Look at the following article to strengthen the understanding of fine words.
Appreciation of the Art of "Refined Words" in Ancient Poetry
Abstract: Poetry appreciation should start with language, and more importantly, appreciate the refined words of poetry. The essence of refined words lies in refined meaning. We can grasp the outline of "speech and meaning", pay attention to the special usage of words, appreciate how the poet's refined words grasp the characteristics of the scenery, appreciate the interest, emotion and poetry endowed by the poet to the scenery described, appreciate the externalization of the poet's subjective feelings, appreciate the harmonious beauty of the artistic conception created by refined words, and pay attention to the strengthening of emotions by the use of function words.
[Keywords:] refined words refined meaning appreciation
Poetry is a concise language, which requires not only vivid images, but also delicate charm. The ancients paid great attention to the refinement of words in poetry, which not only accurately conveyed the characteristics of things and the poet's thoughts and feelings, but also had inexhaustible effects, thus triggering readers' association and understanding its meaning.
Throughout the ages, literati have left us many stories to temper our language. It is Du Fu's solemn oath to refine his words and phrases. "Singing a sentence and breaking a few stems" is a true portrayal of Lu Yanrang's tempering language. Ouyang Xiu's insistence on tempering language is to "strive to stabilize words and resist cold". "Win two sentences in three years, one song and two tears" is Jia Dao's instruction to temper language. ...
Qi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem called "Early Plum", two of which read: "Old village, a few branches opened last night". After reading it, the poet Zheng Gu said that this poem is good, but the word "number" should be changed to "one". Qi was amazed for many times, so he worshipped Zheng Gu as a "word teacher". Why is this word "one" good-tempered? In fact, according to the real law of life, what the poet sees in the morning may be a few plum blossoms opened by Ling Han; However, art is different from life after all, and it must be infectious. The word "one" gives people a much more novel and dazzling feeling than the word "number", and it also has a charm that arouses readers' imagination and gives people unlimited hope.
Generally speaking, appreciation of poetry should follow such a train of thought: language-image-artistic conception-emotion. In short, it is "knowing the image by the text and knowing it by the image". Language is the basis of understanding the artistic conception and emotion of poetry. And language appreciation, in which refining words is particularly important. So, how to appreciate the expressive force and appeal of refined words in poetry? In teaching practice, I guide students to appreciate the charm and charm of language from the following aspects.
First, pay attention to the special usage of words.
Some words in ancient poems have special usages. Knowing their usage plays a vital role in our understanding of the meaning of sentences and even the thoughts and feelings of the whole poem. In a poem expressing music, Li Bai wrote: "I heard him in Qingxi, and the bell rang in the frost." To understand the beauty of the word "Xi", we must first understand its usage. There is a passive meaning in usage, that is, the combination of the words "running water washes the guest's heart" and "guest's heart" fully shows the great appeal of music to wash away worldly distractions, and the combination of "running water" coincides with the allusion of "running water in the mountains", which just shows the deep friendship between the poet and the monks in Sichuan.
Wang Anshi's famous sentence "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan, when will the bright moon shine on me?" First, the words "Guo", "Tao" and "person" are used. These words all express very common meanings in very common usage. Using a word "green" with causative usage to dominate "Jiang Nanan" not only writes the process of the land in the south of the Yangtze River changing from dry to green, but also increases the difficulty of writing.
Second, understand how poets refine characters to grasp the characteristics of scenery.
Li Yu, a dramatist in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Although it is expensive and novel, it must be new and accurate. Appropriateness and truth never exceed the word' reason'. " Excellent writing can often grasp the characteristics and express the scenery. In Du Fu's sentence "Birds in the river are too white and blue flowers in the mountains want to burn", the word "burn" is used brilliantly. From the word "burn", the first thing we think of is fire. Compared with fire, flowers are bright and bright, and they are particularly red against the green background. Not only that, but also use the jumping feeling of flame to give flowers a sense of movement, turn static into dynamic, and accurately convey the characteristics of flowers competing to open, colorful and vibrant.
Another example is Du Fu's description of what he saw and heard in "Expressing My Mind at Night": "The stars are wide open and the bright moon is flowing on the river." Why do poets use the words "drooping" and "surging" to describe the stars and the moon? It turns out that the poet has grasped the characteristics of "Ye Ping is broad". Under this premise, the use of this word is in line with the visual law: look up at the sky, because Yuan Ye is vast, the stars are near and high, far and low, just like falling, so use the word "vertical"; Looking straight ahead, because vilen is vast, the moon rises out of the river, giving people the feeling that the river rises, so the word "Yong" is used; "Surge" has a strong sense of movement, not floating from the river, but "surging", and because the poet grasped the characteristics of the turbulent river. Perhaps in this way, we can understand that "the moon is in the sky, and the horizon is at this time", "the spring tide is even with the sea level, and the moon tide is on the sea" and "the trip to the sun and the moon". Why do you say that the sun, the moon and the stars haunt the rivers and seas in poems such as "the stars are brilliant, if they are out of the sky"?
Thirdly, we should appreciate the interest, emotion and poetry that the poet endowed the scenery described.
Good poetry can often endow scenery with interest and emotion. As long as we gallop in our imagination, we can appreciate poetry. This imaginary space is a poetic space.
The poem is interesting, interesting. Xin Qiji has a song "Xijiang Moon? Jixing: "When you are drunk and greedy, you can't worry about kung fu. Recently, I began to feel that I don't believe anything in ancient books. Matsumoto was drunk last night. Ask Matsumoto how drunk I am. I only suspected that I was coming to help her, so I gave her a hand and said, "Go!" " This word is written as a drunkard, which has both the truth of life and a kind of interest, and skillfully shows his life character and pursuit.
Meng Haoran wrote a poem "Sleeping in Jiande": "When my boat was moored in the fog, the day was getting darker and the memories of the old days began. How vast the world is, how close the trees are to heaven, and how close the moon is to the water! "Among them, the last two sentences are well-known sentences. A word "low" captures the characteristics of the scene, and a word "near" gives the scene a feeling. Why didn't the poet say "near the moon" and "near the moon" in Qingjiang? Of course, the moon not only meets the requirements of rhyme and meter, but also becomes a companion who can understand the poet's pain and sadness because of "the sunset recalls the old days". It should take the initiative to approach, accompany and comfort homeless people.
In Zhang Xian's Fairy, there is a ghost in a bird pond on the sand, and the clouds break the moon. Heavy curtains obscured the light. When the wind is uncertain, people will calm down first. Tomorrow's sunset should be full of paths. " Wang Guowei commented on this word, saying that "clouds break the moon to make a shadow" has a word "agriculture" in it, and the realm is completely gone. Because the word "de" can arouse people's association, and "flower contrast", what is the purpose of making flowers? The word "de" brings the dead scene of "shadow" to life, that is, turning static into dynamic. The word "de" contains the meanings of "playing" and "teasing", which makes the picture full of vitality and interest.
Song Qi is known as the history of an affair, because he has a song "Jade House is Spring? ? There is a saying in "Spring Scene": "The branches of red apricots are noisy in spring", and Wang Guowei thinks that the word "noisy" makes the realm come out. Readers seem to think that the red apricots are in full bloom and the bees and butterflies on the branches are bustling, which constitutes a picture of Man Chun with red apricots, but not mentioning bees and butterflies in every sentence is a "noisy" role. Let's imagine that if the word "noisy" is replaced by other words, such as "good", "full", "strong" and "sufficient", it is not as vivid and energetic as the word "noisy".
Fourth, experience the externalization of the poet's subjective feelings.
Zhuangzi and Keiko are swimming in the city when they see a group of small fish swimming back and forth. Zhuangzi said: "It is a pleasure for small fish to wander around." Keiko said, "If you are not a fish, you will know the happiness of fish." Zhuangzi said, "You are not me. How do you know that I don't know that fish are happy?" ? "Zhuangzi is certainly not a fish. If he is not as calm as a fish, if he can't devote himself to nature and realize the unity of things and me, can he imagine the happiness of fish? This should be what Wang Guowei said, "there is no self in the realm" and "seeing things by things, I don't know what I am and what things are".
Li Bai has a poem "Sitting alone in Jingting Mountain". "Birds fly high, and lonely clouds go to leisure alone. Seeing each other tirelessly, I only respect Tingshan. " Li Bai, a poet, regards things as things and doesn't know what is for himself and what is for the mountain, so he will forget himself and devote himself wholeheartedly. And this kind of carefree mood poet externalized it to the "cloud" and used the word "leisure". Why does Li Bai know that clouds are "idle"? Because Li Bai is a cloud, because Li Bai has a sense of leisure, but he moved this feeling to foreign things. In aesthetics, this is called "empathy".
Only through the internalization and infiltration of the poet's feelings can all objective external objects gain aura and life. The moon is not an image, but the "bright moon" in "My heart is bright, I will follow you to Yelangxi" is an image, because the bright moon at this time is already a humanized messenger, who can understand the pain of missing and convey blessings; Chrysanthemum is not an image, but it is an image in "picking chrysanthemums under the hedge and seeing Nanshan leisurely", because it symbolizes the poet's quiet and poetic pursuit of life; "Maple Leaf" in Du Mu's eyes (parking in the maple forest late, frosty leaves are red in February flowers. ) and the "maple leaf" in Yingying's eyes (The West Chamber: blue sky, yellow flowers, tight west wind. The geese fly south. Who is drunk in Xiao Lai's frost forest? Always in tears. ) different; Both are flowers written by Du Fu. The flowers in Falling Flowers Like Tears and Lonely Birds Singing Sorrow are full of the poet's blood and tears, while the flowers in Looking at the red and wet place are more important than the Jinguan City show the poet's joy after obtaining temporary peace and happiness. Every image in poetry is unique, and it is the externalization of its subjective feelings. When appreciating the refined words of poetry, we should pay attention to the feelings infiltrated in them. For example, the words "empty", "horizontal", "holding" and "iron" in the poems such as "Jiang Yufei Jiang Caoqi, Six Dynasties dream birds crow empty", "Where is the home of Qinling Mountain, snow holding green horses" and "It is easy to go to the pavilion on the lake, and wicker leaves love" all permeate the poet's feelings.
Fifth, experience the harmonious beauty of artistic conception in exquisite characterization.
Harmony is beauty. Harmony is the pursuit of aesthetics, and it is also an important feature and basic spirit of China traditional culture. A country that advocates peace has a beautiful image; A harmonious family is happy; Harmony with nature is beautiful; Harmony and chord are not beautiful, and the color and color of colored ink are not beautiful. ...
China's poetry pursues a kind of artistic conception, and harmony is an important rule of artistic conception. Poetry pays attention to the harmony of phonology and the fullness of charm. Fan Wenzheng CCBA's "Mr. Yan's Ancestral Temple" ends with four sentences: "Yunshan is grey and the sea is boundless. The virtue of a gentleman, the mountain is high and the water is long. " When his friend saw it, he told him, "When Gong's article became famous, it was just an incomplete word." He asked what the word was, and Li Taibo said, "The virtue of a gentleman is better than the wind of a gentleman." The word "Feng" means "demeanor" in the sense, which is deeper and wider than "De", but more importantly, the rhyme of "Bng (Jiangyang)" in the whole poem is rich and loud, while the word "De" is dumb. The word "wind" is heavy and loud, so as to form a harmonious rhyme and full charm in the whole poem.
In Wang Wei's famous sentence "The desert is lonely and the long river sets the yen", it seems unreasonable to use the word "straight" as a cigarette. But only the word "straight" can make cigarettes have a straight, strong and definite masculine beauty, and can form a harmonious beauty with the vast, vigorous and desolate realm of "desert" and "solitary smoke" in Saibei.
According to legend, Su Dongpo, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, once discussed poetry with his sister and poetry friend Huang. After my sister said "breeze and willow" and "plum blossom and light moon", I asked my brother to add a word to them and say something poetic. Su Dongpo immediately said: "Shake" in the front and reflect "in the back", that is, "the breeze shakes the willow and the bright moon reflects the plum blossom." Unexpectedly, Su Xiaomei called it "inferior". Su Dongpo thought about it carefully and said proudly, "Yes,' the breeze and the willows dance together, and the plum blossoms are hidden in the moonlight'. ""Little sister smiled and said, "Not bad, but still not up to grade." Huang Gu couldn't help asking, "What do you think?" Su Xiaomei read: "The breeze helps the willows, and the plum blossoms are defeated in the bright moon." Su Dongpo and Huang Gugu were chanting and pondering, and they couldn't help but say that it was wonderful. Just think, if it is a "high wind whistling in August", the slender plum blossom will be vulnerable and can only be a broken willow flower. In fact, the words "help" and "loss" not only capture the characteristics of the scenery, but fundamentally create a harmonious and hazy wonderful artistic conception.
Sixth, pay attention to strengthening emotions through the use of function words.
To refine words, we should not only refine real words, but also refine function words. Proper use of function words can often strengthen the expression of emotions. The famous sentence "I came from three thousand miles away." Sad for this autumn, I have been sad for a hundred years, and I have climbed this high alone. "The" Chang "in Du Fu's Climbing the High" has been written for a long time and with high frequency, which has strengthened the lonely and sad mood of the poet caused by his long-term wandering because of bumps; According to the duality principle, the word "independence" can be understood as "coincidence", but the poet has to climb the mountain in the autumn when he is sick. Isn't this the embodiment of the great patriotic poet's persistent spirit of worrying about the country and the people and dying without regret?
Zhang Jiyou's poem Qiu Si: "Seeing the autumn wind in Luoyang, I want a writer to write a book. I was so anxious that I couldn't say it, and the pedestrians opened again. " The words "Fu" and "You" in the poem fully show the complex and subtle psychological activities of the wanderer.
Shen Deqian, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, said: "The ancients did not abolish the method of refining Chinese characters, but prevailed over Chinese characters with meaning, so they could see the strangeness of plain words, the danger of vulgar words, the novelty of old words and the color of plain words." It can be seen that the essence of "refining words" lies in "refining meaning". Judging from the successful refining words listed in the last article, they are all closely combined with refining meaning. The purpose of refining ci is to make "meaning"-the author's subjective feelings and the life expressed in his works concrete, vivid, profound and full of beauty. Only by extracting concrete and vivid words with aesthetic content and enlightening significance can "meaning" have the power to infect people. How do we figure out the rich expressive force of concise words? Finally, we must follow the appreciation idea of "knowing the image with the text and knowing it with the image", connect the images, deepen the artistic conception and experience the feelings.