Song Dynasty (960- 1279) is a dynasty in the history of China after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. It is divided into the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127, Kaifeng, the capital) and the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-kloc-0/279, Hangzhou, the capital), which are collectively called the two Song Dynasties.
Northern Song Dynasty
In the first month of the seventh year of Zhou Xiande after the Five Dynasties (960), Zhao Kuangyin inspected and launched the Chen Qiao mutiny in front of the temple, and the Song Dynasty was established. Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan) is its capital, which is called the Northern Song Dynasty in Song Taizu. In view of the fact that some generals and our time may enlist troops and affect the imperial power, Song Taizu listened to Zhao Pu's suggestion and released the military power with a glass of wine, which ensured the concentration of sovereignty, but at the same time weakened the combat effectiveness of the army. In 65438+976 10, Zhao Kuangyin's younger brother Zhao Guangyi ascended the throne in the shadow of an axe and candles, that is, Song Taizong. By 979, the Northern Han Dynasty was wiped out and most parts of China were unified.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Northern Song Dynasty, centralized rule was further strengthened through measures such as gathering military power, cutting power and making money. At the same time, the imperial examination system was greatly developed. In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the political affairs of the court became weaker and weaker. In Song Renzong, there was a short-lived "Qingli New Deal". JaeHee Ning and Song Shenzong's appointment of Wang Anshi had a great influence, but it was later rejected by conservatives. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the rule was extremely decadent. 1 127 years, Xu Jin's army invaded Kaifeng, and Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were captured one after another, which is known as Jingkang Revolution and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.
Southern Song Dynasty
Zhao Gou, the ninth son of Huizong, ascended the throne in Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), namely Song Gaozong established in the Southern Song Dynasty. 1 138 officially established Lin' an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang).
During the Southern Song Dynasty, those in power pursued the policy of seeking peace for a long time and paid tribute to the rulers. Suppress the military and civilian struggle against gold, and even kill patriotic generals. 1 142 conspired with Qin Gui to kill Yue Fei who opposed gold on trumped-up charges. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, the war against Mongolia lasted for several years. By 1276, the Yuan army occupied Lin 'an, and the remnants of Yi Wang Shizhao and Wang Guang Zhao Min continued to resist the Yuan Dynasty. Until 1279, Zhao Min, an 8-year-old emperor, was cornered by the Yuan Dynasty and killed by Lu Xiufu, a minister. The remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty were killed by the Yuan Dynasty. Although the Qing 'an Dynasty finally fell, it produced national heroes such as Wen Tianxiang.
Economy and Culture in Song Dynasty
In Song Dynasty, under the impetus of technological progress and tenancy system, agricultural production made remarkable development. In the history of handicraft industry, the division of labor is fine, the technology is advanced and the products are famous; The level of commodity economy surpassed the past, towns prospered, currency circulation expanded, and the earliest paper money was born.
The culture of the Song Dynasty made unprecedented progress, and achieved fruitful results in the fields of Neo-Confucianism, literature, history, art, science and technology. Outstanding figures such as Er Cheng, Zhu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, etc. were famous throughout the ages. The invention and application of movable type printing, compass and gunpowder have made outstanding contributions to mankind.
Song Dynasty is the period when China has the most developed economy, the most prosperous national culture, the most scientific and technological innovations, the healthiest population growth and the highest crop yield.
The prosperous dynasty with the highest living standard. If you don't believe me, I'll introduce you to a dreamlike Song Dynasty. Let's dream back to Song Dynasty:
1 economically developed Fu Song
This has long been a historical conclusion, and other dynasties "suppressed commerce", with the exception of the Song Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin Zhao Boxin said, "Accumulate more money. The farmland houses in this city are a kind of heritage.
Singing and dancing to enjoy the years "enrich the people". Later, Song Taizong also dubbed it "making the political skills of the two systems theory widely known". When Zongshen was in power, "financial management first" made people "politics first"
The idea of attaching importance to economic "financial management is urgent" has been running through the Song Dynasty. This is a very important prerequisite to ensure economic development. In the early Song Dynasty, officials studied the ways of managing money and seeking money. The Song Dynasty adjusted the traditional practice of emphasizing criminal law over civil law, and specially studied and implemented monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law and tea law. Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of economic legislation in ancient China. Moreover, the economic laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, which conformed to the laws of commodity economy and was a very scientific law. These correct policy orientations have enabled the commercial tide to flourish, the commerce and trade to develop rapidly, and the handicraft industry to develop rapidly, making the Song Dynasty the earliest banknote (jiaozi) bank in the world, which is unique! Even banks can lend money and pay in different places. Even in modern times, it is a very advanced economic management system. Geographically, the development of the Song Dynasty was not limited to the established areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, and the social, economic and cultural development in mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas was also greater than that in the Tang Dynasty, which is also surprising. From the perspective of handicraft industry
Mine mining, tea salt, shipbuilding, paper making, sugar making, textile, porcelain making, etc. Much more advanced than the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the handicraft industry not only expanded its production area and increased its output, but also improved its technology significantly. For example, the production technology of "sugar ice" (rock candy), the excavation of "single-barrel well" and the sophistication of Song porcelain all reflect the maturity and innovation of technology, while the rise of commerce and handicrafts has liberated a large number of farmers captured on the land and let them invest in commerce and handicrafts.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron, coal and other mineral deposits began to be mined, and the earliest manufacturing plants and processing plants in the world history also appeared all over the country. Such as shipyards, paper mills, printing houses, weaving mills, firearms factories and official kilns in various places. It can be seen that the prosperity of handicraft industry at that time was unprecedented!
As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, China knew how to employ hundreds of full-time industrial workers in coal burning, steelmaking and large-scale handicrafts. And the government's two military industries employ 8 thousand workers-this is already the scale of heavy industry! Taking 1078 as an example, the annual output of iron and steel industry in northern China reached1250,000 tons, while that in Britain was only 76,000 tons at the beginning of the industrial revolution. In addition, mining and metallurgy, paper making, porcelain making, silk weaving and navigation are also well developed. The Song Dynasty was truly a "high-tech" home before modern times. It was also the overlord of the world handicraft industry at that time!
From the commercial point of view, cities in the Tang Dynasty tended to be administrative centers, while towns in the Song Dynasty tended to be industrialized. Trade zones in cities in the Tang Dynasty were strictly controlled by officials, but they were more free in the Song Dynasty. Due to the further development of commodity economy,
With the development of the city, the breakthrough of "housing system" and the rise of market towns, the boundary between residential areas and commercial areas gradually disappears. By the Song Dynasty, some of these "new" cities had developed to a considerable scale, such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou, with a population of one million, while the latter was an "unprecedented" city that Kelpolo saw in the early Yuan Dynasty. Even at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the largest city outside China was "Baghdad".
Its population is only 300,000 to 500,000. Hundreds of years later, Arab traveler Ibn Betuta also called Hangzhou "the largest city in the world"! The population engaged in industry and commerce is gradually increasing, the output is increasing, and the investment capital is greatly expanded. Therefore, it is not only agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue. The proportion of industry and commerce has surpassed that of agriculture, and advertisements printed on copper plates have appeared in its commercial operation, which is more than 300 years earlier than advertisements of western capitalism. As far as bachelor Su Dongpo is concerned, he once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil, which made it prosperous. More interestingly, in the Song Dynasty, there were tabloids similar to modern newspapers and the earliest trademarks in history. The small trademark is of great significance, which marks the gradual improvement of the commercialization system in Song Dynasty. In addition, On the Velocity of Money Circulation written by Shen Kuo, a famous scholar, also reached the level of modern monetary theory, which was a powerful commercial wave in the Song Dynasty and the earliest mother of capitalism in the world. The rapid economic development in the Song Dynasty created unprecedented wealth and prosperity.
2 Cultural glory
With the abundance of material life, spiritual pursuit became more and more urgent, so the Song Dynasty had a strong cultural demand while developing its economy. People's leisure life, aesthetic taste and life taste contributed to the high prosperity of culture in Song Dynasty, and the arts such as poetry, songs, acrobatics, opera, folk music, novels, calligraphy and architecture developed rapidly in Song Dynasty. At the same time, a large number of famous literati and poets appeared in Song Dynasty, among which Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu and Li Qingzhao were all famous. Even now, these scholars are still in their prime, and their glory is undiminished. In the Song Dynasty, there were six of the eight most famous masters in ancient and modern times, which shows their culture.
Calligraphers are numerous. The four most famous calligraphers are Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to amaze calligraphers. Even Qin Gui, the great traitor, can learn a good pen and dance well. If he is decent, he must be a calligrapher and writer. Not to mention a hero like Yue Fei!
Because of the blooming of culture, everyone divided it into north and south in the Song Dynasty:
There were four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao. Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao (Neo-Confucianism) were two courses in the Northern Song Dynasty. There were three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu, Zhu, Zhu and Zhu. It is precisely because of Song Wenhua's vigorous development that the Song Dynasty completed the "revival of Confucianism" and produced new Confucianism (that is, Neo-Confucianism), which made the traditional "study of Confucian classics" enter a new stage of "study of Song Dynasty". It also promoted the in-depth development of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
Ci rose in the late Tang Dynasty and reached its peak from the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. So there are Tang poetry, Song ci, Yuanqu and so on. It can be seen that Ci is one of the representatives of Song culture and one of the deep charges. To study the culture of Song Dynasty, we must first understand its ci, and Su Shi's When is the Bright Moon is the most representative. Almost everyone knows this word, even ordinary children can sing a few sentences. The whole poem is elegant and elegant, which makes people feel like they are in a fairyland. In the outside world, there is loneliness and sadness everywhere. It can be said that it is the pinnacle, and the advantages of the mink epigraph are brought to the extreme! "What about Jiang?" He also wrote Hunting in Mizhou, and other poets also made great achievements. Even female poets such as Li Qingzhao were familiar with it, but only Li Qingzhao was good at writing and reached such a level. Also, if I list the people of Song Ci one by one, I may not finish talking for a day. If I go on, I will only count the nine Niu Yi hairs of Song Ci culture. As far as Song Ci is concerned, there are more than 300 poets and nearly 20,000 poems in the whole book/kloc-0. Confucius' Supplement to Song Ci added hundreds of poets on the original basis.
There are more than 400 words. This is enough to reflect the status of Ci culture in the Song Dynasty, to reflect that Ci is worthy of being the representative of Song Wenhua, and to show the cheerful vitality of Song Wenhua!
Poetry is the essence of China's ancient literature. In the Song Dynasty, the interpretation of "poetry" was promoted to a new level, a more popular level and a more free metrical level. Although Song Dynasty was the heyday of Ci, it was also a country of poetry. No matter primary school, middle school, university or even graduate students, most of them are Tang poetry and Song poetry, which is the continuation, development and breakthrough of Tang poetry. In Song Dynasty, poets were more extensive, poems were more abundant, the types and forms of poems were rich, and the number of poems was unprecedented. As far as I know, Peking University is studying it. As far as the number of individual poems is concerned, the individual with the largest number of poems was born in the Song Dynasty. Let us always remember the name of this person who cares about the country and the people. He is Lu You. Do you still remember this great poet's last wish for national rejuvenation?
Do you remember his last words?
If you forget, then listen! "Julian Waghann set the Central Plains in the north, and the family sacrifice did not forget to tell Nai Weng." What a simple language! The last sentence of a patriotic and righteous man did not see the restoration of the country before his death, but he will hear the news after his death. ...
My children, don't forget to tell your father this news when you sacrifice ... so that I can be in my grave. ...
Writing here, I closed my eyes, I don't know why, and I shed tears. Yes, yes, I cried! Tears streaming down her face! Tears are not only for the sadness hidden in The Poetry, but also for the patriots like Lu You in Qian Qian and Qian Qian, and even for the final fate of the Song Dynasty! (Hehe
The keyboard is wet, have a rest, or cheer up and continue writing)
Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties is a huge treasure house, which is inexhaustible. Poetry contains countless intellectual wealth, but we have little understanding and development of this treasure house. Can we not regret it? There are so many potential resources waiting for us to develop, why don't we be tempted?
Before talking about the four great calligraphers, I didn't say much about calligraphy. The achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty are well known, but which painters emerged in the Song Dynasty?
The most famous painters are Fan Kuan, Xia Gui, Guo and Zhang Zeduan. The art world is famous by Zhang Zeduan. Throughout the history of China, the highest artistic achievement of Chinese painting can best represent the landscape paintings of the Song Dynasty, which are sometimes boundless and sometimes ethereal, with artistic conception like flowing water and implications like flowing water. Landscape painters came forth in large numbers in the Song Dynasty, each with his own strengths. For example, painters in the Northern Song Dynasty were Fan Kuan (famous for his landscapes and snow scenes).
Good at), Xu Daoning (good at trees and wild water), Guo (good at describing the subtle changes of the four seasons), Li Cheng (far from Selin).
With), Hui Chong, Zhao Linglong (famous for his lyrical scenes), Mi Fei and Mi Youren (also famous for Yunshan Mo Opera), the richness of his paintings can't be exhausted in words. The landscape poems of Xia Gui, Ma Yuan and Li Tang in the Southern Song Dynasty reflect the constant change and development of landscape painting. Together with Liu Songnian, it is called the Four Schools of Southern Song Dynasty. There are also many unknown or reclusive folk painters, which shows that painting and calligraphy in Song Dynasty have reached the peak of artistic creation. In addition, the story books in the Song Dynasty also opened a new era in the history of China literature. It can be said that it initiated the vernacular novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the civilian culture also flourished, such as shadow play, burlesque, acrobatics, puppet shows, zaju, rap and so on. With the rapid development of economy and the increasingly superior material life, prostitution is booming. Prostitutes in Song Dynasty were clearly divided into four categories: commercial prostitutes, geisha, geisha and official prostitutes. Of course, this prostitute is not another prostitute. Most of them don't sell themselves, but only perform art. And quite a few people are proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry and songs. Some prostitutes can even set up their own families, which are now folk artists. Among these four types of geisha, the most talented and charming is the "official prostitute". The status of natural official prostitutes is also high. In the Song Dynasty, all tea cultures also had flavor. According to personal preference, it is not so much tea as poor drinking. Even tea cups are divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze and blue and white glaze. It can be seen that Song people are also superior, so enjoy it. In the Song Dynasty, there was also the wind of fighting tea, and various petal teas were popular among the people. Hui Zong also introduced tea culture in twenty articles in Daguan Tea Theory. It can be said that the tea culture in Song Dynasty is a comprehensive embodiment of China's ancient elite culture and popular culture, and it is a culture that appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Because Hui Zong likes it very much, the jade carving art has made great progress. At the same time, wood carvings, bamboo carvings, lacquerware, inscriptions, seals, bronzes, gold and silver wares, horns, Naihe pens, ink, paper and inkstones all have high attainments. All these show the superb and profound culture and art of the Song Dynasty!
The Song Dynasty also created the word "Song" which is now used.
It can be seen that its influence on writing is quite far-reaching, and the history circle of the Song Dynasty has also undergone earth-shaking changes. There are various schools of historiography in the Song Dynasty, with the emergence of local chronicles and epigraphy (similar to archaeology).
Historical works are also extremely rich, and famous scholars come forth in large numbers, reaching the peak of the development of ancient historiography in China. The earliest dictionary in China, Shuo Wen Jie Zi, has been lost since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was also edited by Xu Xuan brothers in the Song Dynasty. Scholars believe that before the founding of New China, China culture had three climaxes: 1.
A hundred schools of thought contend during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period II. Cultural Renaissance in Song Dynasty
3 "Four Major Movements" New Culture Movement
Chen Yinque once said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties". These comments deserve attention. Historian Toynbee (England) once said, "If I had a choice, I would like to live in the Song Dynasty in China". Mr. Yu Yu Qiu once said: "The dynasty I most yearn for is the Song Dynasty!" Even Deng Guangming once said, "The height of material civilization and spiritual civilization achieved in the Song Dynasty can be said to be unprecedented in the historical period of the whole feudal society!" . Yes, the culture of the Song Dynasty attracted countless literati, which was really unprecedented in the historical period of the whole feudal society!