote in Chinese. Chinese (classical Chinese) is also a common document system in ancient East Asian countries, and it is also used in China, South Korea and Japan. However, it is completely composed of Chinese characters, which is quite different from Vietnamese, and it is difficult to achieve unity with Vietnamese spoken language in writing.
With the improvement of the national language consciousness of writing expression, Nanzi was invented at the latest in the century of 13. The appearance of Nan Zi completed the unification of written and spoken Vietnamese, and the Chinese Nan Zi, which represents Vietnamese, also appeared. The emergence of Korean accelerated the development of Vietnamese national language and literature, and many excellent articles were also written in Korean, such as Ruan Tan in15th century, and many of his Korean poems are still appreciated by people today. Vietnamese literature reached a peak in the18th century, with Ruan You's biography of Jin Qiaoyun and He Xuanhong's poems about Hannan. Because they were written in Hannan, which is convenient for Vietnamese people to understand and remember, these literary works are widely circulated in oral form among Vietnamese people (DeFrancis 1977:44-46).
On the other hand, after the emergence of Chinese, Chinese is still used in official documents. One exception was the Hu Dynasty (1400- 1407), when Chinese was temporarily abolished and Hannan was officially opened. However, due to the arrival of the third northern vassal era in Vietnam, the official status of Hannan was terminated. In the Li Dynasty, Chinese became the preferred medium of social dissent, so the government of the Li Dynasty banned the use of Chinese in three periods: 1663, 17 18 and 1760. The last time Hannan was adopted by Vietnamese officials was during the Xishan Dynasty (1788- 1802). However, in the later Ruan Dynasty, Hannan's official position was terminated again. Nguyn Phuc Anh, the first emperor of Ruan Dynasty (1802- 1945), supported the use of Nan characters and Chinese characters before he became emperor, but he began to use Chinese characters after he came to power (Hannas 1997:83-84).
From the second half of the 19th century, French colonists began to ban the use of Chinese (classical Chinese), the official document of Ruan Dynasty, and abolished 19 15 and 19 18 to19/kloc-0. The decline of Chinese characters and their status also leads to the decline of Nanzi, which is closely related to Chinese characters (de Francis1977:179). In the first half of the 20th century, southern characters and Chinese characters gradually declined, while the pinyin characters and Putonghua characters popularized by French colonists began to be standardized and became popular in Vietnam.
Pedigree classification
The Vietnamese family affiliation has not yet been determined. At present, it is generally accepted that it belongs to the Monkhmer family of South Asian language family, such as Schmidt's judgment that Vietnamese and Monkhmer have a large number of basic words with the same grammatical structure, and some China scholars have found that Vietnamese and Wa are homologous from the bottom of Vietnamese. Other linguists think Vietnamese is an isolated language.
Another view of linguistics in the 20th century is that Vietnamese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family or Zhuang-Dong language family. For example, Ma Bole judges Vietnamese syllables according to fixed tones, with monosyllabic words in the majority, and word order and function words are the main means to express grammatical meaning. This view is no longer popular, but the China Library Classification, which is commonly used in library science in Chinese mainland, still classifies Vietnamese-related books as Sino-Tibetan books [1].
Because of the controversy over the language family of Vietnamese, it can be regarded as a mixed language of Sino-Tibetan language family, Zhuang-Dong language family and South Asian language family. Recently, Vietnamese linguists with nationalist tendencies think that it should be included in the Zhuang-Dong language family, because it is unacceptable that the Khmer language family included in the South Asian language family comes from the same source as the Khmer language (also known as Cambodian) spoken by Cambodians who used to be enemies in history.
dialect
The types of Vietnamese dialects are relatively simple and can be roughly divided into three categories. The differences between the three are mainly in phonology and vocabulary, and the differences in grammar are very small.
The old name of dialect naming area
Tokyo dialect, a northern dialect in Hanoi and Haiphong.
The northern central dialects are Wa 'an (Rong, Qingzhang), Tsinghua, Guangping and Jingshang 'an dialects.
Tones in Central Dialect of Guangnan and Upper Annan Dialect
Southern dialect zhina dialect in Ho Chi Minh City and Mekong Delta.
The pronunciation of modern Vietnamese is based on Hanoi dialect (northern dialect). However, many overseas Vietnamese speak Vietnamese with Saigon dialect. Most overseas Vietnamese media broadcast in Saigon dialect. The main differences between Hanoi dialect and Saigon dialect are tone and tongue rolling.
In Hanoi dialect, there is no difference in the pronunciation of the last three groups of letters: TR=CH=/c/, D=R=GI=/z/, S=X=/s/. But in Saigon dialect, r, s, TR and tr need to roll their tongues, while ch, gi and x do not roll their tongues. Moreover, Saigon dialect pronounces d as semi-vowel /j/.
Modern standard sounds of rolled tongue, flat tongue and semi-vowels
TR CH TR=CH=[c]
R GI D R=GI=D=[z]
S X S=X=[s]
In terms of tone, Saigon dialect combines falling tone (rising tone) and inquiring tone (rising tone). So there are only five tones in Vietnamese in Saigon dialect.
[editor] phonology
Main project: Vietnamese phonetic system
Vietnamese is similar to Chinese, and its word formation is mostly monosyllabic (or nominal). Like most Chinese and Zhuang-Thai languages, Vietnamese syllables can be composed of initials, intermedia, finals, finals and tones.
Vocabulary [edit]
Vietnamese is a monosyllabic language, almost every sound has at least one meaning, so like Chinese, it is free to combine new words to express new concepts. Like what? "has the meaning of" already ",and" r? I "means" finished ",and the two form a new word"? r？ I "means" finished "; Another example is? Nh is the Chinese character "Ding" and "? The new word "nh" means "it has been decided, it has been decided, it has been decided. "
Vietnamese vocabulary is quite rich, and like Korean and Japanese, it is a language rich in Chinese characters (Chinese-Vietnamese words), so according to the source of vocabulary, Vietnamese vocabulary can be divided into the following four categories:
Inherent words (also known as "pure yue words")
Inherent words are words that exist in Vietnamese itself. Most of these words are verbs and nouns commonly used in daily life, such as the verb "? I (go) ",the noun" c? M (rice) and so on. ; There are also some specific nouns, such as "c? Y (tree) ","n? C (water) "and so on.
In the original Chinese cultural circle, Japanese and Korean still use two sets of numerals (inherent numerals and Chinese numerals), and a large number of expressions of numeral concepts have been sinicized. However, Chinese numerals are not completely used in Vietnamese. Numerals from one to one thousand still have their own inherent expressions, and only a few expressions of numeral concepts have been sinicized. U (millions) is the number "trillion" in China.
Chinese and Vietnamese ci
There are many Chinese and Vietnamese words in Vietnamese, accounting for no less than 60%. Among these Chinese characters, few monosyllabic Chinese characters are directly used as vocabulary, such as: H? C (learning), t? I am (in); Most monosyllabic Chinese words are used as word-building components, such as "nh" mentioned above.
A considerable number of Chinese and Vietnamese words are copied from the original text to Vietnamese, and their meanings are consistent with Chinese, such as: l? ch s？ (history),? nh ngh？ A (definition), phong phú (richness),? Me? U hoà (harmony), th? i s？ (current affairs).
There are a large number of Chinese and Vietnamese words that are different from modern Chinese words, such as:
ph？ ng ti？ N (convenience): In Vietnamese, it means "technology" and "means".
v？ N phòng (study room): It means "office" and "office building" in Vietnamese.
ph？ Ng phi (wheat straw): It means "plump" in Vietnamese.
phong l？ U (Romantic): It means "rich" and "rich" in Vietnamese.
There are also a large number of Vietnamese-made Chinese-Vietnamese words in Vietnamese, which are similar to the Japanese word "harmony-made Chinese". These words are composed of ancient Chinese morphemes and can be written directly in Chinese characters, but these words are not found in Chinese, such as: b? nh c？ M (not feeling well): I have a cold. kh？ U trang: a mask.
China Vietnamese Chinese Characters Vietnamese National Characters Latin
Student, student h? Xinhe Xin
Now, at t? I wear
History. History? ch s？ Li su
Definition? Definition? nh ngh？ A big meal.
Enrich phong phú fong fu
Reconciliation? Reconciliation? Me? How are you?
Current events (time) (th? i)[ 1] s？ dhoi su
Convenient technology. ph ng ti？ Fondean
Office study room v? Nanfeng wenfang
Plump wheat straw ph? ng phi fuong fi
Rich and romantic phong l? U fanglu
Cold b? nh c？ m benh gam
A mask with kh? u trang khau drang
Chinese and Vietnamese words can be divided into three categories: ancient Chinese and Vietnamese words, standardized Chinese and Vietnamese words and Vietnamese Chinese and Vietnamese words.
Most Chinese and Vietnamese words are pronounced with standard Chinese and Vietnamese sounds, which are called standard Chinese and Vietnamese words or pure Chinese and Vietnamese words. For example, mùi is a word for "taste" in Vietnamese in ancient Chinese, while bu? Ng means "square" in ancient Chinese and Vietnamese, múa means "dance" in ancient Chinese and Vietnamese, and mu? N means "late" in Vietnamese in ancient Chinese, C? I means "explanation" in ancient Chinese and Vietnamese, and khoe means "boasting" in ancient Chinese and Vietnamese.
Other Sino-Vietnamese words were introduced to Vietnam earlier, and their pronunciations largely retained the phonology of China before the Tang Dynasty, so they were called "Old Chinese Vietnamese".
There are also a few Chinese-Vietnamese words, which are called "Vietnamese-Chinese-Vietnamese words" because of the influence of spoken Vietnamese since ancient times, and their original pronunciation has changed, which is more in line with the phonetic characteristics of Vietnamese. Such as: g? N is a "near" Vietnamese word, gi? Ng means "bed" in Vietnamese, and V × means "complement" in Vietnamese. So far, there is no correct statistics on the number of Vietnamese words, and the number is far less than that of Chinese and Vietnamese words.
foreign word
Loanwords in Vietnamese mainly come from modern French and English words, but also from other languages. Once a colony of France, French words naturally flowed into Vietnamese. For example, ga (Railway Station) is gare in French.
Mixed words (also known as "compound words")
A mixed word is a mixture of the above three words. For example:
v？ I hoá: (calcification) | v? I is the inherent (pure Vietnamese) morpheme "calcium" and hoá is the morpheme "Hua" between Chinese and Vietnamese;
Ngày sinh: (Birthday) | Ngà y is an inherent (pure Vietnamese) morpheme "day" and sinh is a Chinese-Vietnamese morpheme "life";
tr？ Ng ga: (webmaster) | tr? Ng is the Chinese-Vietnamese morpheme "Chang" and ga is the French foreign morpheme "Railway Station".
nhà b？ Ng: (bank) | NH à is the intrinsic (pure Cantonese) morpheme "house", b? Ng is a French foreign morpheme "banque";
m k？ : (ohmmeter, ohmmeter) |? M is a foreign morpheme "ohm", k? For the Chinese and Vietnamese morpheme "Ji".
Grammar [edit]
Vietnamese is an isolated language. The form of verbs remains the same. Nouns have neither the form of sex nor number, nor the change of grammatical case. Adjectives do not need to be consistent with the modified nouns in sex, number and case. Words in a sentence express grammatical functions through word order, so word order is very important for Vietnamese. Changing the word order will also change the meaning of the sentence. This is the same as Chinese. The sentence structure of Vietnamese is: subject, predicate and object (SVO).
Like most Southeast Asian languages (Thai, Lao, Malay, etc. ), Vietnamese is also a language with adjectives behind it. So Vietnamese is not Vi? T (Vietnam) nam (South) Ti? Ng (language) ",but" Ti? ng Vi？ "t Nam" should be written as "ng? (speaking) ng? (English) chính (positive) th? C (type) c? A (d)？ N (minutes) t? C (ethnic) Jing nationality (Beijing) ".
Different function words express different meanings. ? (already),? Ang (when, just, in), s? "Hui" is three different function words, each of which has its own meaning. It is added before the verb to indicate three different situations in which the verb progresses: vi? T (writing)? vi？ T (already written),? ang vi？ T (writing), s? vi？ T (to be written).
[Editor] Vietnamese Chinese characters
Main items: Vietnamese alphabet
1527, Portuguese Catholic missionaries came to Vietnam. They created Roman characters for transcribing Vietnamese, which were originally used only for teaching and missionary work. Later, missionaries from France and Italy began to record Vietnamese in Roman characters, but missionaries from different countries have different pinyin rules, and the work of revision and integration is also underway.
In17th century, French missionary Alexandre Rhodes published the dictionary of jobra (t? n Vi？ t-B？ -La, the dictionary is mostly in Portuguese), which indicates that the revision and integration of Vietnamese Roman phonetic system has achieved phased success and Vietnamese national characters have been born.
At present, Vietnamese letters include F(f), J(j), W(w), Z(z) and? (? )、? (? )、? (? )、? (ê)、? (? )、? (? )、? (? ) 7 change letters. Vowel letters indicate tone types by adding symbols above or below, while Mandarin Chinese characters indicate six tones with five symbols (one tone is useless): (Take A as an example),? 、? 、á、? . Write separately according to syllables when writing. A word or transliteration word with two syllables in foreign words, connect each syllable with a short bar, such as: Ra-? I-? (radio)
The remnants of the missionary's mother tongue can still be seen in the modern Chinese disyllabic letters on the inner page of Yuepula Dictionary:
NH comes from Portuguese.
GI and GH come from Italian.
TR comes from French
PH comes from French or Latin.
In recent years, due to Vietnam's revision and relaxation of the marking rules of tone symbols (mainly involving the marking rules of tone symbols in the middle), overseas Vietnamese do not accept the revised new rules, so there are differences in the marking of tone symbols between Vietnamese and overseas Vietnamese today, but these differences do not affect reading comprehension at all, which is generally not easy for people to detect. For example, "culture" is spelled V in Vietnam today. N hoá, and the marking method of overseas Chinese (that is, the marking method before the revision of the rules) is V? Hoya
[Editor] Chinese characters antithesis
Due to the introduction of a large number of Chinese words into Vietnamese, Vietnamese well retains the ancient Chinese pronunciation of Chinese characters and most initials, especially the Chinese characters that distinguish the nasal initials ng (suspected initials), Yu initials and zero initials. For example, "fish" reads ng? , "Yu" read Du, "Yu" read? . Of course, some initials have changed, such as "western" reading t? Y, "min" is pronounced d? n .
There are four variants of Chinese vowels in Vietnamese, but it does not affect the integrity of Chinese vowels. Chinese characters ending in N, M, P and T in ancient Chinese still receive N, M, P and T in Vietnamese. For example: judging pH × n, sailing pH × m, method pH × p, hair pH × T.
Chinese characters ending in ng in ancient Chinese are divided into ng and nh in Vietnamese. The specific distinguishing rule is that the vowel is hong (a, o,? , u,), ending in ng (such as empty kh? Ng, light quang, thick Nong); Vowels are soft (read/? /When a, i, e), the ending is nh (Jing kinh, born sinh, became thành).
In the original countries of Chinese character cultural circle, Vietnam, Japan and South Korea all preserved the ancient Chinese pronunciation of Chinese characters to varying degrees when introducing Chinese vocabulary, but only when Vietnamese was introduced into Chinese pronunciation, even the tones were preserved (this is of course because Vietnamese has tones, while Japanese and Korean have no tones). Although Vietnamese classifies the two entering tones of ancient Chinese into two falling tones (sharp tone and stress), it still completely reproduces the eight tones of "entering the yin and yang", because the entering tones have endings such as P, T, ch and C, which are very easy to be separated from falling tones.
[edit] alphabet