qu yuan (34 BC ~ 278 BC), whose name was ping, was born in the noble state of Chu. At first, he was trusted by Chu Huaiwang, and he was a senior official of the Leftist. He advocated improving internal affairs and uniting with Qin. However, Chu Huaiwang's Lingyin Zijiao, Shangguan doctor Jin Shang and his favorite concubine Zheng Xiu were bribed by Zhang Yi, the envoy of the State of Qin, which not only prevented Huai Wang from accepting Qu Yuan's opinion, but also alienated him. As a result, Chu Huaiwang was lured by the State of Qin, where he died. After King Xiang ascended the throne, Qu Yuan continued to be persecuted and exiled again and again. In 278 BC, the general of the State of Qin led his troops south and conquered the capital of Chu. Qu Yuan was desperate for the future and committed suicide in the Miluo River on May 5 of the same year.
Although Qu Yuan's political life was a tragedy, as a poet, he left more than 2 immortal poems such as Li Sao and Tian Wen. These are the precious heritages of China's literary treasure house.
Li Sao is the most mature work of Qu Yuan and the most grand lyric poem in ancient China. The first half is a realistic narrative, writing his ideals and experiences of improving politics. In the second half, many strange fantasies were added. Accompanied by wind, rain, thunder, electricity, clouds, moon, phoenix and dragon, he galloped in the sky and went up and down to pursue his ideal object. The result was disappointment.
The poet weaves natural phenomena, historical figures and legends into a magnificent romantic artistic image, achieving a high degree of ideological and artistic integration. Lu Xun praised Qu Yuan, saying, "It's a great speech to escape, and it's outstanding for a lifetime."
Tian Wen is a strange long poem. This is because after Qu Yuan's exile, he was depressed and lost his mind, and his old beliefs completely collapsed. Therefore, he had doubts about natural phenomena, ancient relics, religious beliefs and traditional ideas of society, thus issuing various questions. By asking questions, the poet gave vent to the contradictions and anguish in political life.
during the warring States period, the seven dominant countries, namely, Qin, Chu, qi, Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei, fought for cities and lands, and fought against each other for years. At that time, Qu Yuan, a great poet of Chu State, was just a young man, and he was a disciple of King Huan of Chu. He was very sad to see the people suffering from the disaster of war. Qu Yuan was determined to serve the country and the people, and advised Huai Wang to appoint talents and care for the people, which earned him the trust.
at that time, Qin was the most powerful state in the west, and it often attacked six countries. Therefore, Qu Yuan personally went to various countries to contact and use joint forces to deal with the State of Qin. In the eleventh year of Huai Wang, Qu Yuan's diplomacy was successful. The kings of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei gathered in the capital city of Chu and formed an alliance. King Huai became the leader of the alliance. The strength of the alliance stopped the expansion of Qiang Qin. Qu Yuan was even more valued by King Huai, and many important internal and foreign affairs were decided by Qu Yuan.
Therefore, a group of nobles headed by Zi Lan, the son of Chu, are very jealous and jealous of Qu Yuan, and often speak ill of Qu Yuan in front of Huai Wang. It is said that he usurped the exclusive power and didn't care about Huai Wang at all. With more people stirring up trouble, King Huai became increasingly dissatisfied with Qu Yuan. The spies of the State of Qin reported this situation to the King of Qin, who wanted to attack the State of Qi early, but was afraid to do it because of the six-nation alliance. Hearing this news, he called Zhang Yi, the prime minister, into the palace to discuss it. Zhang Yi believes that among the six countries, Qi and Chu are the most powerful. As long as the two countries are alienated, the alliance will be dissolved. He is willing to take advantage of the internal discord in Chu to personally break up the six-nation alliance.
the king of Qin was overjoyed and prepared gold and silver treasures and gave them to Zhang yi to take with him. Zhang Yi returned the seal to the king of Qin, resigned from the Qin phase in disguise, and set out for Chu. When Zhang Yi arrived in Yingdu, she first visited Qu Yuan, and talked about the strength of Qin State and the benefits of Qin Chu's alliance to both sides. Qu Yuan said, "Chu State cannot change the position of the six-nation alliance."
Zhang Yi told Zilan: "With the six-nation alliance, King Huai trusted Qu Yuan. When the alliance was broken up, Qu Yuan had nothing to be afraid of." Zilan was very happy when she heard this. The nobles of Chu were connected with Zhang Yi. Zilan led him to meet Zheng Xiu, the favorite queen of King Huai, and Zhang Yi presented Zheng Xiu with a pair of priceless white jade. The precious light of Bai Bi dazzled the eyes of the Queen of Chu. Zheng Xiu gladly offered to help them promote the Qin Chu League. Everyone thinks: "To unite Qin Chu, we must first break up the six-nation alliance; If we want to break up the alliance, we must first cherish the king's distrust of Qu Yuan.
Zilan thought of a plan: He said that Qu Yuan had asked Zhang Yi for a bribe, and Zheng Xiu revealed this to King Huai. Zhang Yi was overjoyed and said, "The Queen's willingness to contribute is really a blessing for Qin Chu and China! "Yi cheung arrangement, TuoZiLan introduced Huai Wang. He advised Huai Wang not to unite with Qin, and listed many benefits. Finally, he said, "As long as the King wishes, the King of Qin has prepared 6 Li of land for the Chu State. King Huai is a greedy man. I heard that he got 6 Li of land for nothing. How not to like it. Back to the palace, happily told Zheng Xiu. Zheng Xiu congratulated him, but frowned: "I heard that Qu Yuan asked Zhang Yi for a pair of white jade, but I was afraid I would oppose it!" King Huai listened with a grain of salt.
The next day, King Huai hosted a banquet for Zhang Yi. During the dinner, Qin Chu's friendship was discussed, and Qu Yuan was vehemently opposed, and had a heated argument with Zilan and Jinshang. He thought: "Giving up the six-nation alliance will give Qin an opportunity, which is a matter of life and death for Chu! He denounced Zhang Yi, Zi Lan and Jin Shang, and went up to King Huai and said loudly, "Your Majesty, I can't believe it! Zhang Yi was sent by the State of Qin to break up the alliance and isolate the State of Chu. You should never believe it. King Huai remembered what Zheng Xiu said, and sure enough Qu Yuan tried his best to oppose Qin Chu's reconciliation. And covet the land of Qin. Can't help but be angry: "Isn't the 6-mile land of Chu worth a pair of white jade! "Just ask the samurai to pull him out of the palace gate.
Quyuan was so sad that he stood outside the palace gate and could not bear to leave, hoping that King Huai would wake up and change his mind so as not to bring disaster to the country. Standing from noon to night, he saw Zhang Yi, Zi Lan, Jin Shang and others rejoicing and walking out of the palace gate happily, only to lose hope. He sighed and murmured, "Chu State, you are going to suffer again ..." When Qu Yuan returned home, he was unhappy, thinking that once the alliance formed by himself was destroyed, Chu State would not be able to maintain its immediate prosperity, and he could not help but sigh.
When I asked his housekeeper's sister, Nvwa, I knew that he had been framed by a villain, and advised him not to make any more comments. Qu Yuan said, "I am from the State of Chu, and I can't see that Chu is in danger even if I die! "He thinks that King Huai will wake up and know right from wrong. As long as Huai Wang changes his mind, Chu will have a way. But King Huai no longer summoned him. He became more and more sad and often stayed up all night. "He wrote a long poem called Li Sao, in which he wrote his sorrow for Chu and his own resentment." Li Sao means "leaving sorrow". When people are sad, why don't they call God and their parents to express their grievances!
When this poem reached the palace, Zilan, Jin Shang and others got the attack materials, saying that Qu Yuan compared Huai Wang to an unruly man. King Huai was angry and removed Qu Yuan's office. The air in Yingdu is driving Qu Yuan crazy. The girl advised him to go somewhere else to rest for a while. He said loudly, "I can't take Chu with me and the people! "But under the persuasion of the girl's wife day and night, he moved out of Yingdu and prepared to live in Hanbei. He walked for a while and looked back for a while. "This legendary Ying Du City! "
he is concerned about state affairs, so he stops for a few days when he arrives at a place to inquire about the news. One day, he saw stories of gods of heaven and earth and ancient sages painted on the walls of an ancient temple. The deeds of the sage king and the wise king touched his mind, and he couldn't figure out why King Huai was so confused. He shouted to the gods, "Is there any right or wrong in this world? ? ..... "So he wrote the long poem" Jiu Wen ". The gods didn't answer him, but the facts did. When King Huai and Qi broke off diplomatic relations and broke up the alliance, they sent people with Zhang Yi to the State of Qin to receive the land.
Near Xianyang, Qin Dou, Zhang Yi pretended to be drunk, fell down when she got off the bus, and said that she had hurt her leg, so she left the envoy and went to the city first. Chu lived in the guest house and went to see Zhang Yi every day. Zhang Yi always pushes her leg and can't be interviewed before she heals. It was three months before Zhang Yi received the news that the six-nation alliance had indeed collapsed.
when the ambassador of Chu mentioned the delivery of land, Zhang yi was completely absent. He said: "I said that I gave it to the king of Chu, and it was my own six-mile land. How can the land of Qin be dedicated to people? "Chu was speechless and had to come back empty-handed to report to the king of Chu. Gal, can make Huai Wang gas faint. He took advantage of these years to save your strength and have enough food, so he sent a general, Qu Ping, to lead a hundred thousand troops to attack the State of Qin.
The King of Qin immediately changed his plan to attack Qi, and simply joined forces with Qi to meet the Chu army in two ways. The Chu army could not resist the attack of the two countries, and even fought several defeats. Qu Ping was killed, and Chi occupied the Hanzhong area of Chu. The news spread to Hanbei, which made Qu Yuan anxious. Angry and sighing, he finally decided to rush back to Yingdu and try to resist the State of Qin.
On the way, he received an order from King Huai to send him to Qi to restore the alliance. Qu Yuan thought happily, "Your Majesty has come to his senses after all! "Immediately went to qi. King Huai violated the alliance, and Qi was very angry. However, Qu Yuan was respected by the King of Qi, and after some negotiations, he promised to withdraw the Qi soldiers who helped Qin attack Chu. Before Qu Yuan returned to China, he got the news of Qin Chu's peace talks. Afraid that King Huai would be cheated again, he quickly resigned from the King of Qi and hurried back to the State of Chu.
When he arrived at Yunmeng, Chu, he saw the local people mourning the soldiers killed in the war. Qu Yuan was very moved and stopped to pay homage. He stood in front of the throne and read his poem "National Mourning" to mourn the soldiers who died for his country. When I read the sad place, all the people shed tears, and Qu Yuan also burst into tears. Qu Yuan walked for a few days when he heard a legend: Zhang Yi came to Yingdu again. He couldn't help stamping his feet again and again, working hard day and night, and rushing to Yingdu.
Zilan and Jin Shang heard that Qu Yuan had come back, and they quickly came to report to Queen Zheng Xiu. They are all afraid that Qu Yuan will go back to Yingdu and let him stay in front of King Huai, which will always be a great disaster for a long time. That night, Zheng Xiu cried to King Huai: "Qu Yuan told the people in Yunmeng that those who died in battle were all unjustly killed because of my advice to the King. This time he came back to avenge the wrongful death. "King Huai was furious." How dare he? This is crazy! "Zheng Xiu took the opportunity to enter:" It's crazy! How can you say such presumptuous things to the people if you are not crazy? I'm afraid to see him! If he wants to be in Yingdu, let me go to Jiangnan! "
The next day, King Huai gave an order: Qu Yuan should be appointed as San Lv's doctor, so he doesn't need to enter the palace, and he should go to his post immediately. He sent Zilan to give the order to Qu Yuan. Zilan met Qu Yuan, smiled and congratulated him, and conveyed the order of Huai Wang. Qu Yuan was stunned. He looked up at the sky and sighed: "Your Majesty, you can't be confused any more. The country of Chu and the people of Chu are all on you! "The girl was afraid that he would get into trouble again, and advised him to leave the capital quickly to take office. Qu Yuan said, "You are worried about me, and I am worried about Chu! "But thinking, had to prepare to take office.
With Qu Yuan gone, the civil and military capitals of the Manchu Dynasty of Chu joined Zheng Xiu and Zilan, and the alliance soon broke up. Since the twenty-seventh year of Huai Wang, the State of Qin has waged wars against Chu. The state of Chu is getting worse day by day, and it has lost its strength against the Qin army. In the thirty years of Huai Wang, Qin occupied eight cities in the north of Chu. King Huai was depressed when he suddenly received a letter from the King of Qin, inviting him to go to Wuguan, the state of Qin, to discuss ways of Qin Chu's eternal friendship. Huai Wang thought about it and never made up his mind: if he didn't go, he was afraid that Qin Jun would attack south; I'm going, but I'm afraid Qin has ulterior motives.
Zilan first advised King Huai: "The King of Qin is willing to make peace, and this opportunity must be missed. "Jin Shang also said," It will be peaceful for at least a few years after a trip. King Huai returned to the harem and listened to Zheng Xiu's words of persuasion. Only then did he make up his mind and immediately wrote back and agreed to go to Wuguan for talks. After a few days of preparation, he and Jin Shang set off with 5 troops before leaving Yingdu. On the way, I saw a horse flying like a horse.
running to the front, the people immediately jumped down, fell in front of the car and wailed loudly. When King Huai saw it, it turned out to be Qu Yuan, a doctor from San Lv. He heard the news that King Huai was going to Wuguan, and flew in overnight. I heard his sad voice say, "Your Majesty! The state of Qin is like a tiger's mouth, this danger can't be taken! Think about the ancestors and people of Chu, and don't just listen to the little people! " I haven't seen him for more than ten years, and Qu Yuan is haggard. When King Huai saw him, he remembered that the national situation had gone downhill day by day for more than ten years, and his heart was filled with sadness.
While he was meditating, Jin Shang stood up and said bitterly to Qu Yuan, "Today is a good day for the king to go out. What does Dr. San Lv mean by these discouraging words?" Qu Yuan was so angry that his lips trembled and he said in a trembling voice, "Doctor Shangguan! You're from Chu, so you should think about Chu. You can't send your king into the jaws of death! " Jin Shang was furious and repeated his voice to get out of the way. Qu yuan clung to the shaft and refused to let go. Jin Shang had Qu Yuan pushed to the ground, whipped his horse, and surrounded Huai Wang and left.
qu yuan got up, chasing and screaming. Jin Shang is afraid that the king will be shaken, so he will speed up the whip and the car will fly away. Qu Yuan gasped for air and stood there, watching the people heading west, until the shadow disappeared. In less than half a month, Jin Shang was left with only one person and one horse to flee back to Yingdu. As Qu Yuan expected, King Huai and 5 troops were detained by the State of Qin as soon as they arrived at Wuguan and sent to Xianyang.
bad consumption spread all over the country. In order to calm people's minds, Zheng Xiu made Prince Xiong Heng king of Xiang. Master the state affairs by yourself; Zi Lan was appointed as the commander in charge of the national military and political affairs. Qu Yuan rushed to Yingdu desperately, demanding that King Xiang of Qing restore the six-nation alliance and use his powerful strength to get back King Huai from Qin. Zilan and others advised King Huai to go to the State of Qin, fearing that King Huai would come back to criticize and offend the State of Qin. Therefore, not only did he not listen to Qu Yuan's proposition, but he was immediately expelled from the capital. Don't let him go back to Yingdu.
After driving Qu Yuan away, these people lived a drunken life, and after three years, they suddenly received the news of the death of King Huai. It turned out that when King Huai arrived in Xianyang, the King of Qin held a meeting with his ministers, then met with King Huai and asked him to make a document to cede the central part of Guizhou face to face. King Huai was so angry that he refused. Qin took him into custody. After more than a year's detention, the guards gradually loosened, so King Huai got the guards drunk and changed his clothes to escape from Xianyang.
After a few days' walk, I arrived at the border of Zhao, and Huai Wang explained his reasons and asked for help. However, the people of Zhao hated him for repeatedly breaking the alliance and were not allowed to enter the city. King Huai walked south in chagrin, trying to go to Wei. Halfway there, Chi had caught him and caught him. King Huai was taken back to Xianyang. He was so angry that he vomited blood. He was ill for more than a year and died in the third year of King Xiang.
Qin returned the useless bones to Chu. When King Huai's coffin arrived in Yingdu, all the people in Chu felt great shame, and people along the way burst into tears. This incident shattered Qu Yuan's heart. He had pinned his hope of reviving Chu on the awakening of Huai Wang, but now he feels that everything is over. He cried himself out in front of Huai Wang's coffin. He asked King Xiang to take advantage of the opportunity that all countries were resentful of Qin, and try to contact and deal with Qin together. King Qingxiang