Whose daughter was Tuli
Cicero was born in Arpinum and was killed in Formia while fleeing from political enemies. Taylor writes (see index): "It is no exaggeration to say that Cicero introduced the Roman princely life into its most glorious years, which ended with his death, in the cradle of which he stood. , he followed the hearse of the years. "Cicero came from a noble family and was educated in schools run by famous rhetoricians, jurists and Stoic philosophers. He worked as a lawyer, then entered politics, and was elected consul in 64 BC. At the end of the Roman War, he was executed for insisting on the war.
Early Years
According to Brotarch, he was an excellent student who learned quickly and soon became the center of attention in Rome. As a result, he was able to study Roman law under the Roman consuls. Marcus then studied Roman law with Cicero, which was a great honor for both master and apprentice. Although he did not enter academia, Cicero was still very fond of poetry. From 89 BC to 88 BC, as a staff officer, he participated in the war against Italy launched by Strebo and Lucius. At that time, he had a perceptual understanding of war for the first time, and Cicero was obsessed with it. Everything about Athens, I even hope to be buried in Greece after my death. He found that the ideas of classical philosophers such as Platt were quite radical.
Cicero served as a criminal magistrate in Western Sicily in 75 BC. He records that there he saw the tombstone of Archimedes of Syracuse. The most famous discovery of Euclidean geometry recorded on this tombstone is that the ratio of the volume of a sphere to a right cylinder of the same radius and height is stable at 2:3. In the legal field, Cicero quickly rose to prominence. In 70 BC, he became famous in legal circles for prosecuting Gaius, the former consul of Sicily. As a lawyer, Cicero was successful. However, due to the lack of a prominent family reputation, no one from the Tullius family had ever become a consul before him. He was neither aristocratic nor aristocratic, and his family was not prominent. In fact, Cicero, who lacked a family background, became very radical in politics and a revolutionary in the military.
Consulship
In 63 BC, Cicero became the first "new man", the first person in the Tullius family to serve as consul, and also The first person elected to the position in more than three decades. During this period, his only outstanding political achievement was the suppression of the Catiline conspiracy. Lucius Serkis Catiline attempted to overthrow the Roman Republic because he was dissatisfied with current affairs. Cicero drafted the decree of martial law, also known as the "Resolution of the Senate," for which he delivered four fiery speeches, accusing Catiline and his followers of decadent living and lavish spending. It was decided that Catiline should be expelled from Rome.
Catiline fled Rome, but left his "agents" behind, who used the political elder Sulla to recruit troops in the Etruscan region as an excuse to cause trouble. Cicero had them arrested and sent to the Gauls' camp, and succeeded in forcing these "agents" to confess their crimes before the entire Senate. The timing was chosen very cleverly. On the one hand, this Gallic camp, composed of Celts, was closely related to Catiline's gang. But on the other hand, it was also subject to Rome and loyal to Rome. But some of them wished to join the Catiline Group. Ultimately, the affair ended in a sort of "stimulus" when the camp's emissary learned of the plot before the rebels revolted and managed to pass on the conspirators and their message to Cicero.
The Senate carefully considered the punishment measures for these rebels. Since the Senate itself was a legislative body rather than a judicial body, it could not completely do whatever it wanted in punishing the rebels. In any case, at that time, there was no Lift martial law. Arrest or banishment from the Senate—standard procedure at the time—did not eliminate the threat to the state. At first, most members of the Senate advocated "capital punishment", but many were later moved by Gaius Julius Caesar's speech, which condemned the precedent set and set a new policy on punishment. The debate was limited to the confines of exile. Cato then defended the death penalty, and eventually all the Senate members agreed to this method. Cicero had the conspirators transported to the infamous prison of Momentan, where they were hanged. Cicero accompanied the former consul and one of his allies to Mormontan, and after the execution, Cicero routinely declared: "They had lived." This avoided the disadvantage of directly announcing their death. . Cicero was awarded the title "Father of the Fatherland" for smashing this conspiracy. But since then, he has been afraid of being tried or exiled. After all, he sentenced a Roman citizen to death without a trial. He also received the Honor of Civil Gratitude for this, which until then had been a purely military honor.
Cicero's speeches during his reign can be seen as an early example of overt anti-Semitism. In this speech, Cicero used several typical examples that have been heard for more than two thousand years. These examples caused the incident of the Roman nobleman Lucius Varner Sphorex. The most significant one was his illegal embezzled Jewish funds that had been established to maintain the Temple in Jerusalem.
In order to protect Flexus, Cicero argued: "These public places were originally reserved for the establishment of open-air courts: now let us think of the Jewish mania for money, and you choose this location, which is always bustling, (Chief Prosecutor) Laurias, considering this particular accusation, we all know that these large Jewish groups and their tendency to form cliques for personal gain are a rare support for holding public *** meetings.
Exile and Return
In 58 BC, the Citizens legislated for the exile of those who had executed Roman citizens without legal trial, although Cicero still had the final say of the Senate in 63 BC Immunity granted to him by resolution. But he still hopes to find support among the people. Although at this time, it was impossible for Cicero to attend the public rally alone. He decided to dedicate himself to the statue of Minerva standing in the Roman Forum and went into self-imposed exile in Italy for a year, writing his plan into a speech. In a letter to his friend Atticus, Cicero noted that the Senate was wary of his achievements and did not help him in banishing him.
After a year in exile, Cicero returned to Rome and was warmly welcomed. The scene is similar to what the historian Appian described as similar to that of Demosthenes. At the age of 50, Cicero began to support the populist Milo against Clodias. Milo has been using the support of the people to establish an urban terror network. When Cicero was 55 years old. Clodias was killed by Milo's gladiators on the Appian Way. Cicero argued with Clodias' relatives and friends in court to defend Milo, but failed in the end. Although the defense failed, Cicero's defense in favor of Milo became part of his finalized masterpiece. Cicero protested that Milo had no motive for killing Clodias, and that Clodias's death did not bring any benefit to Milo. He points out that Milo did not foresee his encounter with Clodias on the Appian Way. However, the prosecutor pointed out that Milo freed his slaves during the contest with Clodias. This fact became the most unfavorable evidence against Milo. Cicero refused to accept this theory, claiming that Milo's slave saw his master attacked by Clodias and won his freedom to defend his master's dignity. Miró fled and went into self-imposed exile in Marseille. When he returned during the civil war, he stirred up more trouble.
In 50 BC, when the conflict between Pompey and Caesar escalated, Cicero tended to support Pompey but he tried hard to avoid becoming an enemy of Caesar. In 49 BC, Caesar invaded Italy and Cicero fled to Rome. Caesar tried to persuade him to come back, but without success. In June of that year, Cicero escaped from Italy and traveled to Greece. In 48 BC, Cicero accompanied Pompey to the Thessaly camp, where they had a fierce argument with a large group of pacifists, including Pompey's son. The pacifists had a radical attitude and took turns arguing with Cicero. After Caesar's brilliant victory in Greece, Cicero and his party had no choice but to return to Rome.
On April 20, 46 BC, Cicero revealed his role in Caesar's dictatorship in a letter to Vero: "I advise you to do what I myself We often advise ourselves not to be noticed or even mentioned... If our voices are no longer heard in the Senate, let us follow the example of the sages of the classical era and write books to establish our opinions. Serve the country and devote more attention to the moral and constitutional fields." In February 45 BC, Cicero's daughter Tulia died, and he never recovered from this blow.
Opposition and Death of Mark Antony
When news reached Cicero that Caesar had been assassinated by the Liberator on March 15, 44 BC, he Shocked. In a letter to Tribulus, who was involved in the conspiracy, Cicero expressed his wish to be "invited to the banquet." During this period of turmoil, Cicero became a popular leader and incurred the dislike of Mark Antony, the previous commander of the knights. Mark Antony hoped to avenge Caesar, and the first step was to gain legal support by promising not to exile the tyrant. In exchange, the Senate would cancel the amnesty granted to those assassins.
Cicero and Antony, both once subordinates of Caesar, became the leaders of Rome at this time. Cicero became the speaker of the Senate, just as Caesar had desired, and Antony became consul and magistrate. But the two men never got along. When Cicero accused Antony of misinterpreting Caesar's political views and wishes regardless of Caesar's true wishes. Their relationship deteriorated further. In April, Caesar's successor Octavian arrived in Rome, and Cicero devised a plan for Octavian to counterbalance Antony. In September, Octavian criticized Antony in a series of speeches. Cicero exalted Octavian to heaven and hailed him as a "god-sent son". His only wish was to gain glory and glory so that he would not repeat the mistakes of his uncle. At the same time, he attacked Antony, deriding him as a "sheep," and Cicero rallied against Antony in the Senate. During this time, Cicero became a popular leader with a distinguished reputation, according to the historian Appian. He stands at the pinnacle of his fame. As a popular leader, Cicero's words and actions undermined a group of Antony's supporters. But this angered Antony and his disciples, who planned to advance on Rome and arrest Cicero.
Cicero's plan to escape also came to nothing. Appian is the only historian to record this story.
Speech
"A Defense of Marcello" in 46 BC
"Against Antony: The First Philippic" in 44 BC )"
"The Debate Against Philippic" in 44 BC, Parts 2 to 4
"The Debate Against Philippic" in 43 BC, Parts 5 to 14< /p>
Philosophy and Rhetoric
"On the Invention of Rhetoric" in 86 BC, written around 91 BC
"On the Orators" in 56 BC
"On the Republic of China" in 51 BC, started writing in 54 BC
"On Law", started writing in 51 BC
< p>"Hymn to Cato", 46 BC"Brutus", 46 BC
"The Stoic Paradox", 46 BC
"The Orator", 46 BC
"Self-Comfort", 46 BC
"Hortensius: Philosophical Exhortations", 45 BC
< p>"Academic Skepticism" ("Academic Philosophy") in the first 45 years"On the Best Good and the Most Evil" ("On the Purpose of Morals") in the first 45 years
"Disputation of Tuscula" in 45 BC
"On Divination", started writing in 45 BC
"Catus the Elder: On Old Age" in 44 BC
"On Divinity" in 44 BC
"On Destiny" in 44 BC
"On Reputation" in 44 BC
44 BC "Treatise"
"Laelius: On Friendship" in 44 BC
"On Responsibility" in 44 BC