Seven Sorrowful Poems_Part 1
Author: Wang Can
Xijing is in chaos, and jackals and tigers can escape.
Abandon China again and devote yourself to Jingman.
My relatives are sad for me, and my friends are chasing me.
You can’t see anything when you go out, the plain is covered with white bones.
There is a hungry woman on the road, holding her child in the grass.
When Gu heard the cry, he shed tears but refused to return them.
How can we be complete when we don’t know where we will die?
I drove my horse away and couldn't bear to hear this.
Climb Baling'an to the south and look back at Chang'an.
When I realize that there is a person under the spring, I sigh with sadness.
Translation
Dark clouds were already billowing over Chang'an City, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty. Li Jue, Guo Si and others were causing trouble here. I reluctantly bid farewell to my hometown in the Central Plains and left my life to the distant Jingman. Relatives had tears in their eyes when seeing him off, and friends reluctantly clung to the shaft of the car. When I walked out, I could see nothing but piles of bones covering the suburbs. A woman sat on the roadside with a hungry look on her face and gently placed her child among the grass. The baby's cry tore through the mother's liver and lungs. The hungry woman couldn't help but look back, but she finally shed tears and walked away alone. "I don't know where I will die. Who can save us, mother and son?" Before she could say, After that, I hurriedly rode away, unable to bear to hear these sad words again. Climbing to the high ground of Baling and continuing south, I turned around and looked at Xijing Chang'an from afar. After understanding the mood of the poet "Xiaquan" in missing the wise king, he couldn't help but feel sad and sigh.
Appreciation
"Seven Sorrows", Lu Xiang's note from Six Ministers in "Wenxuan" says: "The Seven Sorrows refer to pain and sadness, justice and sadness, emotion and sadness, and resentment and sadness. "Sorrow, the ears and eyes feel sad when they hear and see, the mouth sighs and mourns, and the nose feels sad and sad." This is the literal meaning. Li Ye from the Yuan Dynasty said in "Jingzhai Ancient and Modern Columns": "The seven emotions of human beings include joy, anger, sadness, joy, love, evil, and desire. Nowadays, sadness is too much, joy, anger, joy, love, evil, and desire are all different. There is no existence, there is only one sorrow, so it is called seven sorrows." It is also far-fetched. "Seven Sorrows" is a Yuefu song. Modern man Yu Guanying said: "So it is called 'Seven Sorrows', maybe it has a musical relationship. Jin Yue's "Resentful Poems" uses this poem (referring to Cao Zhi's "Seven Sorrows") as The lyrics are divided into seven interpretations ("Selected Poems of Sancao") which are more reasonable and can be referred to.
“Xijing is in chaos, and the jackals and tigers can escape.” Xijing refers to Chang’an. Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Luoyang was in the east and Chang'an was in the west, so Chang'an was called Xijing. Jackal refers to Dong Zhuo's generals Li Jue, Guo Si and others. Chang'an is in chaos because Li Jue, Guo Si and others are causing trouble. They are burning, killing and looting, and the people are suffering. These two sentences describe social unrest. It was during this turmoil that the poet left Chang'an. The reason why the poet left Chang'an is explained here.
"Abandoned China again and devoted himself to Jingman." This points out the poet's whereabouts after leaving Chang'an. "Recovery" is worth noting, which shows that the poet's migration is not the first time. In 190 AD (the first year of Chuping), Dong Zhuo coerced Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty to move the capital to Chang'an and drove eight million officials and people to enter the Pass. The poet was forced to move to Chang'an. At this time, he had to leave Chang'an for refuge. The word "recovery" not only expresses the miserable situation at hand, but also evokes the tragic past, containing infinite emotion and sadness. "China", the Central Plains region. In ancient my country, the capital was built on both sides of the Yellow River, so the northern Central Plains region was called China. "Jingman" refers to Jingzhou. Jingzhou is the place where the ancient Chu state was located. The state of Chu was originally called Jing. Zhou people called the people in the south Man. Chu was in the south, so it was called Jingman. These two sentences mean to leave the Central Plains area and go to Jingzhou. This is because there was no war in Jingzhou at that time, so many people went there to avoid the chaos. Wang Can went to seek refuge with him because Liu Biao, the governor of Jingzhou, was from the same hometown as him, and Liu Biao had studied under Wang Can's grandfather Wang Chang, and the two families had family connections.
"My relatives are sad for me, and my friends are chasing me." Write about the scene of parting. These two sentences are intertextual. Those who are "sad" are not only "relatives" but also "friends"; those who are "chasing" are not only "friends" but also "relatives". The poet describes the expressions and movements when saying goodbye, not only to express the deep feelings between the poet and his relatives and friends, but more importantly, to create a tragic atmosphere, making people feel that this is a life-or-death farewell.
The poet left Chang'an, relatives and friends, and the sights he saw along the way were shocking: "When I went out, I saw nothing, and the white bones covered the plain." What he saw was the piles of white bones, covering the boundless plain. This is a serious disaster brought to the people by the "jackal and tiger" rebellion. The tragic scene caused by this war is described in Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "White bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no roosters crowing for thousands of miles. There are hundreds of people who have left one thing, and the thought of it is heartbreaking." The chant is about the same scene, you can refer to it. The above is a "bird's eye view", and the following six sentences are typical examples: "There was a hungry woman on the road, holding her child and abandoning it in the grass. When I heard the howl and weeping, I shed tears and refused to return them: 'You don't know where you will die, how can you be two-faced? Finished?" These six sentences also closely follow "There is nothing to see when you go out." What the poet saw was not only the "white bones covering the plain", but also the "hungry woman" abandoning her son. It is normal for a woman to love her son; it is abnormal for a woman to abandon her son. This abnormal phenomenon occurred due to the war. Therefore, the poet profoundly exposed the heavy disaster caused by the war to the people with tragic examples. Bright, vivid, and tear-jerking. Wu Qi said: "Below 'going out', it is said that 'there is no chaos'. After the military chaos, there are too many sad things to write about, but if you use the three words 'nothing to see' to wrap it up, the depression of the people in the city can be seen. Already written.
Again, when talking about a woman abandoning her son, when people are separated in chaos, everything is light. The most difficult thing to cut is the flesh and blood, and a mother is especially affectionate to her young son. He can understand the importance of writing it down. "(Volume 6 of "Selected Poems of the Six Dynasties") Zhang Yugu said: "The ten sentences of 'Going out' describe the scene of famine on the way, but the description is endless. It only describes the matter of the woman abandoning her son, and the other things are all If you don't care about each other, you will die on the road, and you will show yourself without saying anything. When writing poems to explain the importance of lifting weights and taking them lightly, Shu Ji uses a delicate pen. " (Volume 9 of "Appreciation of Ancient Poems") all point out the artistic characteristics of this writing method. This writing method has an influence on Du Fu, so He Zhuo said: "The six lines of 'There is a hungry woman on the road' are the ancestor of Du Fu's poetry. " (Volume 46 of "Yimen Shuji")
The tragic scene of a woman abandoning her son made the poet unbearable to hear and unbearable to see. So he "drove the horse away, unable to bear to hear this." This shows the poet's sadness and grief. The poet continued to move forward on his horse, "Climbing Baling'an to the south and looking back at Chang'an. "Baling is the location of the tomb of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Liu Heng, in the east of today's Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty was a wise king of the Han Dynasty. Historical books praised him for "transforming the people with virtue and making the Yin rich in the sea" ("Book of Han: Chronicles of Emperor Wen" ), there is the so-called "Government of Wen and Jing". When the poet climbed to the heights of Baling in the south and looked back at Chang'an, he would naturally think of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and the "Government of Wen and Jing". If a wise monarch like Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty was alive, Chang'an would not be the same. With such chaos and ruin, the people will not be displaced, and they will not be exiled to other places. Climbing Baling and looking at Chang'an, the poet was full of emotions.
"I feel sad when I see the people in the spring." "Together with the above two sentences, they are the end of the whole article. Xiaquan is the title of "The Book of Songs·Cao Feng". The preface to "Mao Shi" says: "Xiaquan is about thinking about governance. Cao people... Siming Wang Xianbo also. "The person from Xiaquan" refers to the author of the poem "Xiaquan". Facing the tomb of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and the turbulent social reality, the poet understood the eagerness of the author of the poem "Xiaquan" to miss the wise king of Ming Dynasty, so he Deeply lamenting from the heart. Zhang Yugu said: "At the end of the day, 'Nandeng' looks back', the first paragraph of Dou Ying. ‘Sadness’ and ‘Xiaquan’, in the middle section of the song, are tightly wrapped up and vibrate throughout. "(Volume 9 of "Appreciation of Ancient Poems") Fang Dongshu also said: "The two sentences of "Climbing to the Baling Bank in the South" are thought of governance. " (Volume 2 of "Zhao Mei Zhan Yan") all pointed out the artistic effect of the end of this poem.
This poem is sad and painful, real and moving, and is a masterpiece of Jian'an poetry. Fang Dongshu commented It is not unreasonable to be "unparalleled in history".