Every time something big happens in recent years, prophetic poems by the poet Li Bai will be circulated on the Internet. What is a prophetic poem? It is a poem that predicts an event. For example:
"Teng Yun" by Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty
Ma Teng rides the auspicious clouds,
sailing to Kuohai County.
Lost in Penglai Pavilion,
traces nowhere to be found.
Take this poem for example, but if we think about it for a moment, we will find that these so-called poems have wrong rhyme and oblique rhythms, and we can also imitate it to create an acrostic poem that says "Ancient Chinese MOOCs are interesting" Come.
But this so-called poem is not a poem either. What is the specific reason? Let’s take a look at the rhyme and rhythm of this metrical poem.
Metrical poetry should pay attention to rhyme and rhythm.
What is Pingqi? Ping refers to the flat tone in the Middle Ages, and ping refers to the three tones of rising, coming, and entering in the Middle Ages.
Pay attention to level and obliqueness, which is the most essential characteristic of modern poetry. Why should we pay attention to it? This is mainly about pursuing the beauty of voice changes and pursuing a sense of cadence. For example, Wang Zhihuan's "Climbing the Crane and Bird Tower"
The white sun rests on the mountain, and the yellow river flows into the sea.
If you want to have a thousand miles of eyesight,
Go up to the next floor.
Let's read Wang Huanzhi's "Climbing the Crane and Bird Tower"
Bairi: Two Oblique Tones
Yishan: Two Flat Tones
Jin: Another flat sound.
It has changes, ups and downs. So this kind of changes and cadences occurred in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. When our ancients discovered the four tones in Chinese, they began to emphasize the need to consciously arrange the changes in cadences when writing poetry.
For example, if there is a flat tone in the front, then there will be a flat tone in the back.
It is also said in "Wen Xin Diao Long": "Every sound may fly and sink, and its sound may double." Some of the sounds rise upwards, some fall down, and sometimes the sounds are louder. It means to repeat it.
Shen Yue also said that within one bamboo slip, the phonology is completely different. In the two sentences, the emphasis is different. That is to say, we have to do this: the lightness and importance in the two sentences are different. Light means a flat sound, heavy means a oblique sound. You should arrange this oblique sound very consciously.
The syllable characteristics of our Chinese language are that in ancient Chinese, monosyllables were the main word constructs. By Medieval Chinese, it had developed a large number of disyllabic words, mostly disyllabic.
How to pay attention to rhyme and obliqueness in metrical poetry?
If we want to make our Pingzi both alternate and double-stack, the pattern should be like this.
廄仄平仄仄平平仄仄平仄仄平平, keep repeating this from the back.
But if we divide them according to the syllable characteristics of our Chinese language, divided into two, it is 廄廄平平.
But if we draw it according to the five-character poem in the five-character metrical poem, and draw it according to the five characters, we think it should be drawn in these four formats.
Five-character poem:
廄仄平仄︱仄平平仄仄︱
平平任仄平︱平仄仄平平
If according to If you read the rhythm points of metrical poem 221, then it should be these four basic sentence patterns:
Four basic sentence patterns (five characters)
A: 廄廄一 平平一廄
B: 平平一仄廄一平
C: 平平一平一仄仄
D: 仄仄一仄一平平
These four basic sentence patterns constitute the basic sentence patterns of five-character metrical poetry.
Then there is the point that our metrical poems must pay attention to rhyme, which does not mean that any sound can be put in it. But what does this rhyme with? We must follow the rhyme of poetry. The official rhyme book is specially compiled in the Song Dynasty, such as "Revisiting Guangyun in the Song Dynasty". Later we simplified it into "Pingshui Rhyme", and later became "The Rhyme of Poetry". When writing poems for the imperial examination, you must follow the official This is the "Poetry Rhyme" in the rhyme book I am repairing.
So, does rhyming with oblique or flat tones work? Generally, rhymes with flat tones. Are there any poems with oblique rhymes in our ancient poetry? There are also.
Mie and Xue are both entering sounds.
Xiao, Bird, and Shao are all upper tones.
But such poems are rare after all.
Rhyming requirements:
Follow the rhyme of poetry, rhyme in flat tones, use rhyme in two sentences, rhyme every other sentence, and rhyme to the end.
Most poems rhyme in flat tones, which is basically a mandatory requirement for our metrical poems.
It rhymes with flat tone, so where does it rhyme? Use rhyme in two sentences. That is, the last word of the even-numbered sentence should rhyme, which is our rhyming word.
Does every sentence have to be punctuated? no. Every other sentence overlaps. The last word of the second sentence is a rhyming word, and the last word of the fourth sentence is a rhyming word. The last word of the third sentence can only be a oblique tone, not a flat tone, and cannot rhyme. And this rhyme should rhyme to the end.
That is to say, the rhyme word used must belong to the same rhyme in our rhyme book. It cannot be changed and the rhyme cannot be changed. If you change the rhyme, the rhyme will come out, which is wrong, so the rhyme requirements are also very strict.
It is necessary to follow the rhyme of poetry, rhyme with flat tones, use rhyme in two sentences, rhyme every other sentence, and rhyme to the end.
But here it is a little flexible for the first sentence. The first sentence is the first sentence, and the first sentence may or may not rhyme. If it rhymes, it is called rhyme. If it does not rhyme, it is not rhyme. It is relatively flexible.
Let’s take a poem as an example to analyze it.
Du Fu's "Spring Outlook"
The country is broken by mountains and rivers (廄廄一平平一组), and the city is deep in spring vegetation (平平一组廄一平).
I shed tears when I am grateful for flowers (廻仄平平一任仄), and I hate other birds and are frightened (任仄一廄一平平).
The war rages on for three months, and a letter from home is worth ten thousand gold.
The white-headed scratches are shorter, and the lust is overwhelming.
Guo Po: Po is a oblique sound, Mountain and River are two flat tones, and now is a oblique sound.
Let’s compare it, which one of the four basic sentence patterns should it be?
A: 廄仄一平平一仄
B: 平平一任仄一平
C: 平平一平一仄仄
Ding: 廄廄一廄一平平
It should be A. 廄廄平平廄.
Some people say that the first character "国" is not in Ping tone?
In modern Chinese, it is pronounced with the flat tone, but in Medieval Chinese it was an entered tone character. The Ru tone belongs to the oblique tone, so it is the oblique tone in Guo Po.
Feelings of time and tears: 仄一平平一仄仄
The basic sentence structure of this sentence seems not to be found in the above four sentence structures, but we have to look at it again Compare it and find out which one it might be? It may be C: mediocre, mediocre, mediocre, mediocre.
Why is it okay to put this sentimental sound here? This is because in our rhymed poetry, one, three, and two are clearly distinguished. It is in the position of the first and third characters, and its flatness can be flexible.
So here you can put a oblique character for this feeling.
Hate to Farewell Bird Jingxin: Bird’s flat tone, Jingxin’s two flat tones, ending with two flat tones. Ding ends with two flat sounds: 廄仄廄平平. In the Middle Ages, "Bie" was also a entered tone, so I hated the bird. This is three oblique tones connected together. So this sentence happens to be Ding among the four sentence patterns: 廄廄一廄一平平
The war below lasts for three months, and letters from home are worth ten thousand gold. Let’s not read it sentence by sentence. After analyzing its entire format, we will find that it is 廄仄平仄, 平平仄仄平, 平平平仄仄, 任仄仄平平.
Continuing down, let’s look at the first sentence of this poem. The last character is 廄, so it doesn't rhyme.
Let’s look at another sentence that rhymes with.
"Zhong Nanshan" Wang Wei
Taiyi is close to Tiandu (廄廄一廄一平平), stretching from the mountains to the corner of the sea (平平一组廄一平).
The white clouds look back at the river (平平一平一仄廄), and the green mist comes in to see nothing (任仄一廄一平平).
Taiyi is close to Tiandu, Taiyi is close to three flat tones, and Tiandu is two flat tones, then it is very typical: 廄廄廄平平.
From the mountains to the sea, it is flat and flat, and it is also very standard. We can see that the last character of the first sentence is ping, and the last character of the second sentence is also ping, so the first sentence is in rhyme.
The white clouds are flat and flat, so it should be flat and flat. Wanghe, He is a character that enters the tone, and it is a 廄廄.
Looking into the blue mist, it is nothing, and it is flat again.
Let’s analyze it by ourselves. It is the first sentence of a poem that rhymes.
Then we learned Ping and Chee, taking the Five Characters as an example. So what should we do with Qiyan? Qiyan is easy to handle.
For example, our four basic sentence patterns are 廄廄平平廄. If it is a seven-character sentence, add Ping Ping in front of 廄廄 in sentence A.
Four basic sentence patterns (seven words)
A: Ping Ping Yi Ze Ping Yi Ping Ping Yi Chi
B: Ping Ping Yi Ping Ping Yi Ping Yi Yiping
C: 廄仄一平平一平一任仄
Ding: 平平一任仄一仄一平平
They are all preceded by the opposite. It's enough if it's flat or tokyd, so if we want to analyze a seven-character poem, we can analyze it from the first character, or we can analyze it from the third character.
Comrade Mao Zedong has a poem "Qilu. To Shaoshan". Let's look at these two sentences. There are two ways of writing them in the version circulating on our Internet.
The words he wrote in this place are different, we call it different characters. So which word should be used for this place? We can use the flat format we have learned to compare.
The sun and moon change the sky, if we look at it according to the five-character poem. If the sound of sun and moon is changed to the oblique sound, then it should be ????.
The new sky has two equal sounds, so the sun and the moon change into a new sky in equal tones.
Then if you want to add two more in front of 廄廄廄平平. What should it be? It should be average. So do you dare to shout or teach? You should dare to teach.
Some people say, isn’t this also flat? Dare, because it is the first word, it can be flexible. But the character at the rhythm point of the second character cannot be flexible. It should be a flat sound, it must be a flat sound, so this place must dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the sky.
In this lesson, we talked about metrical poetry, that is, the rhyme and rhythm of modern poetry, and introduced the four basic rhythmic patterns of metrical poetry. So how did our ancients use these four basic formats to write a rhymed poem when they wrote poetry? What are the rules? Please see the next lesson on the rules of adhesion in metrical poetry.