Qu Yuan is one of the greatest romantic poets in China and the earliest famous poet and great politician in China. He created the style of "Chu Ci" (that is, the style of "Ci Fu") and the tradition of "vanilla beauty". Li Sao, Nine Chapters, Nine Songs and Tian Wen are the most important representative works of Qu Yuan. Li Sao is China's longest lyric poem. The works of Qu Yuan seen in later generations are all from the Songs of Chu compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. This book is mainly composed of Qu Yuan's works, including one Li Sao, nine songs and eleven chapters (Taiyi, Yun, Lady Xiang, Shao Siming, Hebo, National Mourning and Ritual Soul).
Qu Yuan was trusted by Chu Huaiwang in his early years and worked as Zuo Tu and a doctor in San Lv. He often discussed state affairs with Chu Huaiwang, participated in making laws, and advocated making clear statutes, appointing talents, reforming politics and uniting with Qin. While presiding over foreign affairs. He advocated that Chu should unite with Qi and * * * should contend with Qin. With the efforts of Qu Yuan, the national strength of Chu State has been enhanced. However, due to Qu Yuan's honest and frank personality and the slander and rejection of others, Qu Yuan was gradually alienated by Chu Huaiwang. In the first 305 years, Qu Yuan opposed the conclusion of the Yellow Thorn Alliance between Chu Huaiwang and Qin, but Chu completely embraced Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital by Chu Huaiwang and exiled to the Northern Han Dynasty. Qu Yuan was expelled from Du Ying. During his exile, Qu Yuan felt depressed and began to create literature. His works are full of attachment to Chu and enthusiasm for the country and the people. His works, gorgeous words, strange imagination, novel metaphors and profound connotations have become one of the origins of China literature. In the first 278 years, the general of the State of Qin conquered the capital in vain. In desperation and indignation, Qu Yuan threw a big stone into the Miluo River and died. 1953 is the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death. The World Peace Council passed a resolution that Qu Yuan was one of the four cultural celebrities in the world that year.
Note 1:
Recently, the research results of "Hanshou Theory of Qu Yuan's Hometown" submitted by Qu Yuan Society in Hanshou County, Hunan Province passed the appraisal. After carefully reading the report materials and the introduction of unearthed cultural relics, we went to Canggang Ancient Town in Hanshou County for a field trip. A large number of Qu Yuan's relics, unearthed cultural relics and descriptions related to Qu Yuan's works confirm that people have to feel that Qu Yuan's hometown is probably in Hanshou. At least, "Qu Yuan's hometown is in Hanshou" can be regarded as a well-founded new theory.
[Edit this paragraph] Life
domestic
Qu Yuan was born in a noble family in Chu State. Qu Yuan, like the King of Chu, is surnamed mǐ and comes from Zhu Rong's family in the Zhuan Xu system of the Yellow Emperor. Yi people migrated from Shang Dynasty to southern Chu area. When it reached Xiong Yi, he was sealed in Chu for his merits and lived in Danyang (now Zigui County, Hubei Province).
Because Qu Yuan was a family of the King of Chu, he was called "the public house" or "the public house" at that time, so his relationship with Chu was of course different. The descendants of Qu, such as Qu Zhong, Qu Wan, Qu Dao and Qu Jian, all held important positions in Chu State. Qu Yuan's father's name is Bo Yong. In Qu Yuan's generation, not many people became great officials, only Qu Yuan and Qu Gai, a general who was later captured by Qin State. In Qu Yuan's Nine Chapters of Chu Ci, Xi Yong once said, "I suddenly forgot my poverty." It is very likely that the aristocratic family had already declined at that time.
be born
According to the research results of many people in modern times, Qu Yuan's date of birth is probably not between 27 years (342 BC) and 30 years (339 BC) in Chu Xuanwang. According to Jiazi's calculation, it should be Wuyin year. Coincidentally, Qu Yuan was born not only in the year of the Silver Moon, but also on that day. According to the ancient saying of China calendar, "people are born in the shade", so Xia Zheng takes the month of establishing the shade (the first month) as the beginning of the year. Because Qu Yuan was born in the year of Silvermoon, which really accords with the date of birth of "human", he said in Qu Yuan's masterpiece Lisao: "She was taken to raise her virginity in Meng Xi, but she was taken to surrender." This sentence is the first month of the year when the stars meet the Yin [4], which is Geng Yin Day. I was born from my mother. Explain that this year is a cloudy year; Meng is the beginning, the new moon is the first month, and the summer calendar begins with the month, which means that the first month of this year is; Geng Yin explained that it was cloudy. Qu Yuan was born in Yinri, which is a good day (according to Zou and Liu, this day was 2 1 day in the first month of 343 years ago). In the Qing Dynasty, Chen You took the week calendar as the 22nd day of the first month of 343 years, and now it is generally defined as the first 340 years.
name
Qu Yuan felt that his birth and death years were somewhat different, so he said in Li Sao: "Emperor Guan is full of joy, Zhao Qian's name is common, and the word is even."
My father gave me a good name when he saw that my birthday was unusual. The name is Ping and the word is Yuan. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Yi explained Qu Yuan's name in Zhang Sentence, saying, "Benevolence and justice; Then the law is also ","Spirit is also, and God is also; Uniform and adjustable. There is nothing fairer than the sky. The people who raise things have been adjusted and are not in the ground. "
Therefore, it is called "Pingtian" and the word is "Tian". According to his date of birth, literally speaking, "ping" means justice, and fairness is the image of heaven; "Original" is a broad and flat terrain [7], which is the image of the earth. Qu Yuan's birth and death year and name conform to the three systems of heaven, earth, ugliness and fate in Yin [8]. Today, it's just a coincidence. It doesn't matter, but it was considered a good sign at the time.
The first left disciple
Qu Yuan is an outstanding talent among Chu nobles. Proficient in history, literature and mythology, and have a thorough understanding of the national conditions and the way of governing the country; People are smart and eloquent. Sima Qian's Historical Records said that he was "knowledgeable, ambitious" and "good at rhetoric". In his twenties, he became a leftist in Chu Huaiwang. The picture on the left is only one level lower than Ling Yin of Chu State. He consulted with the King of Chu at home, issued orders, received guests abroad and dealt with princes. The king of Chu trusted him very much, let him draft laws and regulations, and let him go to Qi to unite against Qin. This shows that Qu Yuan is an important official in charge of internal affairs and foreign affairs of Chu State. However, his reform spirit and measures aroused the opposition and jealousy of the noble ministers of Chu. The representatives of the opponents are Chu Huaiwang's favorite concubine Zheng Xiu, son Zilan and Shangguan doctor Jin Shang. These people are short-sighted and jealous of talents. They only want to protect their aristocratic privileges, but they forget the long-term interests of the country. However, they are very powerful. They surround Chu Huaiwang all day, influencing Wang Huai's words and deeds. Chu Huaiwang, who was in a daze, listened to rumors and gradually alienated Qu Yuan.
Express feelings with poetry
From the sixth year to the eighteenth year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, the State of Chu was basically in the hands of Qin, obedient and did not dare to move. Qu Yuan was very sad about it, but there was nothing he could do. Seeing that the country's situation is getting weaker and people's livelihood is more difficult, he has to use poetry to express his feelings of worrying about the country and the people.
Experience period
Qu Yuan experienced three periods in his life: Chu Weiwang, Chu Huaiwang and King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, and his main activities were in the period of Chu Huaiwang. This period is the eve of China's imminent reunification. "Qin Huang is horizontal, Chu Wang is vertical." Qu was born in a famous family, good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric, and was highly valued in his early years. He was a doctor of Zuotu. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting Qi with foreign countries to resist Qin, which once made Chu rich and strong. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang.
In the fifteenth year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), from Qin to Chu, Zhang Yi bribed Shanxi merchants, Zilan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with huge sums of money, and at the same time deceived Wang Huai with "offering merchants for 600 miles", which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Once again, Zhang Yi failed to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ci, and Chu was completely embraced by the State of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty.
Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache, was detained by Qin, and finally died in Qin. After Wang Xiang ascended the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was once again expelled from the capital of Ying and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River, and was displaced between Yuan and Xiang. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (278 BC), General Qin attacked Yingdu in vain, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River in anger and died for his political ideal.
Lisao
Qu Yuan
Emperor Levin is a descendant of Miao nationality, and I am the emperor Kao Boyong.
I went to Meng Xi with my virginity, but Geng Yin and I surrendered.
Huang Lan went to Jiaming for the first time:
The name Yu is formal, but the word Yu is both.
Fenwu has both inner beauty and self-cultivation.
Hu Jiang left with Bi, thinking that she was admirable.
If I am not as good as me, I am afraid that my age is not with me.
Mulan Xi in the morning and maize in the evening.
The sun and the moon suddenly don't flood, and the spring and autumn have successively.
But the vegetation is scattered, and I am afraid that the beauty will come late.
Do not cherish the strong, dislike filth, why not change it?
Lead the horse, come first, doffer.
The purity of the past and the future is where all the fragrance lies.
Pepper and mushrooms mixed together, how to be a husband?
Shun's Geng Jiexi, both by the way and by the way.
Why are you embarrassed? Husband is just a shortcut.
Only the husband is happy, and the road is dangerous.
I'm afraid of the loss of the court!
Suddenly ran to Xi, and the heel of the former king.
I don't care about Yu's feelings, but I get angry when I trust him.
Gu Yu knew it was painful, but he couldn't give up.
Nine days, I think it's right, but my husband is only spiritual.
At about dusk, I changed my way for a long time.
At first, I talked to Yu Chengyan, and I regretted having him.
It is not difficult for me to leave my husband, and it is difficult to quantify my practice.
I am not only nine flowers of Zilan, but also a hundred-acre tree.
Stay abroad, expose the car, Du Heng and local chronicles are mixed.
The branches and leaves in Hebei are too lush. I hope I can mow them when I am ready.
Although it is withered, it is harmless and mourns the filth of the public.
Everyone is greedy, and Feng is never tired of seeking.
In Qiang, I forgive myself for judging others, and I envy each other.
That's not what I'm worried about.
Old Ran Ran came, and he was afraid that his name would not be established.
Drink Mulan dew in the morning, but eat autumn chrysanthemum in the evening.
With more love and trust, you can practice what you want to do, and it hurts when you grow up.
The root of the wood twisted into a knot and passed through the center of Ficus pumila.
Correct the mistake that bacteria make you feel good, but ask for trouble.
I'm not asking the secular to obey my Buddhism.
Although I am not good at this, I am willing to follow Peng Xian's legacy.
Take a long breath to hide your tears and mourn the hardships of people's lives.
Although I am good at trimming my hair, I am embarrassed by it and I am eager to change it.
This is both a pity for Yu and a petition for it.
For the ideal cherished in my heart, I will not regret it a thousand times.
The resentment of practice is mighty and will never be seen by the people.
Many women are jealous of Yu's beauty. They say Yu is good at prostitution.
It is wise to stick to the rules, but correct your mistakes according to the rules.
Chanting rope ink chasing songs, competing with Zhou Rong.
I am so depressed and poor at this time.
I'd rather die in exile, but I can't bear it.
Raptors are not crowded because of their previous lives.
How can I be happy and how can I make my husband live a stable life?
Curse your heart, suppress your ambitions, but be particularly tolerant and angry.
Be innocent, die straight, and be thicker than the former sanctuary.
Regret not keeping the way, and it will be reversed after a delay.
I can't get back to the road until I get back to my car, and the journey is not far away.
After a long walk, the horse arrived in Xi, Gao Lan, and Pepper Mountain didn't stop.
I'll leave you if I can't get in. If you retreat, you will resume your first service.
Making lotus is making clothes, and picking hibiscus is making clothes.
I don't know. It's embarrassing. I feel like I believe it.
High risk is at stake, and Pei is far away.
Fang and Ze were mixed, but they didn't lose.
If you suddenly swim back, you will see four shortcomings.
Pei is colorful, not a badge.
People's livelihood has its own joy, and I am used to it.
Although my body has not changed, how can I punish my heart?
The woman's wife, Chan Yuan Xi, applied for her gift and said:
The gun went straight to xi, but eventually he died on the Wild Feather.
Why do you like repairing so much? Why is this festival unique?
I am not satisfied with the decision to leave alone.
When people can't talk, how can they judge the situation?
The world is a good friend at the same time, why not just listen alone?
According to the former saints, you should be happy in festivals and follow your heart.
Jiyuan, southern Hunan Zheng, and wrote about Zhong Hua:
Kay amused himself with Nine Debates and Nine Songs.
No matter how difficult it is to draw a picture, Wu Zixu lost his furniture.
It's good to kill a fox and seal a fox.
Solid turbulence will eventually lead to freshness, and you will have greed for your husband's family.
Strong clothes make it hard to indulge.
Forget yourself when you are entertaining, and be in a daze with your husband.
Xia Jie constantly invaded Xi, but how to meet the disaster next.
After Xin, it was very embarrassing, and Yin Zong used it for a long time.
Soup is only respectful, and Zhou talks about it without being bad.
Give talent, give ability, but follow the rope and not quite.
God is selfless, but I don't know how to help people's morality.
The sages of Fu Wei do things with hair, so they have to use it to surrender.
Look forward and backward, and look at the people's plans.
What's wrong with a husband?
Which one is not delicious but can be served?
He died in danger, but he didn't regret it at the beginning of the visit.
Don't measure the chisel, but it should be correct and fixed before.
I am sad when I am sad.
Hug like wisdom and hide tears, touch the waves of Yujin.
Kneeling, Geng Wu has this meaning.
Qiu is arrogant. He loves the wind.
The dynasty began in Cangwu Xi and ended in Huxian Garden in the evening.
If you want to stay less energetic, it will be dusk.
I told xi that he should be cautious and look forward to it, but don't push it.
There is a long way to go in Xiu Yuan, and I will go up and down.
After drinking too much, the horses in the salty pond always rest on hibiscus flowers.
When the wood breaks, blow the sun and chat with the sheep.
Wang Shu was the pioneer before, and Fei Lian was the subordinate after.
Emperor Luan warned Yu first, but told Yu not to eat it.
I let the phoenix fly, followed by day and night.
Gone with the wind left Xi, and the handsome Yun Ni went to the royal family.
Disputes are always intermittent, and every bit is inseparable.
I ordered the emperor to turn it on and off, leaning against it and looking forward to it.
It stops when it's warm, and it slows down.
The world is difficult to distinguish between the turbid world, so it is beautiful and jealous.
Chao Wu will help whitewater and climb the wind to win the horse.
Suddenly, I turned around and shed tears, mourning the childless mountain.
I swam to this erotic palace, and I broke Qiongzhi and followed her.
And before the glory falls, the next woman can be fooled.
I asked the Red Dragon to use the clouds to find the location of Fu Fei.
Thank you for your words, and I will make you feel reasonable.
Disputes are always intermittent, and it is difficult to move at once.
The evening is second only to the poor stone, and the morning is full of enthusiasm.
I am proud to protect my beauty. I travel for sexual entertainment.
Although it is impolite to believe in beauty, it is contrary to abandon it.
Look at the four poles, and the flow around the sky.
Looking at Yao Tai's retreat, I saw a lost daughter.
I use thrush as a medium, but thrush is not good at talking about other things.
The voice of the male pigeon is gone, but I still hate its cleverness.
Hesitant, skeptical, trying to adapt myself.
Emperor Phoenix, because he was cheated, was afraid of Gao Xin in front of me.
Want to get together far away and never stop, talk about floating around.
While Shao Kang is not at home, Yao is in danger.
The reason is weak, the media is clumsy, and I am afraid that the introduction is not solid.
The world is turbid and envious of the virtuous, and the beauty is evil.
In the boudoir, I am far away, and the king of philosophy is not jealous.
How can I endure death without feeling sad?
Suo Qiongmao's life is full of beauty, and the spiritual atmosphere is the rest.
Lisao (1 1)
Yue:
"Two beautiful women will be in perfect harmony, which is faith and admiration?
Thinking about the vastness of Kyushu, is it the only one with a daughter? 」
Yue:
"Mianyuan died without regret. Who wants beautiful women, let women go?
Why is there no grass, and why do you care about the past? 」
The world is secluded and obscure, but which cloud is judged by good and evil?
People love and hate their differences, but this party is unique!
Taking care of Ai Yiying means that you can't enjoy orchids.
It's not enough to see the vegetation. Is it beautiful?
Sue's dung is full of Yi Xi, which means that Shen Jiao is not fragrant.
I want to take advantage of the auspicious atmosphere and feel hesitant and suspicious.
The witch and salt will come in the evening, and I want it with pepper.
Hundreds of gods urged him to prepare for surrender, and nine doubts greeted him.
The emperor swished his Yangling Xi and told me to be lucky.
Lisao (12)
Yue:
"Encourage ups and downs and seek great harmony.
Tang and Yu Yan seek harmony, and they can reconcile with each other.
If love is easy to repair, why use the husband's media?
It is said that Cao Cao was built on the volt, and Wu Ding undoubtedly used it.
Lv Wang drum knife xi, by Zhou Wen.
Ning Qi's eulogy was Xi, and Qi Huan smelled it.
And I'm not old, but I'm still unfinished.
I'm afraid the pelican will sing first, which will make my husband's grass smell sweet. 」
He Qiong's admiration was suppressed, but everyone ignored it.
However, if this party member doesn't forgive me, he may be jealous and upset.
Colorful and changeable, how can we go for a long time?
It's changed, not, into hair.
Lisao (13)
What grass was it in the past, and now it is Xiao Ai for this purpose?
Is there another reason? Don't worry about fixing it!
Yu Yilan can rely on, but strength is vanity and tolerance.
Entrusted by the United States to follow the customs, if you are a listed company.
Pepper is designed slowly and awkwardly, but it wants to be a husband.
What can He Fang do when he does business and then enters Xi?
How can we keep the flow of customs unchanged?
If you look at Pepper Orchid, what about Che and Li Jiang?
However, what is valuable is that we admire it. It is beautiful and beautiful.
It's hard to lose, but Finn is still alive.
And scheduling to entertain themselves, talking about floating for women.
Moreover, the remaining ornaments are relatively square, and the weekly flow is almost up and down.
Lisao (14)
The spiritual atmosphere tells me that I will take advantage of good luck to occupy Xi, and I will do so on a good day.
It is shameful to break branches, and it is shameful to break branches.
I drove a flying dragon for Yu, but Zayao thought it was a car.
What's the difference between centrifugal type and Xi type? I will die far away.
Kuai Wuduofu Kunlun, Yuan Liu or so.
Yang Yunni's love, Luan's chirping.
The dynasty began in Tianjin and reached the west pole in the evening.
Phoenix spreads its wings and flies high with its flag.
Suddenly, I walked in this quicksand and followed Chishui.
The dragon was called to make Liang Jinxi, and Sidi was called to make him.
How difficult it is to get to Xiu Yuan, and how many cars are waiting for you.
If the road is not good, turn left and refer to the West Sea for a while.
Lisao (15)
There are thousands of chariots, but Chyi Yu goes hand in hand.
Driving the Eight Dragons is graceful and elegant, holding the cloud flag like a snake.
Gao Chi's charm is to restrain ambition and be cautious.
Play "Nine Songs" and dance "Shao" and talk about holidays for fun.
When I was promoted to emperor, I suddenly came to my hometown.
The servant is sadder than Mahuai, but he can't help it.
Chaos yue:
It's over!
Nobody in the whole country knows me, so why go to my old capital!
Since beauty is not enough, I will learn from Peng Xian.