The Cold Food Festival, also known as the "No Smoking Festival", "Cold Festival" and "Hundred-Fifth Festival", occurs one hundred and five days after the winter solstice in the lunar calendar and one or two days before the Qingming Festival. On the first day of the festival, no fireworks are allowed and only cold food is eaten. In the development of later generations, customs such as sweeping sacrifices, outings, swings, Cuju, lead hooks, and cockfighting were gradually added. The Cold Food Festival lasted for more than two thousand years and was once known as the largest folk festival. The Cold Food Festival is the only traditional festival of the Han nationality that is named after food customs.
Introduction
What are the customs of Cold Food Festival? Compared with Qingming Festival
Cold Food Festival: usually the 105th day after the winter solstice. The date is close to the Qingming Festival. Before Tang Ruowang's calendar reform in the early Qing Dynasty, Tomb-Sweeping Day was scheduled two days after the Cold Food Festival; after Tang's reform, the Tomb-Sweeping Festival was scheduled one day before the Cold Food Festival. The modern formula of 24 solar terms follows Tang's rule, so the Cold Food Festival falls on the day before Qingming Festival. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, many areas equated the Cold Food Festival with the Qingming Festival and celebrated them on the same day.
However, in most areas of Shanxi, the Cold Food Festival is celebrated on the day before Qingming Festival; a few places such as Yushe County celebrate the Cold Food Festival two days before Qingming Festival; Yuanqu County also pays attention to the day before Qingming Festival. It is the Cold Food Festival, and the first two days are Xiaohanshi.
"Zi Tui said to escape from the world, and the mountain fire burned him. The cold food is the same in the whole world, and the cold food is the same for thousands of years." The poem "Cold Food" written by Lu Xiang, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, is the origin of the Cold Food Festival. "Zi The story of "pushing Mianshan and burning oneself". According to legend, this custom originated from the commemoration of Jie Zitui (surname Jie and Ming Tui, also known as Jie Zitui, which is a function word and Zi is an honorific title) of the Jin Dynasty in the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, Jie Zitui and Chong'er, Duke Wen of Jin, were in exile in various countries. They cut off their thighs to feed Duke Wen to satisfy their hunger. After Duke Wen returned to the country, Zitui retired to Mianshan with his mother without seeking wealth or salary. Duke Wen burned the mountain to seek it, but Zitui refused to leave the mountain and died hugging the tree with his mother. Duke Wen buried his body in Mianshan, built a shrine and a temple, and ordered that on the day Zitui was burned to death, no fire or cold food was allowed to express his grief, which later became a custom. In the past, spring festivals in China were held during the Cold Food Festival, until it was later changed to the Qingming Festival. However, South Korea still retains the tradition of holding spring festivals during the Cold Food Festival.
Ancient times
The Cold Food Festival is determined by the source document __ poster. The origin of the Cold Food Festival should be the fire worship of humans in ancient times. The life of the ancients was inseparable from fire, but fire often caused great disasters to human beings. Therefore, the ancients believed that fire had gods and worshiped it. The fire worshiped by each family must be extinguished once a year. Then rekindling a new fire is called changing the fire. When the fire is changed, a grand ancestor worship activity will be held, and the symbol of Gu Shenji will be burned, which is called a human sacrifice. Following the customs, the later Fire Forbidden Festival was formed.
Spring and Autumn Period
The Forbidden Fire Festival was later transformed into the Cold Food Festival to commemorate Jie Zitui, a famous minister and righteous man of the Jin Kingdom during the Spring and Autumn Period. Legend has it that when Jin Wengong was in exile, Jie Zitui once cut off his penis to satisfy his hunger. When Duke Wen of Jin returned to his country and became king, he forgot about Jie Zitui when he divided the ministers among them. Jie Zitui did not want to boast about his achievements and win favor, so he lived in seclusion in Mianshan with his old mother. Later, Duke Wen of Jin personally went to Mianshan to respectfully invite Jie Zitui. Jie Zitui did not want to be an official and hid in the mountains. Duke Wen of Jin's men set fire to the mountain, with the original intention of forcing Jiezi to push out of the mountain. As a result, Jiezi pushed and burned to death under a big tree holding his mother. In order to commemorate this loyal minister and righteous man, on the day of Jie Zitui's death, no fire was made to cook, but cold food was eaten, which is called the Cold Food Festival.
Wei and Jin Dynasties
In the Han Dynasty, Shanxi people banned fire for a month to commemorate it. During the Three Kingdoms period, Emperor Wu of Wei Cao Cao ordered the abolition of this custom. There is a saying in the "Yin Punishment Order", "I heard that Taiyuan, Shangdang, and Yanmen were forbidden to eat cold food for a hundred and fifteen days after the winter solstice, and the cloud was Zitui." The chief official shall be punished for a hundred days, and the commander shall be deprived of one month's salary." After the Three Kingdoms returned to Jin, because it had the same pronunciation and the same word as "Jin" in Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, people in Jin paid special attention to anecdotes, and the custom of prohibiting fire and cold food in commemoration of Jie Zitui was restored. However, the time was shortened to three days. At the same time, the saying that the Cold Food Festival commemorated Jie Zitui was extended to all parts of the country, so the Cold Food Festival became a national festival, and the prohibition of fire and cold food on the Cold Food Festival became a common custom of the Han nation.
Records
The original place of Hanhanshi Dieting Festival is Mianshan, Jiexiu, Shanxi Province, with a history of 2,640 years ago (358 years earlier than the Dragon Boat Festival). According to the interpretation of "Cold Food Festival" in "Ci Yuan" and "Ci Hai": During the Spring and Autumn Period, Jie Zitui went through many hardships to assist Prince Chong'er of the Jin Dynasty to return to the country, and lived in seclusion in Mianshan, Jiexiu. Chong'er burned the mountain to force him to come out, and his mother and son disappeared and burned themselves. In order to commemorate him, Duke Wen of Jin ordered a ban on fire and cold food on the day of Zitui's death (later 150 days after the winter solstice), forming the Cold Food Festival.
The record that the Cold Food Festival originated from the burning of Jie Zitui at Mianshan in Jiexiu was first seen in Huan Tan's "New Lun·Volume 11·Li Shi" of the Western Han Dynasty, and was later recorded in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Jun" "Guo Zhi·Taiyuan County", "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Biography of Zhou Ju", Cao Cao's "Ming Punishment Order", "Book of Jin·Biography of Shi Le", Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu·Fenshui", Northern Wei Dynasty's "Qi Min Yao Shu·Boiled Cheese" ", "Guixin Miscellaneous Knowledge" by Zhou Mi of the Southern Song Dynasty, "Guang Ji" by Chen Yuanliang of the Yuan Dynasty and other classics.
Historically, Cold Food and Qingming festivals were similar, and over time, they became one festival. "Tang Huiyao·Volume 82·Holiday" clearly records: "On February 11, the 24th year of Kaiyuan Dynasty (Kaiyuan Dynasty), the edict was: Cold Food Qingming Festival, four days are holidays. The edict was issued on February 15th, the 13th year of the Dali Calendar: From now on, we will take cold food and take a five-day holiday during the Qingming Festival.
On March 9, the sixth year of Zhiyuan, an edict was issued: Cold food should be eaten during the Qingming Festival, and it should be on the first day of the year, with three days before and after. Therefore, "Chinese Traditional Culture Grand View" records: "Roughly in the Tang Dynasty, the Cold Food Festival and the Tomb-Sweeping Festival were combined into one." "
According to legend, it was very early, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period. It might have been a night of lightning and thunder, or it might have been a sudden dark cloud during the day, but it must have been some kind of natural phenomenon. Because Jin Xiangong After he dies, he is an overlord, and he must not leave quietly. If he does not take away a cloud, he must be moved by heaven and earth. Unfortunately, history does not say how the world fought. It only records the civil strife in Jin and the fight for the throne. , Prince Chong'er was expelled from the Jin State and took refuge abroad. The leader of the Pioneer Battalion, Jie Zitui, and other ministers followed Chong'er loyally and lived in exile abroad for 19 years. In the most difficult situation, Chong'er was exiled to Wei State. He was hungry and could not move, so his ministers gathered wild vegetables. Chong'er couldn't eat the food. The loyal minister Jie Zitui secretly went into the ravine, cut off a piece of meat from his leg, cooked it with wild vegetables and gave it to Chong'er. Chong'er took it and ate it up, then asked where it came from. The minister next to him told him that Zitui cut it from his thigh. Chong'er was moved to tears after hearing this.
After Chong'er returned to the country and became the king of Jin, he forgot when he divided the ministers. After marrying Jie Zitui, Jie Zitui did not want to boast about his achievements and lived in seclusion in Mianshan with his old mother. Later, Duke Wen of Jin personally went to Mianshan to invite Jie Zitui. However, Jie Zitui did not want to be an official in the mountains. The original intention of Jin Wengong's men was to set fire to the mountain. He forced Jie Zitui to show his face. As a result, Jie Zitui held his mother and was burned to death under a big willow tree. In order to commemorate this loyal minister and righteous man, Duke Wen of Jin ordered that on the day of Jie Zitui's death, no fire should be made to cook, but cold food should be eaten. Cold Food Festival. Later, as the wheel of history rolled, Cold Food Festival finally expanded to all parts of the country. In the evolution of festivals, Cold Food quietly integrated into Qingming Festival [1]
< p>CustomsCold Food Festival Source Documents_Shopping Mall Promotions 1. No Smoking and Cold Food: In ancient times, the Cold Food Festival was also called the "No Smoking Festival". Fires were prohibited and all people ate cold food. Perseverance, from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was banned and re-emerged repeatedly, and the royal family of the Tang Dynasty recognized and participated in it.
2. Worshiping ancestors: Tomb sweeping and worshiping ancestors during the Cold Food Festival were regarded as "wild sacrifices" from the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it was included in "Volume 87 of the "Kaiyuan Rites": Princes and Princes Worship Sweeps (Worship Sweeps for Cold Food)," and became one of the auspicious rituals recognized and advocated by the government. Later, it evolved into royal sacrifices to mausoleums; official sacrifices to Confucius Temples, and sacrifices to Confucius. The common people visit the graves of their ancestors, etc. When a family or a clan goes to the ancestor's grave, they offer sacrifices, add earth, hang paper money, and then scatter the swallows, snakes and rabbits on the top of the grave, roll them down, and pierce them with willow branches or knot needles. Place it in a high place in the room to reflect the virtues of the ancestors.
3. Cold food: Cold food includes cold food porridge, cold food noodles, cold food pulp, green rice and glutinous rice, etc.; cold food offerings include noodles and snakes. There are dozens of kinds of drinks including spring wine, new tea, clear spring sweet water, etc., most of which have profound meanings, such as offering sacrifices to snakes and rabbits, and there is a saying that "snake and rabbit will definitely make you rich." "" means to hope that the people will be rich and the country will be strong; Zi Tui Yan, taking the Jiexiu dialect "Nian Nian", does not forget to recommend high integrity and integrity...
4. Willows for Cold Food: Willows are the symbol of the Cold Food Festival. The object was originally meant to commemorate Jie Zitui's pursuit of political clarity. As early as the Southern and Northern Dynasties, "Jingchu Suishi Ji" recorded that "every family broke willows and inserted doors during the cold weather in the Jianghuai River." Wearing mustard was also popular in Anhui, Suzhou and other places. Flowers, wheat leaves instead of willow branches. According to historical records from various places: "Insert willows in graves", "Put willow branches in households", "Insert willows in eaves and kitchens", "Also wear them on your head or tie your clothes", "Store bottles and offer them to Buddhas and gods". ”, “Every door is covered with willows”, so there is a saying among the people that “If you don’t wear willows during the Qingming Festival (cold food), a beautiful woman will have a white head”.
5. Cold Food Outing: Also called Spring Outing, it flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties. "What I Saw in Donggu" by Li Zhiyan of the Song Dynasty records: "I paid my respects and paid my respects, and then I took a leisurely tour with my brothers, wives, relatives and acquaintances, and returned home happily." The "Emperor's Scenery" of the Ming Dynasty records the outing scene in Jingxiao as follows: "On the Qingming day of Sui (Cold Food), there were people outing, including carriages, riders, walkers, and tens of thousands of tourists." It can be said to be a great event.
6. Cold Food Swing: The swing was originally a recreational item for palace women during the ancient Cold Food Festival. "Kaiyuan Tianbao Legacy" written by Wang Renyu of the Five Dynasties records that "a swing was erected in Tianbao Palace during the Cold Food Festival, which made the concubines laugh and think it was a feast. The emperor called it a play of half-immortals, and the soldiers and people in the capital called it accordingly." Wen Yanbo, Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty The poem "The Cold Food Sun Passes Over the Dragon Gate" is described in the poem as "willows hang green lines beside the bridge, and swings are lined with colorful ropes."
7. Cold Food Cuqiu: It was popular in the Tang Dynasty. The "Tongkao of Documents" of the Song Dynasty recorded: " The game of kickball began in the Tang Dynasty. Two bamboos were planted, several feet high, and a net was used to measure the ball. The ball was divided between left and right players, and the victory was determined by the angle. "Historical Records: Tang Dezong, Xianzong, Mu Zong, and Jingzong all played. It is recorded in "Yuan Gui of Prefecture" that "On the Cold Food Festival in February of the twelfth year of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, in the east pavilion of the Imperial Qi Hall, I watched the military ministers and their descendants play ball, and also gave banquets to the ministers." There is also " Taizu Cuju Pictures".
8. Poems about Cold Food: During the Cold Food Festival, literati either miss their hometown or their relatives, or take advantage of the scenery to create feelings. They are especially emotional and inspired, and poetry flourishes, with many people chanting it. According to research, "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" alone contains more than 300 poems by celebrities such as Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Shuo, Du Fu, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, etc., as well as more than 100 poems and songs from the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, becoming a unique branch of Chinese poetry art. In addition, during the Cold Food Festival, there are many activities such as giving banquets, flower appreciation, cockfighting, carving chicken roosters, pulling hooks (tug of war), drilling wood to make fire, flying kites, fighting with grass, and throwing pots (tile and stone toys), etc., which greatly enriches the cultural heritage. Social life in ancient China.
Features
Cold Food Festival_Pictures_Interactive Encyclopedia 1. The festival was formed early.
It originated from the Spring and Autumn Period, when Jie Zitui was burned in Mianshan, Jiexiu. Duke Wen of Jin ordered that fire and cold food be prohibited on Zitui's death day, and cold food should be used to express his grief. By the Tang Dynasty, it had become a national statutory holiday, and it was the earliest festival among Chinese traditional festivals.
2. Continuing a long history.
Two thousand six hundred and forty years ago, during this period, various historical periods and holiday periods varied. There were five days, one hundred and fifteen days, one month, three days, two days, five days, and seven days. Finally, becomes one day.
3. Deep cultural connotation.
From respecting Jie Zhi to recommending loyalty to the emperor and patriotism, dedication to retiring after serving oneself, political aspirations of being honest and upright, and filial piety that does not violate relatives, it has developed into gathering the hearts of the people, consolidating the soul of the country, and embodying the roots of the Chinese nation. An important cultural festival. And formed a series of cold food for health and longevity, such as glutinous rice and green rice.
4. There are many festival activities.
Visiting tomb sweeping, smoking ban, ancestor worship, cold food, willow planting, outing, Cuju, swing, flower viewing, cockfighting, feasting, chanting poems, etc.
5. It spreads over a wide area.
From Jiexiu and Taiyuan counties to all parts of the country and even overseas (for example, Gaochang State has designated March 9 as the Cold Food Festival since the Tang Dynasty).
Historical value
The Cold Food Festival is a festival established by Duke Wen of Jin to commemorate Jie Zitui during the Spring and Autumn Cold Food Festival. It has a history of 2,640 years. It has continued through various dynasties to this day without interruption. Although it was banned many times by Zhou Ju of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao of the Three Kingdoms, Shile of the Later Zhao Dynasty, and Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was repeatedly banned and revived. The custom of cold food spread across the country and was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty complied with public opinion and issued an edict to incorporate the Cold Food Festival tomb-sweeping into the "Kaiyuan Rites" and designated it as a national statutory holiday. Rich and diverse cold food activities enriched social life, enhanced harmonious interpersonal relationships, and had a negative impact on social relief. Contradictions play an important role in promoting the continuous progress of society. In particular, the recognition and participation of the fraternal rulers of the Northern Wei, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Qing dynasties in the cold food festival customs played a subtle and huge role in promoting national unity and political consolidation through the exchange and integration of cold food culture. The Cold Food Festival embodies the political ambition of caring about the country and the people, being loyal to the emperor and patriotism, being honest and honest, and the spirit of dedication of "rewarding oneself with merit" and retiring after one's achievements. They are the ethical principles of ancient society and the bond of social stability and national unity. , still has important practical significance today. The connotation of cold food culture centered on loyalty and filial piety and the integrity extended from loyalty and filial piety are the essence of the Meson spirit, the core of the traditional morality of the Chinese nation, the basis of the national ancestral culture, and the moral force that maintains the unity of the nation and family. Today, it is an important activity method and spiritual concept to gather the hearts of the people, condense the soul of the country, realize the peaceful reunification of the motherland, and build a harmonious society.
The political clarity pursued by Jie Zitui has been the unanimous desire of the people for thousands of years and has far-reaching practical significance for the construction of democratic politics in the contemporary era.
In addition, the seven-day youth tour during the Cold Food Festival in the palace of the Tang Dynasty evolved into today's "Golden Tourism Week"; the ban on cold food and fire evolved into today's forest protection and fire prevention; the cold food and willow planting evolved into Planting trees for today's people; evolving from Cuju to today's popular global football sport is of far-reaching significance and cannot be underestimated.
At the same time, the evolution of the Cold Food Festival in 2640 is a reflection of the ideologies of multiple classes in ancient Chinese society, and is one of the important clues for contemporary research on ancient Chinese sociology.
Cultural value
In the history of the Cold Food Festival, the activities of the Cold Food Festival started from commemorating the introduction of smoking bans and cold food, and gradually evolved into worshiping sweepers and ancestors, which contained loyalty, filial piety and integrity. The concept is completely in line with the traditional moral core of ancient China that the country needs loyalty and the family needs filial piety, and has become an important carrier of family harmony and social stability. In modern times, the Cold Food Festival has become an important form of commemorating revolutionary martyrs and educating young people. At the same time, during the Cold Food Festival, compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese return to their hometowns to visit tombs and worship their ancestors, which has become an important festival to inherit the ancestral culture of the Chinese nation and reflect national identity and cohesion. The ancient ancestors' persistence in banning smoking and cold food during the Cold Food Festival expressed their unswerving nostalgia for the recommendation of the sages through the ages. There are dozens of kinds of cold food and drinks, most of which have profound meanings. For example: offering sacrifices to snakes and rabbits, there is a saying in Jiexiu custom that "snakes and rabbits will definitely make you rich", which means hoping that the country will become rich and the people strong; sacrificing noodles and swallows, the Jiexiu dialect is to educate future generations to "never forget" Jiexiu The public is high-spirited and upright. Planting willows during the Cold Food Festival means pursuing political clarity...
In Yuan operas, modern Peking opera, Jin opera, modern Jin opera, and Ming Dynasty novels, there are many special repertoires and chapters introducing the Cold Food Festival. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the legends, stories and inscriptions about Jie Zitui have also become important historical materials for the study of folk literature and epigraphic art of the Three Jin Dynasties.
Artistic value
The Cold Food Festival, during its development process, produced many literary works: "Zuo Zhuan·The Twenty-Fourth Year of Duke Xi" "Jie Zhigui does not say anything about salary" , has been repeatedly cited in historical masterpieces such as "Historical Records" and "Zi Zhi Tong Jian". It was included in the Qing Dynasty's ancient prose enlightenment book "Gu Wen Guan Zhi". The first article of "Chinese Prose Appreciation" is "Introduction to recommendation without mentioning reward", which has become a Chinese One of the classic works of ancient Chinese.
Among the poetry works of the past dynasties, poems about the Cold Food Festival have never stopped from Qu Yuan in the Warring States Period, Sun Chu in the Western Jin Dynasty to modern times. There are nearly 300 poems in the Tang Dynasty alone, and more than 100 poems and Yuan songs in the Song Dynasty, involving Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Historical celebrities such as Zhang Shuo and representatives of various schools such as Du Fu, Bai Juyi and the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties have become important materials for studying the development history of Chinese poetry.
Poetry
Han Hong's "Cold Food"
Flowers are flying everywhere in the spring city, and the east wind of Cold Food keeps the willows from slanting.
At dusk, candles were passed around the Han Palace, and light smoke dispersed into the house of the Five Marquises.
Song Zhiwen "Cold Food on the Way"
There will be cold food soon, and it is late spring on the way.
Poor Jiangpuwang, there are no Luoqiao people.
The North Pole is the master of Ming Dynasty, and the South Pole is the minister.
The broken heart of my hometown is new day and night.
Yang Wanli's "Cold Food on the Tomb"
How fine is Jian Zhifu! Can bridges in danger be exempted from assistance?
The maples in the distant mountains are pale, and the wheat in the dilapidated house is lonely beside it.
The spring breeze returns to Sucao, and there is nothing new in the last year.
Pear blossoms eat food from the cold, and only worry about the rest when entering the festival.
Qu Dajun's "Renxu Qingming Works"
The morning is light and cold and the evening is overcast, and I don't realize that spring is deep in my sorrow.
Falling flowers shed tears because of wind and rain, and birds sing mercilessly since ancient times.
The country is in a dream, and Chinese figures are disappearing.
Dragon and snake return home from all over the world, and the cold food year after year makes guests feel disappointed.
"Cold Food" by Meng Yunqing
In February, the branches in the south of the Yangtze River are full of flowers, and the cold food in a foreign country is far from sad.
Poor people often have no fireworks, not only in the Ming Dynasty.
Wu Tanggui's "Cold Food Day Presents to the County Sheriff"
The entrance is laughable and pitiful, with three paths of moss and one fishing boat.
I feel ashamed that my neighbors taught me to cut off the fire. I don’t know that there has been no smoke in the kitchen for a long time.
Zhang Zhizhen's "Cold Food Festival"
In the cold food season, rain falls heavily, and the willows reflect the green light in the spring breeze.
Fireworks are prohibited in every household to commemorate the recommendation of the virtuous minister.
Zhang Youzheng's "Cold Food Day Presenting to the County Sheriff"
When you first enter, you can laugh and feel pitiful. There are three paths of moss and one fishing boat.
I feel ashamed that my neighbors taught me to cut off the fire. I don’t know that there has been no smoke in the kitchen for a long time.