From 6 18 to 907, there were 289 years of national life and 2/kloc-0 emperors, among which the first female emperor in China really came to the imperial court to rule this land of China! The Tang Dynasty was a peak in the history of the Chinese nation. Cultural prosperity, economic prosperity and national unity! Pacify the four barbarians, take over the country, and promote culture, how can you afford to come and congratulate the Millennium! Tang people are from China; Tang suit is Hanfu; Tang poetry is China's poetry!
Later generations divided the development of Tang poetry into four stages: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang. In the next few classes, I will give a general explanation of each stage and select the representative poets in each stage. Let's walk into the Tang Dynasty, which created splendid culture, and into the world of Tang poetry.
The early Tang Dynasty refers to the period from the founding of Li Yuan to the reign of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty, that is, from 6 18 to 7 12 years. During these 90 years, there were seven emperors in the Tang Dynasty, namely: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, Tang Taizong Li Shimin, Tang Gaozong Li Zhi, Tang Zhongzong Li Xian, Tang Ruizong Li Dan, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong Li Longji. During this period, the Tang dynasty has been rising and its national strength has become increasingly strong. After the rule of Zhenguan and Yonghui, the territory of the Tang Dynasty has reached its peak.
When it comes to poetry in the early Tang Dynasty, many students will think of four famous poets in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo. When it comes to frontier poems, I will mention them briefly. The representative poets I chose in the early Tang Dynasty were He Zhang, and today I will mainly talk about them.
Zhang Xuruo-about 647 ~ about 730 years,-659 ~ 700 years (encyclopedia is 66 1 to 702), we look at the number of years of their activities, Zhang wrapped it up like a prop, and his life span was twice as long. Since Zhang is so lucky, let this luck continue. Today, let's talk about Zhang.
There are only two poems by Zhang He and Zhang, but a moonlit night on a spring river is enough to establish his status as a master in Tang poetry. Let's first feel the lines of this song (xing):
Lian Haiping is in the spring tide, and the bright moon on the sea is born in the tide.
I drift thousands of miles, where there is no moon by the river!
The river flows around Fangdian, and the moonlight shines like a fairy.
Frost flows in the air, you can't fly, but you can't see the white sand on the pavilion.
There is no dust in the sky on the river, and there is a lonely moon in the sky.
Who saw the moon by the river for the first time? When did Jiang Yue take the photo at the beginning of the year?
Life is endless from generation to generation, and Jiang Yue is similar year after year.
I don't know who Jiang Yue is waiting for, but I see the Yangtze River delivering water.
The white clouds have gone, and Qingfeng is at a loss.
Who will go boating tonight? Where do you miss Mingyue Building?
Poor people wander upstairs for the moon, so they should leave someone to fill the mirror.
The curtain of the jade pot could not be rolled up, but it was brushed back on the anvil.
At this time, I don't know each other. I hope China will shine on you every month.
Hongyan flies in the sky, and fish Long Qian jumps in the water.
Last night, I dreamed that the idle pool had fallen, and the poor spring had not returned.
In spring, the river flows away, and the pond falls in the moon and the west.
{! -PGC _ column-} The sea fog is hidden in the slanting moon, and the Xiaoxiang Road in Jieshi is infinite.
I don't know how many people return home every month, and the moon is full of rivers and trees.
How do you feel after reading it? One word is "beauty", two words are "ethereal" and four words are "poetic", which is the charm of "artistic conception". Remember before the Tang Dynasty, which poet made you feel that you could create this artistic conception? The beauty of Tao Yuanming's poetry lies in his leisurely and carefree nature, which is intended to paint an indescribable and thought-provoking picture in the reader's mind! And there is temperature, feelings, thoughts flying, not abrupt!
Some students may think that Xie Lingyun is good, but Xie Lingyun is good at copying, finding features and portraying with accurate words. Still the same metaphor, Xie Lingyun is like a lens. From the perspective of scenery, the clarity is higher than that of Tao Yuanming. Zhang constructed a world, and then led the readers to walk in, see and feel, and beauty emanated from this world to the readers' hearts. After Zhang, we look for two poets with the most vivid artistic conception in the Tang Dynasty. I recommend Wang Wei and Li Shangyin. Wang Wei's secluded beauty in Ming Xiu and Li Shangyin's hazy beauty pushed the artistic conception of Tang poetry to the extreme. The poems of later generations, in my opinion, are beyond others.
Artistic conception is composed of images. Let's look at the images in this song "Moonlit Night on a Spring River": spring tide, bright moon on the sea, Fangdian, flower forest, first frost and white sand ... Let's look at the associative images produced by moonlight hitting the images: all of them are like graupel (small white opaque ice particles), flying unconsciously, invisible, without dust ... ethereal and clear.
In the expression of emotion, Zhang chose the wanderer's yearning for his wife and his sadness about the fleeting time. Love and ruthless time resonate best. The artistic conception was beautiful at first, but then it was stained with a touch of sadness, which covered my heart and made people memorable.
This kind of emotion endows things with profound significance and beauty beyond themselves, which is called "to the star". If we can combine emotions and things perfectly, leaving no trace and making people feel natural, we can become "exquisite". The effect of "making the image exquisite" can be summarized as "endless words and endless meanings" in one sentence.
Yuan Xingpei believes that Zhang's progress in the creation of poetic artistic conception with poets of the same type has made artistic preparations for the arrival of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Since then, the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which is "exquisite and exquisite, can not be combined", has also been influenced by it.
Chen Ziang Chen Ziang was born in a landlord family, and he was generous and chivalrous. When I was young, I read abridged books, and 2 1 year old came last. 24-year-old Jinshi. Geng Zheng spoke out bravely and was deeply appreciated by Wu Zetian. Later, he offended Wu Zetian and was demoted. During the mourning period, he died in prison at the age of 42. It can be said that Wu Zetian succeeded and Wu Zetian failed. This is the monarch and his subjects.
Remember the eternal body we talked about before? Since then, poets began to consciously seek new changes in the law of poetry, but Chen Ziang was different from them. Chen Ziang's poems show obvious retro tendency, and this "ancient style" is naturally ancient poetry. You can recall the difference between ancient poetry and modern poetry (new style). We use his words on the Youzhou rostrum to help recall:
No one can see the ancient wisdom of the ancient king, only those wise men who can't see the afterlife can see it.
I miss heaven and earth, and there is no limit, and I cry alone.
So what is the purpose of his retro tendency? It is to restore the elegant tradition of ancient poetry.
"Draw inferences from one instance" means draw inferences from another instance. What is Bixing? This requires us to think of The Book of Songs. A trip to Fu Bi is three commonly used techniques in The Book of Songs. "Bi Xing" is often used in classical poetry, which means "saying this thing with another thing", that is, metaphor. "Xing" means "saying another thing first to make the words sing", which is the introduction before we write an article.
However, Chen Ziang's purpose is not to restore "Bixing", but to focus on "elegance".
If Chen Ziang were still alive, he might be bolder than Lu Xun. After all, Wu Zetian is the monarch who dominates the lives of people all over the world, but no newspaper and media dare to say that Wu Zetian punished the wrong person for him. During the reign of Wu Zetian, cruel officials were highly valued. Needless to say, cruel officials are those who can beat and are good at extorting confessions. A little carelessness in courtiers' mouths may lead to their own death. Chen Ziang didn't like the atmosphere, so he wrote poems to satirize it. Most of his 38 poems on meeting are of this kind, which can be said to be an allegory of what he doesn't like.
For example, his poem of feeling is nineteen.
Saints are not selfish, but sad in Yuanyuan.
Are Yao and Taiwan Province safe without the Huang family?
I heard that it is westernized, very pure and peaceful.
Why is it that the jade is beyond the jade and the carving is respectable?
Yunshan is exhausted, and Yaotu pearls are annoying.
Ghost work is not possible yet, but human resources can be saved?
Praise fools increases fatigue, praise wisdom leads to fainting.
This poem denounces Wu Zetian's absurd behavior of vigorously building a Buddhist temple at the expense of both human and financial resources.
How much did Wu Zetian like him for writing such a poem? It is obvious that Wu Zetian loves herself more, so Chen Ziang can only be demoted. After being demoted, Chen Ziang still wanted to achieve the ideal of making contributions, so he joined the army from the frontier. This truth can be understood when it comes to frontier poems.
The last "Youzhou Tower" was written when he was 38 years old. At this time, he didn't know that his life was coming to an end, and the poem was filled with a sense of sadness and arrogance. The sky is boundless, life is limited, ambition is frustrated, and only hatred is left.
As the saying goes, a leopard cannot change his spots. If he changed his temper, maybe his fate would not be so miserable, but if he changed, the pearl of "Tang poetry" would not be as bright as it is today. Chen Ziang had almost no chivalrous spirit, which accompanied him all his life and even flowed into his poems.
As we have seen before, Chen Ziang's "elegance and charm" seems to be more attractive than beauty, and his poems are full of solemnity and chivalry. All these can explain what kind of "spiritual realm" Chen Ziang pursues in his heart, which is expressed as "character" in his poems.
Remember the poem of Jian 'an that we talked about before? It has a character, sad and generous! It's called "Jian 'an Style". When we talked about "Jian 'an Poetry", we said that they had "high political ideals" and hoped to make contributions and make a name for themselves. This is a positive and enterprising spirit, with a bold and magnificent style, also known as the "Han and Wei style."
Chen Ziang combined the character of the Han and Wei Dynasties with his elegance and prosperity, and opposed things without character and prosperity. In this way, the purpose of returning to nature is not only to compare beauty with excitement, but to trace the tragic and generous spirit of Jian 'an, to entrust the ideal of saving the world and the spirit of life, and to draw a clear line with Qi Liang's poetic style of one-sided pursuit of algae. Secondly, he put forward the ideal of poetic beauty, which is "studious in spirit, frustrated in sound and feeling, and brilliant in practice", and demanded that high-spirited emotions should be combined with the beauty of temperament and ci poetry to create healthy and magnificent literature.
For Chen Ziang, we should remember that his poems tend to be retro, elegant and infectious, which is his ideal of poetic beauty, and what he thinks is "the style of Tang poetry"-a feeling of grandeur and heroism, because these have influenced the Tang Dynasty and are the prelude to the upcoming poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Let's feel it with one of his poems, such as the 35th "Experience":
I am your son, and I really love talents all my life. I think it's time to serve my country and draw my sword and fight Artemisia. Dingling in Xichi was blocked, and Taiwan Province was in the north. Seeing thousands of miles in mountain climbing, homesickness is long. Who said he didn't forget the disaster and turned to dust? Poetry (2) Characters (3) Chen Ziang (1)