1, indicating the background of the work.
2. When you answer, you must combine the local background at that time and point out what kind of social reality is revealed by the relevant statements of environmental description in the text.
The main function of sentences describing the natural environment (scenery description);
1, showing the regional scenery and prompting the characteristics of time, season and environment;
2. Promote the development of the plot;
3. Render the atmosphere;
4. Contrast characters (or characters' moods and feelings);
5. Highlight and deepen the theme.
More information! ! ! !
Function analysis of sentences in article structure;
1. For the above (or full text): refer to the above, echo from beginning to end, and summarize the above (or full text);
2. For the following: cause the following, pave the way, pave the way;
3. Context: connecting the preceding with the following (transition).
Talk about your own views or experiences according to your own reading experience;
1, in the first person;
2. In the form of 1+2 or 1+3, first summarize your opinions or experiences in one sentence, and then explain the reasons in two or three sentences. You can put the facts, or you can be reasonable. If the topic has relevant requirements, we should also pay attention to combining our own personal experience.
According to the context, fill in the psychological activities:
1, must use the first person;
We must study the specific situation carefully.
Refining center, theme:
Pay attention to the main content of this article, the purpose of the author's writing this article and the thoughts and feelings contained in it. Pay attention to some commonly used words, such as summarizing the main contents, which are generally used as follows: this article describes …, describes …, introduces …, passes through …, and so on. For example, summarizing the writing purpose and thoughts and feelings is generally used as: confession …, expression …, praise …, praise …, expose …, whip …, expose …
Understanding and analysis of the function of words in expository writing;
There are two main types of problems:
A, where is the word "××"?
★ Answer method: Using the word "××" to vividly (accurately) explain the characteristics of things can stimulate readers' interest (in line with the actual situation and scientific).
B. Can the word "××" be deleted?
★ Answer: ① No, the use of the word "××" vividly shows that it can stimulate readers' interest, but it will not have this effect if it is removed.
(2) No, deleting the word "××" makes the meaning of the sentence too absolute; The use of the word "××" accurately shows that it conforms to the actual situation, leaves room and is scientific.
The judgment of the object pointed by demonstrative pronouns in paragraphs (various styles);
1, common pronouns are: this, that, these, those, other, above, so, this ...;
2. Generally look forward;
3. After finding it, read it in the sentence where the pronoun is located to see if it is appropriate.
reading skills
(A), narrative reading
First, words: When answering questions, you must find the answer before and after the words in the paragraph or find the basis for the answer.
(1) can understand the surface meaning, deep meaning and implication of words, and can understand the effect of their expression;
(2) Be able to determine the content of the text: it usually appears on it, and find out whether the descendants enter the original text to see if it is smooth and reasonable.
Secondly, the article concludes:
Content summary (summarize the story in one sentence): people and things (grasp the main points, and points that promote the development of the plot must be deducted)
The central idea is summarized as follows: "This article expresses the author's admiration and admiration for _ _ by someone doing something, and praises him (character and spiritual quality).
Third, the function of the main sentence: the structure runs through the whole text, and the content points out the center.
Fourth, rhetorical methods and expressive functions.
Metaphor, personification: vividly display and express emotions.
Parallelism: express, express, enhance language potential and strengthen feelings.
Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, arouse readers' thinking and make the article ups and downs.
Rhetorical question: strengthen tone, enhance language potential, express (emotion), and make the article ups and downs.
Mode: (1). Point out the way of expression. What to display (3). What feelings did you express? Use this sentence to express and express vividly.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) narrative order and function?
(1) The function of sequential narrative (according to the sequence of events): The narrative has a beginning and an end, which is clear and impressive.
(2) Flashback: It aroused suspense ..., made the story more tortuous and enhanced the readability of the article.
(3) Interpolation function: supplementary explanation ... makes the characters richer and the center more prominent.
The function of interspersed discussion in narrative: the structure connects the preceding with the following; The content is the crowning touch.
6. The main functions of paragraph sentences in the article are as follows: (It must be answered from two aspects: content and structure)
1. Structurally, it follows the top, opens the bottom, guides the bottom (guides the bottom), connects the front and the bottom (transitions), and takes care of the front (starts).
2. Content: Start with the topic, express feelings, highlight the center, deepen the theme, and make the finishing point.
3. Writing methods: atmosphere rendering, supporting objects to express feelings, seeing the big from the small, setting suspense, paving the way for the later article, borrowing scenery to express feelings, supporting objects to express feelings and so on.
Symbolize, support things and express will: make expression euphemistic, implicit, profound and touching.
The function of environmental description: explain the time and place and reveal the background of the times; Render the atmosphere, contrast the characters' emotions, express the characters' personality, and promote the development of the plot.
VII. Evaluation Perception Course
Evaluation: Yes, Agree or Disagree, Good? Comprehension: Put forward opinions on the problem in combination with the theme and personal life experience.
Enlightenment comes from the original text; Evaluation shows attitude and reason. Pay special attention to whether to answer all questions by giving examples or combining them with practice.
Eight, know the commonly used methods of describing characters and understand their functions.
Methods include: ① positive description: language, action, psychology, behavior and appearance; ② Side (indirect) description: other people or things; ③ Detailed description; (4) the environment sets off the characters' emotions. ⑤ Emotional tendency of using words. The color of praise and criticism.
The function is to reveal the characters' personalities and show their inner world and mental outlook.
The role of non-hero in the text: contrast and contrast make the hero's personality more distinct and prominent.
Narrative language style: cordial and natural spoken language, humorous and ironic humor, passionate and vigorous.
Ten, the role of people:
First person: enhanced the authenticity and appeal of the article.
The second person said: it is convenient for the author to communicate with the characters or readers in the text, which is particularly cordial and touching.
The third person: not limited by time and space, can reflect the objective content freely and flexibly, and has a wider range of activities.
Sixth, the coping strategies of material composition.
First, the material composition related knowledge
1, characteristics of substance composition:
(1) The combination of reading and writing means that candidates can only complete the writing task after reading, analyzing, refining, associating and expressing.
(2) self-made topics, style is not limited, encourage students to write true feelings, encourage students to write personality and creativity.
2, the form of material composition:
(1) Text materials, composition design. (2) Comic material, look at the pictures and write articles. (3) After reading, etc.
Second, the coping strategies of material composition: 1, reading materials; 2. Clear requirements.
(1) Writing is written material.
1, structure: material+requirements (must be related to materials. Understand the material and determine the main idea).
2. Examination and understanding: See clearly the requirements (proposed topic, style, text, content, etc. ) and determine the concept and structure.
3. Specific suggestions: rational use of materials, do not avoid materials, start a new stove.
Narrative: analyze the content of the material and contact relevant people or things. Beginning: "After reading the above materials, I remembered ……" or "In my life experience, there is such a person". Finally, compare the people or things described with the people or things in the materials, and make the finishing touch.
If you want to write your thoughts after reading, you must read the materials and refine the arguments accurately.
Write feelings around a point of view from four aspects: "introduction, discussion, connection and conclusion"
Reading is the foundation, feeling is the key! !
Third, avoid unnecessary writing (not caused by intellectual factors such as poor writing ability)
1, keep clean and tidy; If you don't fly like a dragon or a phoenix, you can't write a big circle of "no"
2. Write the questions according to the rules. Don't forget the questions raised; Write in the middle of the first line; Don't treat the topic as a title.
3. Reject the three-stage formula. 5-8 paragraphs are appropriate, and the paragraphs are detailed and clear, giving consideration to space.
5. Standardize the use of punctuation marks. Punctuation marks should occupy the case; Different teasing in the end; Dashes, ellipsis, book titles, quotation marks should occupy two spaces, and other punctuation marks should occupy one space. It should also be noted that punctuation marks such as pause, teasing, division, adventure, sentence, question and sigh are not at the beginning of the line; The first half of the title and quotation marks are not at the end of a line. In case of special circumstances, this punctuation "grievance" can be left at the end of the line or moved down.
6. Pay attention to confidentiality. Do not disclose the real name, place name and school name, and abide by the rules and ethics of the examination room.
Rhetoric:
(1) Metaphor-① Make things vivid and give people a vivid and profound impression; (2) Make profound truth profound.
Simple and easy to understand.
(2) Contrast-① Things you like can be written vividly, making people feel more cordial; ② Form
What you hate now can be vividly written to enhance your dislike of it.
(3) Metonymy-① Highlight the characteristics of people or things, arouse readers' association and deepen readers' impression;
(2) enrich the language and avoid repetition and rigidity; (3) It can be refined and implicit.
(4) Exaggeration-(1) profoundly shows the author's distinct emotional attitude towards things, thus arousing readers' attention.
Strong * * * sound; (2) through the image rendering of things, arouse people's rich imagination, which is conducive to highlighting things.
Essence and characteristics.
(5) Duality-① Formally, the syllables are neat and symmetrical, with a strong sense of rhythm; ② In terms of content, concentration,
Strong generalization ability.
(6) Parallelism-strengthening language potential and improving expression effect. Used for reasoning, you can explain the argument more closely.
More thorough; Used for lyricism, you can express your feelings incisively and vividly.
(7) Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking.
(8) rhetorical questions-strengthen the tone and leave a deep impression on readers.
(9) Repeatedly-① Strengthen the tone to make the emphasized things more prominent; (2) Repeated use of intervals can
Make the context of the article clear.
Common function description methods:
(1) The role of scenery description.
Scenery description refers to the description of natural environment and social environment. The natural environment includes the place and season of people's activities.
Festivals, climate, time, scenes, etc. ; The social environment includes the background of the times, folk customs and regional characteristics. that
Functions include: ① explaining the environment and rendering the atmosphere; (2) to express the identity and personality of the characters; ③ Set off the characters
Mood; (4) promoting plot development; ⑤ borrowing scenery to express emotion; Explain the time and place where the story happened, or put a symbol.
, hint, deepen the ideological significance and so on.
(2) The role of portrait description.
Portrait description is a description of the figure, expression, appearance, posture, clothing and so on. Generally speaking, this is related to
The social status, living environment and personality hobbies of the characters are closely related. So writers describe portraits.
The purpose is to convey the spirit by form, that is, to express the identity, experience, cultivation, hobbies and life of a character through his appearance.
Living habits, personality characteristics, mental outlook, inner activities, etc.
(3) The role of psychological description.
Psychological description is a description of thoughts, feelings, memories and associations. Generated by characters in a specific environment. ordinary
Psychological description includes: A. psychological overview (that is, the author's direct description of the inner activities of the characters), B. inner monologue
C. action suggestion, D. scenery setting off, E. dream illusion, etc. Its function is to portray the characters' personalities and reveal them.
Show the spiritual world and ideological quality of the characters.
The role of personnel use:
Narrative person includes the first person, the second person and the third person. Focus on the first and second names.
The role of.
The function of using the first person: ① Like an author telling readers about his own experience, it makes readers feel cordial and conscious.
But it gives people a sense of reality, thus increasing the appeal of the article and arousing readers' emotions; ② Easy to straighten.
Unlike the third person, lyricism and argument are mainly objective descriptions, and the author has to stand up when necessary.
Come on, express your feelings and discuss it.
The second person said that it appeared in the form of "you", and its function was to facilitate emotional communication and make lyricism real and touching. if
The writer can express himself by pouring out, praising, comforting and encouraging "you"; You can get up if you write it.
A personified role.
Evaluating the ideological content of the article and the author's viewpoint and attitude requires the ideological content of the article and the author's viewpoint.
On the premise of correctly understanding and grasping the attitude, make an appropriate evaluation. We can start from these aspects:
First, combined with the background of the times. Only by grasping the background of the author's writing era can we evaluate the works accurately.
Social significance of character events.
Second, combined with the author's life experience. The works are inextricably linked with the author's special life experience and experience.
Links, sometimes even the reflection of the author's specific thoughts and feelings in a certain period, understand this, and then
It can help us to evaluate the ideological content of the work more accurately.
Third, consider the whole article. The appreciation and evaluation of any part can not be separated from the context of the full text.
Face recognition. If there is a comprehensive grasp of the full text as the background, the evaluation will be more accurate.
Fourth, according to personal life experience. Infer and guess the author's writing intention, although the examinee personally
Life experience may be insufficient, but you can learn from the articles you have learned, through your indirect life experience, and through
With the help of association and imagination, we can more accurately evaluate the ideological content of the article and the author's views and attitudes.
The specific requirements of evaluation can be summarized as follows: to be comprehensive and profound, and not to be one-sided and subjective.
Face; Dialectical unified evaluation; There should be a well-founded evaluation; Be specific, full, profound and unambiguous.
General.
Poetry appreciation:
(A) to understand the writing background of poetry and the poet's life background and other important information.
In order to know people and discuss the world, and to accurately grasp the content of poetry, we must also have some background information about poetry and poets.
Solution. Some of this information depends on the usual accumulation, and some can be obtained from poems, notes or topics.
1. Grasp the words that play an important role in revealing the content and theme of poetry.
(B) to find the key points of the whole poem
These words are often called poetic eyes. However, the "poetic eyes" in ancient poems can be roughly divided into two categories: one is the expression of "one"
The connection point of the thought of the first poem, expressing the author's emotion and revealing the theme of the poem, is the poetic eye of the whole poem. The second is poetry.
The most concise and vivid words, or enhance the image of poetry, make poetry full of interest and enrich people.
Imagination; Or make poetry more accurate, or make poetry innovative. This is a poetic vision. In this part, it mainly
On the poetic vision that helps to understand the whole poem, that is, the first poetic vision.
2. Grasp the key sentences in poetry.
The key sentences in poetry are: 1, which directly expresses one's mind. 2. Sentences that express the complex inner feelings of the characters.
3. Sentences with life interest or philosophy. 4. Sentences that use a variety of expressive skills.
(3) Understand the characteristics of scenery in poetry and the thoughts and feelings it expresses.
It mainly analyzes the images in poetry. On the surface, a poem is a conjunction of words, but from the art
From the artistic conception, it is a combination of images. To put it bluntly, images are endowed with subjective thoughts and feelings.
Objective image.
Common images
Flowers and plants
(1) Chrysanthemum is secluded, noble and refined; (2) Mei Aoxue is strong, unyielding and in adversity.
(3) orchids: noble; (4) Peony: rich and beautiful.
(5) Xiaomi: the sadness of parting (the rise and fall of the country in the past) (6) Flowers bloom: hope, youth and life.
pathetical
(7) Flowers fall: withered, frustrated, frustrated in life and career, cherish spring, miss beauty and look forward to the future.
(8) Grass: vigorous vitality, endless life, hope, desolation, remoteness, hatred and humble status.
tree
(1) tree straightness: ups and downs of career and life; (2) Yellow leaves: wither, beauty wither and regenerate.
Aging metabolism
(3) Green leaves: vitality, hope and vigor (4) Pine and cypress: firm, proud, strong and full of vitality.
force
(5) Bamboo: upright and positive; (6) Indus: Bitter.
(7) Willow: Farewell, nostalgia, sadness and the beauty of spring.
Wind, frost, rain and snow clouds:
(1) Wave: ups and downs of life (2) East wind: spring, beauty.
(3) Spring breeze: broadness, joy and hope (4) Dew: Life is short and fleeting.
(5) The sky is gloomy: depressed, sad and lonely; (6) stormy waves: life is sinister and rivers and lakes are treacherous.
(7) Gale: the power to revolt and destroy the old world (8) Westerly wind: loneliness, melancholy, decline and drift.
Sigui
(9) Snow: pure, beautiful, harsh environment, rampant evil forces.
(10) Xiaoyu: Spring scenery, hope, vitality, vitality, subtle education.
(1 1) smoke: hazy and desolate feelings, confused and dim future, disillusionment.
(12) rainstorm: cruelty, enthusiasm, political struggle, the power to eliminate evils and the power to cleanse filth.
(13) first frost: Life is easy to get old, the social environment is bad, evil forces are rampant, and life is bumpy and frustrated.
(14) River water: the passage of time, the shortness of time, the long sadness and the trend of historical development.
(d) Understand the artistic conception created by the author in his poems.
Wang Guowei said, "Poetry exalts itself with a realm". The so-called realm is the artistic conception, and "meaning" is contained in poetry.
The thoughts and feelings in "scenery" refer to the natural scenery and social life pictures depicted in the works. Meaning is the soul of the realm.
Context is the carrier of meaning. It is already a harmonious unity of emotion and environment, heart and things.
The mastery of artistic conception can be divided into three levels: one is to reproduce the picture painted by the poet in your mind; Second, put pictures.
What is not written on the surface is supplemented by imagination to make the area complete; Third, understand the infinity behind the picture.
Far-reaching influence.
(5) Common thoughts and feelings in ancient poetry.
1, worrying about the country and hurting the country
(1) Expose the fatuity and decay of the rulers. Such as Du Mu's Crossing Huaqing Palace.
(2) Reflect the pain caused by chaos. Such as Du Fu's Spring Hope.
(3) sympathize with the sufferings of the people. For example, Du Fu's "The Hut Was Blown by Autumn Wind" and Bai Juyi's "Selling Charcoal Weng".
④ Worries about the future and destiny of the nation. Such as Du Fu's "Climbing the Building".
2. Make meritorious service to the country
(1) The desire to make contributions. For example, Cao Cao's "Although a turtle is a longevity" and Lu You's "Angry Book".
2 determination to defend the country. Such as Wang Changling's "Join the Army".
(3) the sadness of serving the country. Such as Xin Qiji's "Looking Back at the Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou" and "Ugly Slave" (teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow
)。
(4) the pain of mountains and rivers. For example, Lu You's Xiu Zi and Wen Tianxiang's Guo Ding Yang He.
(5) As time goes by, ambition is hard to be rewarded. For example, Su Shi's Water Tune? Chibi nostalgia "
6. Expose the belligerence of the rulers. For example, Du Fu's Military Vehicle Shop.
⑦ Sad feelings with uncertain ideals. Such as Qu Yuan's "Involved in the River".
3. Homesick people
1 Travel and troubles. Such as Meng Haoran's "Sleeping in Jiande" and Wen's "Journey to the Good".
Miss relatives and friends. For example, Wang Wei's "I miss my Shandong brothers on vacation in the mountains" and Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi"
).
(3) Border homesickness. For example, Fan Zhongyan's The Fisherman's Pride: Scenery of Qiu Lai.
4 pregnant with someone in the boudoir. For example, Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart and Ouyang Xiu's A Journey to Shakespeare.
4. Miscellaneous feelings of life
(1) Send love to the leisure of landscape and countryside, and express love for nature. For example, Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Mountain and Meng Haoran's Guo.
Old people's village
(2) the feeling of yesterday's ups and downs. Such as Jiang Kui's Slow Yangzhou and Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane.
(3) The feeling of satirizing the present through the past. Such as Xin Qiji's "Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia".
④ Express the sadness that life is short or youth is fleeting. Such as Li Qingzhao's Dream, Last Night's Storm and Li Bai.
Walk into the wine.
(5) Depression of career setbacks. For example, Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip and Su Shi's Water Tune Song Tou.
6 Comfort the happiness of life. For example, Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the banks of the Yellow River recovered by the imperial army, and Xin Qiji's Xijiang River.
Moon (bright moon surprises magpie).
5. Farewell, Pavilion
Don't want to remember. Such as Liu Yong's Lin Yuling, Wang Wei's Cheng Wei Qu and Li Bai's Breaking Up in a Hotel in Nanjing.
》。
Affectionate encouragement Such as "Send the viceroy to Shu" and so on.
(3) Confess Chen Xinzhi's confession. Such as Wang Changling's "Lotus Inn and Xin Jian Parting".
(VI) Poetry theme
(2) Master the theme of poetry.
Genre refers to the form of poetry, and theme refers to the content of poetry.
The following is the classification of common poetry themes.
1, nostalgic poem.
By tracing back to history, we make rational thinking and evaluation on historical events and historical figures. This kind of poetry is often used for the present.
Metaphor is used to express personal experience or criticize social reality.
2. Landscape pastoral poetry.
Taking the landscape and countryside as the aesthetic object, the delicate brush strokes are thrown into the quiet mountains and leisurely fields to create a kind of
Live an idyllic life. This kind of poems often express their dissatisfaction with reality by describing landscapes and pastoral areas.
Yearning for a quiet and peaceful life. It should be noted that pastoral poems are all based on different description objects.
There is a certain difference in figure.
3. Frontier poems.
Poems about frontier fortress life mainly fall into the following four categories:
(1) describe the exotic and magnificent frontier and the customs of the Central Plains.
(2) describe the great ambition of soldiers eager to make contributions.
(3) Describe the homesickness that is difficult to solve.
(4) Expose the cruelty of war and express yearning or praise for a peaceful life.
(5) Attacking the cruelty, greed, debauchery and dereliction of duty of rulers or border generals.
4. Poetry.
Refers to a kind of poetry with objective "things" as the description object, and the author often has deep and shallow meanings intentionally or unintentionally.
They express their attitude towards life and their political ambitions or life ideals through what they recite, so most of them
Poetry about things will be written in the way of expressing things.
5. Always in the poem in my heart.
In this way, it can express the sadness of ancient folk who abandoned their wives and missed their wives (including recruited women, businessmen, vagrants, etc.). ), or a girl who falls in love with spring,
A poem written for the purpose of missing one's lover's feelings. Palace-style poetry is a new poetry genre that appeared in the Qi and Liang Dynasties.
Its content is mostly about praising women, with beautiful style and pale feelings, and it has always been regarded as a luxury of the ruling class.
Criticize the performance of.
6, that is, poetry (poetry).
The characteristic of this kind of poems is to express their feelings, often through specific narration to express their feelings and personal homesickness.
Friendship, parting, leisure and other feelings.
7. Philosophical poetry.
Poetry with philosophical connotation. The philosophies of some poems are conceived by poets when they are creating, while others are conceived by readers.
I realized it when I was enjoying poetry.
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