When did Mandarin begin to be created and used? Thank you for your questions.

1, the evolution of the definition of Putonghua is a popular name of modern China people, also known as modern standard Chinese. It is called Putonghua in Taiwan Province Province, Putonghua in Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore and Malaysia, and some people call it Chinese. Mandarin is the language used by modern China people for communication, including spoken and written language. It is also the common language of all ethnic groups in China at present, and it is also the common language of Chinese mainland, Hongkong, Macau, Taiwan Province Province and overseas Chinese. 1902, Wu Rulun mentioned the name "common language" for the first time after returning from an inspection tour in Japan. 1904, Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, studied in Japan and organized a "speech liaison meeting" with students studying in Japan. The name "Mandarin" also appeared in the draft booklet. 1906, in his book Jiangsu Xin Xin, scholar Zhu divided Chinese into three categories: Chinese (classical Chinese), Putonghua and common sayings (dialects), and clearly put forward the name of "Putonghua" for the first time, and defined it as "a common word in all provinces". In the 1930s, Qu Qiubai said in the article "War beyond the Gate of Hell" "It is customary to use modern Mandarin, a new Chinese language, in all parts of China, which has modern' dialect', polyphony and ending …", and puts forward his own views on the definition of Mandarin. 1949, New China was founded. In order to show respect for minority languages and avoid possible misunderstanding caused by the name "Putonghua", China decided to reform Putonghua and its characters. 195 1, Mao Zedong said: "The writing system must be reformed, and the pinyin direction of the world writing system should be the same." . ... Chinese characters must be simplified. "195510 June 15 ~ 23, the China Character Reform Commission and the Ministry of Education jointly held the" National Character Reform Conference and Modern Chinese Standardization Academic Conference ",with 207 participants from 28 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and the central government in terms of character reform, education, science, writers' associations, diplomacy, posts and telecommunications, etc. Zhang Xiruo gave a keynote speech: "China people have a long-standing language, and now it is named Putonghua, which needs further standardization and standard determination. What is this kind of Han homophonic which has actually gradually formed? This is Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation. For the sake of simplicity, this national homonym can also be called Mandarin. In order to highlight that we are a big multi-ethnic family and to highlight the equality of languages of all ethnic groups, after in-depth research, we decided not to use the name Putonghua. If you call it Mandarin, you are afraid of being misunderstood as putting Chinese above other ethnic groups in China, so you finally decided to call it Mandarin. " Ordinary means "universal" and "* * *". 2. Evolution of the Status of Putonghua195510/0 On October 26th, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Strive to Promote the Reform of Chinese Characters, Popularize Putonghua and Realize the Standardization of Chinese", which mentioned: "China people are homophonic, that is, Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation. 1On February 6th, 956, the State Council issued "Instructions on Popularizing Putonghua", which supplemented and improved the meaning of Putonghua, formally defined Putonghua as "modern Chinese with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm", and clearly defined and expounded the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. In phonetics, Putonghua takes Beijing accent as the standard, instead of "taking Beijing accent as the main voice, giving consideration to other dialects". The phonetic standard is a whole, and not every tone of Beijing dialect is a norm and standard. Lexically speaking, Putonghua is based on the northern dialect, not the Beijing dialect, because the vocabulary is highly mobile and interpenetrating, and it is not as systematic as pronunciation, so it cannot be based on a certain dialect, otherwise it will be too narrow. Grammar, the standard of Putonghua is a typical modern vernacular work, which refers to the representative works of modern outstanding writers and theorists such as Lu Xun, Guo Moruo and Mao Dun, the works of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, and various written documents promulgated by the state, such as legal texts, notices and government decrees. 1956 65438+ 10, the first batch of simplified characters was born. 1958 In February, the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress approved the implementation of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme and began to promote Putonghua. 1958 10 year 10 month Premier Zhou Enlai pointed out in "The Task of Current Chinese Character Reform": "It is an arduous task to gradually unify the dialects of the 600 million Han people, which can only be realized through long-term unremitting efforts. How long has it been? This depends on the development of transportation, economy and culture and our work, but as long as we continue to work hard, this task will certainly be realized. "1959, the State Council published the first batch of 2238 simplified characters. 1957-1962 The Putonghua Phonetic Grading Committee announced the "Putonghua Phonetic Grading Table (Draft)". 1962, the Putonghua Phonetic Testing Committee promulgated the first draft of "Three Phonetic Tests of Different Pronunciation Words in Putonghua (Part III)". 1977, the State Council published 853 simplified characters, which caused some confusion in Chinese and social life. On 1986, it was cancelled. 1982 The Chinese Pinyin Scheme has become an international standard (ISO 7098). 1982 the constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "the state promotes putonghua which is commonly used throughout the country. "From 65438 to 0998, the China Municipal Government designated the third week of September every year as the national publicity week to promote Putonghua. On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, 2000, the 18th session of the 9th the NPC Standing Committee passed the Law on the Common Language and Characters of People's Republic of China (PRC), which formally established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as "the national common language and characters". 3. English translation of Putonghua The English vocabulary of Putonghua is "Mandarin", or the Chinese pinyin "Putonghua" is directly used, and some people use the word "Chinese" in real life. English translation of Mandarin into Mandarin is not a homonym of Manchu. Portuguese who had official contacts with China in the Ming Dynasty began to use this word to refer to China officials. Later, other Europeans used "mandarino" or "mandarino" to refer to China officials, China mandarin and Mandarin. Mandarin was translated into English only in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The name "mandarino" used by westerners comes from the Portuguese verb "mandar", which means "command and management". Matteo Ricci said in China's Notes (translated as Matteo Ricci China's Missionary History in Taiwan Province Province): "Any military or civilian minister is called an official, meaning a commander or supervisor, and his honorific or unofficial title is Lord, meaning master or father. "The Portuguese call China officials" Mandarin ",which comes from" ‘Mandando' "or" ‘Mando Mandare' ",that is, orders or orders. English "Mandarin" and Italian "Mandarino" both come from Portuguese "mandarim", while "mandarin" comes from Portuguese "mandar (command), mando (power, command, military power and adjudication)". The oldest existing plan of Macau (about 16 15 ~ 1622) has been marked with the word "mandarim" in Portuguese, which shows that the Portuguese have called China officials "mandarim" during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. 1749 in the plan of Macao, the words Qianshanzhai are marked as "La CaseBlanche Maison Du Mandarin" and "Twitehof, Huiz des mandaryn", which indicates that "Mandarin, mandaryn" is a transliteration of "mandarin". Four. Mandarin and Chinese Dialect Chinese Dialect is a geographical branch of Mandarin and the lingua franca of modern Han people in China. It is not an independent language juxtaposed with Putonghua, but a low-level language form subordinate to common language. The use and development of language is closely related to social development, the establishment and reform of economic system. In old China, small-scale peasant economy dominated for a long time, forming a self-sufficient closed small-scale peasant economy. The so-called "the voice of a chicken and a dog knows each other, but the old people don't talk to each other" has gradually formed various Chinese dialects. Geographical conditions, such as vast territory and mountains and rivers, have further promoted the self-enclosed development of local dialects. 1955, Luo Changpei and Luo Shuxiang divided Chinese dialects into eight regions in their book Standardization of Modern Chinese, namely northern dialect region (including North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, Central Plains, Jianghuai and Southwest China), Wu dialect region (including South Jiangsu, South Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang) and Min dialect region (including Fujian, Hainan and Southwest China). It can also be subdivided into Minnan dialect represented by Xiamen dialect, Mindong dialect represented by Fuzhou dialect, Mindong dialect, Minzhong dialect and Puxian dialect, and Minnan dialect in a broad sense also includes Hainan dialect, Chaozhou dialect and southern Zhejiang dialect. ), Guangdong dialect area (including Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and some overseas Chinese) and Xiang dialect area (most of Hunan, usually divided into new and old dialects, and the new Xiang dialect is closer to the northern dialect. 1988, Hong Kong Longman Publishing Company published Atlas of Chinese Language, which divided Chinese dialects into ten regions, namely: Mandarin region (including northeastern mandarin region, Beijing Mandarin region, Jilu Mandarin region, Jiaoliao Mandarin region, Zhongyuan Mandarin region, Lanyin Mandarin region, Southwest Mandarin region, Jianghuai Mandarin region), Jin Mandarin region and Wu Mandarin region. 1955 65438+ 10 15, during the "National Conference on Character Reform and Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese", participants had a heated debate on the choice of basic dialects of Putonghua. Finally, the voting method is adopted to select the basic dialect of Putonghua from 15 major dialects in Chinese-speaking areas. The voting results of each dialect are as follows: Beijing Mandarin (based on the northern sub-dialect, with Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation): 52 votes Southwest Mandarin (based on the northern sub-dialect, with Chengdu accent as the standard pronunciation): 5 1 votes Wu dialect (based on Wu dialect, with Suzhou or Shanghai accent as the standard pronunciation): 46 votes Cantonese (based on Cantonese). Guangzhou dialect is the standard pronunciation): 25 votes for Zhongyuan Mandarin (based on the pronunciation of Zhongyuan Mandarin and Kaifeng in the northern dialect): 7 votes for Jilu Mandarin (based on the pronunciation of Jilu Mandarin and Jinan in the northern dialect): 6 votes for Jianghuai Mandarin (based on the pronunciation of Jianghuai Mandarin and Yangzhou in the northern dialect): 6 votes for Min Dialect (based on Min Dialect) and Fuzhou or Quanzhou as the standard pronunciation) : 2 votes northeastern mandarin (based on the northern dialect sub-dialect northeastern mandarin, with Shenyang as the standard pronunciation): 1 votes Northwest Mandarin (based on the northern dialect sub-dialect Northwest Mandarin, with Lanzhou accent as the standard pronunciation): 0 votes Jiaoliao Mandarin (based on the northern dialect sub-dialect Jiaoliao Mandarin, with Lvda accent as the standard pronunciation): 0 votes Jinguan Mandarin (0 votes Jinguan Mandarin). Taiyuan pronunciation is the standard pronunciation): Hakka dialect 0 votes (Hakka dialect and Meixian pronunciation are the standard pronunciation): Gan dialect 0 votes (Gan dialect is the standard pronunciation and Nanchang pronunciation is the standard pronunciation): Xiang dialect 0 votes (Xiang dialect is the standard pronunciation and Changsha pronunciation is the standard pronunciation): 0 votes abstained: 165438+ Beijing dialect 0 votes. It is no accident that Beijing dialect has become the pronunciation standard of Chinese homophones. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Nanjing was the capital of the early Ming Dynasty, and the national political and cultural center was Beijing. From emperors to ministers, from literati to ordinary people, they are proud to speak Beijing dialect. For more than 700 years, Beijing dialect has actually played the role of China's aristocratic language, official language and national lingua franca, with both a heavy historical accumulation and a broad mass base. In the early years of the Republic of China, the China government had a motion to use Cantonese as the national language, but the result was fruitless. Later, the "Beijing dispute" also ended in the victory of Beijing dialect. Beijing dialect is not just Beijing dialect!