Question 2: What is the style of poetry? The style of poetry is a unique form to express the poet's spirit.
Question 3: Introduction to Serina Liu Serina Liu (186D2 17) was born in Ningyang, Dongping (now Ningyang County, Shandong Province), a celebrity in the Eastern Han Dynasty and one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. His grandfather Liu Liang is an official and secretary-general. He is knowledgeable, alert and witty, and regards literature as valuable. During the Jian 'an period, Liu Zhen was called the subordinate of the Prime Minister by Cao Cao, and was quite friendly with several brothers in Wei Wendi. Later, at the dinner table of Xelloss, I looked up to Zhen Shi, the wife of Xelloss, and served hard labor for disrespectful crimes. Later, I was exempted from punishment as a minor official. In the twenty-second year of Jian 'an (2 17), Chen Lin and Xu Gan should die of diseases and epidemics. Sui Shu? Four volumes of Jing Ji Zhi and Shi Mao Literature and Art 10 have been lost. In Ming Dynasty, Zhang Pu compiled Liu Gonggan Collection, which was included in 103 collections of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. His literary achievements are mainly manifested in his poetry creation, especially his five-character poems, which were famous at that time, and later generations and Cao Zhi called them "Cao Liu". There are fifteen poems today, with vigorous style and simple language, which are famous all over the world. Three of them are representative works, concise, easy to understand and good at metaphor.
Question 4: Serina Liu's Summary Serina Liu lived in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Wei and Jin literature rose. Wei-Jin literature refers to the literature of the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty in ancient China, which belongs to the early period of Wei-Jin literature in the Middle Ages of China literature. Great changes have taken place in literature during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The consciousness of literature and the individualization of literary creation are the most remarkable changes, which have triggered a series of other changes and developments. During this period, the court played a central role and formed a literary group centered on the court. The convergence within the group makes literature present a group style at this time and another style at another time, which makes the stages of literature development quite obvious. There are some outstanding writers in the literary group, such as Cao Zhi and Ruan Ji. Serina Liu (186-2 17) was born in Ningyang, Dongping at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (now Gucheng Village, Sidian Town, Ningyang County), a famous writer and poet in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, who was famous for his five-character poems. Not very friendly with RoyceWong, but later recruited by Cao Cao and became a member of urban and rural areas. Most of the poems are lost. There are fifteen poems today, most of which are for answers. The Ming Dynasty compiled Liu Gong Wo Ji. In the literary history of Wei and Jin Dynasties, he was also known as the "seven sons of Jian 'an" with Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Chloe Nguyen and Ying, and was also known as the "seven sons" because of their cohabitation (Linzhang County, Henan Province). Wei Wendi Cao Pi wrote it in Dian Lun? According to the article, Liu Zhen, Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Chloe Nguyen and Ying Qizi: "There is nothing left in learning, nothing left in words. Salt is thousands of miles away, so report it. " He also praised him as "a good man in a five-character poem is wonderful" ("You Zhi Shu"), which is simple and popular and better than Bi Xing. Serina Liu often writes poems and sings songs about wine with Cao Cao and Cao Zhi, which is deeply loved by Cao Zhi and his son. 19 years old, Serina Liu became prime minister. He is good at poetry, and his five-character poems are quite famous, and his writing is smart, just like Cao Zhi. Later generations and Cao Zhi called him "Cao Liu", and M K Zhong called him "the crown of five words" and "the saint of articles", and he was indeed the best among the "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an". "Dian lue" says: "You invited all the scholars to sit down with wine, ordered his wife Zhen Shi to pay homage, and everyone sat down with salt, and Zhen looked up alone. Taizu heard about it and went to prison. " Liu Zhen can read poetry at the age of five, and recite the Analects of Confucius and the Book of Songs at the age of eight, with tens of thousands of words. Because of his excellent memory and quick response to debates, he is called a prodigy. After Cao Cao's conquest, he served as prime minister, son of the plain and literature with five senses. ("Peaceful Magnolia" Volume 385 quoted "Scholars") AD 197, eleven-year-old Serina Liu fled to Xuchang with his mother and brother, and met Cao Zijian at the post office. Cao Zhi was impressed by Serina Liu's erudition. In order to further deepen his close friendship, he took him to the Prime Minister's Office, where he wrote articles and poems day and night, and was like-minded and closely related. Later, he met five other students, including Kong Rong, who often talked about learning, "keeping pace with each other and adapting to each other". As an adult, Serina Liu hopes to meet a wise gentleman and display his political ambitions. However, at the end of the Han Dynasty, politics was extremely corrupt and dark, and social crisis was deep. After the rulers suppressed the peasant uprising in the Yellow turban insurrectionary, warlords everywhere became independent, and China fell into division and turmoil. According to Cao Cao in the north, his politics is more open-minded, meritocratic and he has a wide range of literary scholars. This made people with lofty ideals, such as RoyceWong, Beihai Xu Gan, Chen Liuruan, Ru Naying and Serina Liu, who longed for the reunification of China, rush to Yecheng under Cao Cao from all directions, forming a literary group headed by Cao Shi and his son. Because most of their poems describe the turbulent social reality at the end of the Han Dynasty, express the lofty desire of unifying and governing the country, and are generous and tragic. Liu Zhen is an important member of Jian 'an Literature Group and has a close relationship with Cao Shi. In his poems, he compared Cao Cao to Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty, a prosperous and unified China, and took Cao Shi as a corporal (see "Four Gifts and Five Generals"). He pinned his hopes of reunifying China on Cao Cao. At the beginning of Cao Cao's enlistment, he was appointed as a subordinate of the Prime Minister, and followed Cao Cao in his expedition to the north to advise on military aircraft. After Jian 'an 16 years (2 1 1 year), he became the illegitimate child of Hou in Pingyuan, and soon became the literature of the five senses corps commander, accompanying Cao Pi. Judging from the existing poems, he has a close relationship with Cao Pi, and he is also a relative and friend with the Cao Pi brothers, and often has informal contacts. Cao Pi once gave Luo Dai a special gift to show his affection, and thus left a strange article (including a brief introduction). However, Serina Liu is arrogant and informal. On one occasion, Cao Pi gave a banquet to entertain all kinds of scribes, got drunk and forgot, and ordered his wife Zhen Shi to become a monk to worship. Everyone was crawling on the ground, afraid to look up, and Liu Zhenping was the only one left ... >>
Question 5: Serina Liu's Achievements Serina Liu's works are magnificent, lofty in artistic conception and high in style. He and Wang Can are collectively called Liu Wang. Liu Xizai said in the Qing Dynasty that public spirit wins, and Zhong Xuan's feelings win ("Art Outline? Poetry), reveals their respective strengths from the comparison. Others called him Cao Liu with Cao Zhi, also from the perspective of gas lattice. The three poems "To My Brother" reflect his style, express the poet's ambition, and have a sad, generous and refined spirit. Among them, the second song: the pavilion is loose on the mountain and caressed in the valley. When the wind is strong, pine branches are strong. First frost is miserable and always right at the end of the year. Don't suffer from cold, pine and cypress have sex. Especially praised. However, the weakness of Serina Liu's creation is that his rhetoric is not rich enough, so Zhong Rong said in his poems that he was "too literary and polished to hate less". He and Wang Neng each have a great Xia Fu, and the difference in literary talent is obvious. Similarly, in the face of turbulent society and bumpy life, he mostly expresses personal indignation, so his works are always full of generosity and openness. As he himself said, the stricter the wind and frost force, the more it can reflect the firmness and straightness of pines and cypresses. This spirit and temperament created the elegant and agile style of Serina Liu's poems. However, Serina Liu's literary attainments are extraordinary, especially five-character poems, of which only 15 exist. In the Collection of Poetry Appreciation of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, his poems were evaluated as: "It is difficult to think round, and with its unique freshness and rigidity, it has won people's appreciation. Not only is it called beauty at present, but the situation is always new and can set an example for the future. "His poems are mostly based on magnificent mountains and rivers, with lyrical scenery and a few for reward. The poem "To Xu Gan" was evaluated by Zhong Rong as "five-word warning". There are three poems in A Gift for My Brother, and the second one is the best of the three. The poem reads: "The pavilion is loose on the mountain, and the valley is full of tricks. How strong is the wind? "first frost miserable, always right at the end of the year. It's not cold, pine and cypress are natural. " Zhong Rong's Preface to Poetry said: "Cao Gong and his son are kind and gentle; Brother Pingyuan is Wendong, and Liu Zhen and RoyceWong are his wings. " Visible, Serina Liu's literary creation. His most famous poems include Lu Du Fu, Yang Lishan Fu, Sui Fu, Guasha Fu, Dashu Fu and Qing Si Fu. His prose style is unique, "actively promoting, proofreading the world, and writing more than a thousand poems"? Notes. Instead of whitewashing the secular, he described the local customs and beautiful natural scenery of his hometown with fresh style, skillful skills and simple and accurate language, so as to make the past serve the present. Satire on current events and lyrical images have realized the transformation of the content of Han Fu from the court to the society and from the emperor to the common people. The length changed from a long macro article to a short summary, which created a precedent for the later literary development. Serina Liu is not only outstanding in literary talent, but also witty and eloquent. Cao Pi gave Liu Zhen a generous ribbon when he was commander in chief of the five senses. Later, when he wanted to get it back, he sent a book and a piece of paper, sarcastically saying, "The wealth of a husband lies in people, so it is in the hands of the humble, not in the respect of the royal family." Although it was taken today, don't think you don't object. "Serina Liu saw the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection of the reflection. However, Serina Liu didn't bend over and insisted on not paying. At the same meeting, he brought up the old story again: "I heard that King Jingshan is a treasure after Bu Yaoguang;" After the Sui Dynasty, there were thousands of beads and candles, and Nanyin Gold was the first. The tail of the phoenix raccoon is decorated with the minister's suggestion. Those who returned to the treasure were drowned in the mud under the rotten stone, but after thousands of years of glory, they failed to connect with the supreme. The husband is served by the honorable person, and the humble person is also repaired; The expensive is the royal family, and the cheap is the first. Therefore, when the summer house is first formed, the owner will go down first, and the autumn will be ripe, and the farmer will taste the grain first. Hate the shelf without other wonderful ornaments, bitter and thin, acceptable. And those who have not listened to the supreme gift and turned against it. " Cao Pi listened to Serina Liu's wonderful theory and appreciated it very much. He not only lamented his erudition and eloquence, but also admired his eloquence. He was neither humble nor supercilious, derogatory in courtesy, and implicit in praise, thus giving up the idea of claiming compensation. There are many examples of Liu Zhen's eloquence. His eloquence is like a sharp weapon that can always win. Sometimes he saves the day, sometimes he succeeds in adversity, and sometimes he shines in the dark. On one occasion, Liu Zhen was punished as a coolie for "disrespect" and grinded stones in Luojing West Stone Factory. Wang Cao visited the stone factory, and all the officials and coolies climbed on the ground, afraid to look up. Only Serina Liu didn't kneel down and worked as usual. Cao Cao was furious and went to Serina Liu. Serina Liu put down his hammer and said, "Wang Wei's talent is well known all over the world. As a coolie, Serina Liu dared to despise the king. However, during Wei's years, I often heard Wang Wei's teachings. When I do something, I will try my best. If I succeed, I will be proud of myself. If I fail, I will be humiliated. Now I am a coolie, specializing in stones. Studying stones is my loyalty to Wang Wei, so I dare not quit my job. " Hearing this, Wang Wei asked again, "What about the stone? ......& gt& gt
Question 6: What are the characteristics of Jian 'an's poems?
High political ideal, short life lament and strong personality expression.
Full of tragedy
The turmoil at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, even though Jian 'an literati suffered from desertion, stimulated their political enthusiasm, made contributions and made a name for themselves, which became their common pursuit. Cao Cao's political ideal is the most representative and has a great influence on contemporary literati. Cao Pi is proficient in all kinds of classics, good at riding and shooting, good at fencing, and has the ambition of "saving the people". Cao Zhi holds the ambition of "serving the country faithfully and benefiting the people", instead of posing as a scholar. RoyceWong, Chen Lin, Xu Gan, Ruan R, Liu Zhen and others all have extraordinary temperament. RoyceWong's "Poetry of Joining the Army" expresses his ambition: "To fight for one's own body, one has to think for self-interest." "Being feathered first, I am willing to get rid of national diseases." Chen Lin's "Poetry" says: "If it is not completed in time, what will Zhong Ding know?" "If you are here, Lide will make a name for himself." The third sentence of Serina Liu's "Gift to a Brother" says: "If you come to the ceremony, you must be a saint." The political enthusiasm of Jian 'an literati was generally high, which resulted in the poetry at that time being "elegant and bold", "profound in ambition" and "rich in outline". Time series "). The word "generosity" is used by Jian 'an poets, such as Cao Cao's "Short Songs": "Be generous and don't forget your worries." Cao Pi's Qiaocheng Poetry: "Be generous and excited." Chen Lin's "Poetry": "Generously recite the tomb sutra." Wu Zhi's Memories of Time Past: "Generosity makes a husband strong." Cao Zhi's Lu Luxing: "Generosity"; Noda Yoshihiko: "Qin Zheng is generous"; "Poem to Xu Gan": "Generosity and compassion, prosperity and self-tolerance"; "Love Poem": "Generous to guests, sad inside"; "The Poem of Abandoning a Wife": "Generosity has a lingering sound, which should be wonderful and sad." There is also the image of "hating Taiwan" that often appears in Jian 'an poems, such as Cao Cao's "Cold Come and Summer Go": "The vegetation is bleak, and the north wind is sad." Ruan r's poem: "Linchuan hates Taiwan." Cao Pi's "Ge Yanxing" is the second of two songs: "Hate the cool autumn in Taiwan." Cao Zhi's "Wild oriole Tour": "I hate too many trees in Taiwan"; Miscellaneous poems: Gaotai Man Hates Taiwan, Jiang Jie Man Hates Taiwan, Chorus Sorrow; To RoyceWong and Rockett: "Hengtai is on my side" and so on. The tragic spirit of Jian 'an's poems has distinct characteristics of the times.
The lament that life is short is another theme in Jian 'an's poems. At that time, society was in turmoil, people were devastated, diseases were prevalent, and many people were short-lived. For example, Cao Pi died at the age of 40, Cao Zhi at the age of 465, 438+0, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ying, Liu Zhen and Chen Lin all died in Jian 'an in 2 1 2 years, and Kong Rong, Ding Yi and Ding M were killed by Cao Cao and Cao Pi successively. This situation is great for literati. Facing the short and difficult life, Jian 'an poets adopted three different attitudes: the first one was simply lamenting, such as: "Heaven and earth are endless and people's livelihood is very narrow" (Liu Zhen's poem); "When you are alive, you suddenly feel the spring grass" (Xu Gan's Poetry in the Room); "The good times are fleeting, being dust" (Ruan R's Seven Wounded Poems); "I'm always afraid of getting old." (Ruan R's poem). The second is to lament that the years are short and the fame has not been established, but still strive for it. Cao Cao's short songs are typical in this respect. Another example is Cao Zhi's "Give Xu Gan": "The wind rises in the daytime and suddenly returns to the western hills. The round scenery is not full, and there are countless stars. People with lofty ideals are engaged in the world, and villains are not idle. " The third category is to strive to break through the limitations of fate and pursue higher life value in one's lifetime. This point is fully reflected in Cao Cao's poems such as The Life of a Turtle. The latter two thoughts embody the positive outlook on life of Jian 'an poets, and have a great incentive effect on people with lofty ideals in later generations.
Jian 'an era is an era when literature began to be conscious, and it is also an era when poets' creative personality rose. Fu Xuan, the last emperor of the Jin Dynasty, said: "Wei Wu, a close relative, is good at magic, and the punishment is expensive in the world. Wei Wenmu is knowledgeable and observant. " Jian 'an poets think highly of themselves and are conceited by their literary talent and martial arts. When writing poems, they refuse to follow their predecessors or imitate their peers, but try to show their unique features in another way. For example, Cao Cao's poems are straightforward, mournful and sad, and full of charm; Cao Pi is personable, personable and has morale; Cao Zhi's poems are "extremely high-spirited, and the words are taken from Huamao, and the feelings are also resentful of elegance, and the body is literary" (Zhong Rong's poems); RoyceWong and Serina Liu's poem: "Zhong Xuan is impetuous and competitive, so he can achieve something only by showing his talents;" In business, I am angry, so my words are very strong, and my feelings are terrible "(Liu Xie," Wen Xin Diao Long? Text "). In the use of poetic style, they also have their own ingenuity. Cao Cao's four-character poems are unique for a while; Cao Pi's Ge Yanxing is known as the ancestor of seven words. Cao Zhi, RoyceWong, Serina Liu and Cai Yan are famous for their five-character poems. Zaishi ... >>
Question 7: How do Cao and Serina Liu describe Cao Pi as "a good poet of five-character poems, wonderful and unique?" ("With Wu Zhishu")
Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long? Style: "Businessmen (businessmen in Serina Liu) are angry, so they are strong and scary."
Zhong Rong commented on Serina Liu's poems in Poetry: "The fighting spirit is curious, the movement is more intense, the bones are frosty, and the high style transcends the vulgar."
Lu Shiyong's General Theory of Poetry Mirror says that Serina Liu's poems are quite "upright and self-sustaining".
Zhong Rong said that Serina Liu's poems were "slightly polished" ("Poetry").
Xelloss said Serina Liu's style is "strong but not dense" (xelloss "Canon theory? Paper ").
Yuan Hao asked "On Thirty Poems" and said, "Cao Liu sits on a roaring tiger and makes wind. There are no two males in the four seas."
Question 8: Which dynasty did the poet Liu really come from? Recommend some of his masterpieces. Dynasty: Brief Introduction of Wei and Jin Dynasties: Serina Liu (? -2 17) Dongping (now Shandong) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. For the prime minister of Cao Cao. His poetry has a strong style and does not emphasize carving. There are fifteen poems today. There is "Liu Gonggan Collection". Cao Pi and Wu cooperated in the Book of Quality, saying, "His five-character poems are excellent and fantastic." Zhong Rong's "Poetry" said: "Since then, Zhen is unique." Later generations and Cao Zhi called it "Cao Liu". Gift from my younger brother Dynasty: Wei and Jin Author: Liu Zhen is a flowing person. Stones in phosphorus water. Apple algae has its limits. The leaves in China were flooded with troubles. Recommend Cai's Ancestral Temple. You can be ashamed of your guests. There are no sunflowers in the garden. Take this out of Shenze.
Adopt it
Question 9: The artistic style and literary features of Jian 'an. The last title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty refers to Jian 'an literature during the period of A.D. 196-220, which actually includes the literature of Jian 'an and Wei Chu, represented by the creation of three Cao and seven sons of Jian 'an.
Compared with Confucian scholars in Han Dynasty, writers in Jian 'an period grew up in turmoil. They have both political ambitions, pragmatic spirit, open-minded attitude and adaptability; The writers of their time gradually got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and paid attention to the lyricism of their works. In addition, at that time, in the turbulent era of war, their thoughts and feelings were often more impassioned. They created a large number of excellent literary works, which formed the characteristics of rich content, rich feelings, lofty political ideals, short life lament, strong personality and strong tragic color, and constituted the style of Jian 'an.
Characteristics and Achievements of Jian 'an Literature in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China Liu summarized the characteristics of Jian 'an literature as "sober", "fluent", "elegant" and "luxurious" in the history of China medieval literature. 1927, Lu Xun published a speech entitled "The Relationship between Wei and Jin Manners and Articles and Medicinal Liquor", which summed up the "colorful" literary research in Wei Chu at the end of Han Dynasty with "simple and elegant growth". They all demonstrated from the overall style of poetry creation at that time, which was concise and to the point.
From the origin of Jian 'an literature: (1) the influence of the times. Lu Xun said: "When the world was in chaos, many relatives and friends died in the chaos, so writing articles is inevitably sad, passionate and' generous'." "Is to pay attention to this. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, for a long period of time, the academic circles often emphasized, extended and developed Liu Xie's theory of "world separation, wind decline and vulgar resentment", arguing that the prosperity of Jian 'an literature was first determined by the turbulent social reality at that time and the bitter experiences of poets living in it. Later, scholars gradually realized that this statement had some limitations, because in the late Jian 'an period, the northern "regional editing" society ruled by Cao Cao was relatively stable, and it was at this time that Ye's people's creations were relatively prosperous, so they revised or supplemented the previous statement. (2) Cao Shi and his son attach importance to and reward literary creation. (3) The influence of social thoughts. It is generally believed that the social unrest at the end of the Han Dynasty contributed to the decline of Confucianism, which made literature break away from the vassal status of Confucian classics and gain independence. Scholars have a new understanding of the function of literature, and literary creation has entered a more conscious stage. (4) Jian 'an literati are knowledgeable and have good literary and artistic accomplishment. (5) Inheriting and developing the literary tradition of predecessors. Early viewpoints emphasized that Jian 'an literati inherited the realistic tradition since the Book of Songs, especially the folk songs of Han Yuefu. Later, some scholars pointed out that there were 19 ancient poems, such as Chu Ci, Han Fu and so on. It also gave useful reference and even very important influence to Jian' an literati.
As for the connotation of "Jian 'an Style", academic circles have not yet reached a conclusion. The History of China Literature, edited by You Guoen, made the following comments on Jian 'an literature: "On the one hand, their works reflect social unrest and people's livelihood, on the other hand, they show their ideals and aspirations of unifying the world, which are tragic and generous and have distinct characteristics of the times. ...... The outstanding achievements of Jian 'an poems formed the tradition that was later called' Jian 'an Style', which laid a solid foundation for the development of five-character poems. " This theory mainly focused on ideological content, which was very representative and far-reaching at that time. Wang Yunxi's Wen Xin Diao Long? Speaking of Jian 'an Style (the ninth edition of literature and history), I think that "this statement seems reasonable, but it is difficult to establish". "Jian 'an style refers to the lively, hearty and powerful writing style of Jian 'an literature (especially five-character poems), which is based on the writer's generous and full thoughts and feelings, and does not refer to any rich and healthy ideological content." It is emphasized that "we must distinguish our evaluation of Jian 'an literature today from our understanding of the concept of Jian 'an style". Turning to the interpretation of "Jian 'an Style" from the perspective of artistic characteristics has also been supported and endorsed by many scholars. Since then, the article on "Jian 'an style" can be roughly regarded as an extension and compromise of the above two opinions.
Jian 'an style generally refers to the lively, lively and vigorous style of Jian 'an literature (especially five-character poems). The word "Ti" was first widely used in the character comments in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties. Generally speaking, "style" refers to spiritual temperament, and "bone" focuses on the shape of phalanges. The two are inseparable, and the style of combining them into one. ......& gt& gt