1. Classification of ancient poems:
quatrains: five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains: five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains
Rhymes: first couplet (1,2), parallel couplet (3,4), neck couplet (5,6) and tail couplet (7,7).
(2) Understand the poet's writing intention with the help of the title, notes and writing background of the poem;
(3) Starting from the language, grasp the key words in poetry (verbs, adjectives, argumentative and lyrical words)
( 4) Appreciation of the expression techniques of words (blending scenes, expressing aspirations, turning static into dynamic < Static combination > Contrast, light and dark, implicit and euphemistic, direct expression, quotation, etc.).
3. The theme of the poem and the author's style characteristics:
Pastoral: the yearning and love for pastoral life, and the desire to retire to the countryside. (Tao Yuanming, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran)
Frontier fortress: It reflects the bitter cold, lonely life and patriotic feelings of missing relatives in hometown, longing for national peace, serving the motherland and making contributions to the country. (Wang Changling, Gao Shi, Cen Can, Fan Zhongyan)
Worrying about the country (people): expressing strong patriotism; Or deep sympathy for the working people, worry and dissatisfaction with the rulers. (Lu You, Du Fu (depressed and frustrated), Xin Qiji, Wen Tianxiang,)
Ode to history: I hope the rulers can learn from history. (Liu Yuxi, Du Mu, Li Shangyin, Zhang Yanghao,)
Farewell: Tell friendship, express reluctant thoughts and comfort and wish to friends. () (Ma Zhiyuan, Cui Hao, Su Shi,)
Ode to (things) annals: express by singing about natural things. . . . . . Ambition, wish, express right. . . . . Anger and dissatisfaction. (Cao Cao, Li Bai, Han Yu)
Description: Love for nature and life, praise and love for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland.
narrative: express your joy (sympathy, indignation, hatred and sadness) through what you have seen and heard. . . . . . Love). (Bai Juyi's "Watching the Harvested Wheat" and Du Fu's "The Stone Trencher")
Love: Write about the love and love life of men and women, and express a kind of lovesickness and parting pain. (Wen Tingyun, Li Shangyin, Li Qingzhao)
Nostalgia for the ancients, things and events, and expressing one's lack of talent (ambition is hard to pay), right. . . . . . Dissatisfaction with, or right. . . . . Place. . . . Desire.
Analysis: Different themes will express different thoughts and feelings, and there will be different ways of expression and lyricism. Therefore, in order to appreciate ancient poems well, we must have a clear understanding of the classification of themes and be able to make accurate judgments on specific poems. Common themes are as follows:
1. Love Poems This is a poem with the theme of love (including mourning), also known as "love songs" and "always in my heart poems". Since the Book of Songs, love poems have a long history, mainly describing the love and love life of men and women, or expressing the feelings of parting and lovesickness. For example, Concurrent Warfare, All the way to the Altair, Untitled (time was long before I met her, but is longer since we parted's Li Shangyin), Queqiao Fairy (the thin clouds are clever) and so on.
2. Satire Poetry This is a poem that exposes the darkness of society and the coldness of the world by means of ridicule or persuasion, and expresses the voice of people or upright people. It is also called "allegorical poetry" and sometimes "political satirical poetry". Satire also has a long history, from the Book of Songs to modern not fade away. Such as Shuoshu, Cutting Tan, Bee (Don Luo Yin), Title of Lin 'an Mansion (Lin Sheng in Southern Song Dynasty), Drunken Taiping (an anonymous person who is greedy for small profits in Yuan Dynasty) and so on.
3. Philosophical Poetry This is a kind of poem that expresses or elaborates a certain philosophy by describing and discussing specific things. Some point out the theme, others contain it without revealing it, which makes people think. Well-known ones are Su Shi's Titles of Xilin Wall and Qin Poetry, and Zhu Xi's Thoughts on Reading Books. In addition, although some poems are not philosophical, some of them are full of philosophy (such as "the mountains are heavy and the water is doubtful, there is no way out, and there is another village", "the green hills can't cover up, after all, they flow east", etc.).
4. Farewell Poetry, which is also one of the earliest and most common themes, is mainly used to express feelings of parting, or to encourage and encourage, or to express deep affection and friendship, or to express sorrow of parting. Because farewell is often associated with climbing mountains and facing the water, it is also called "farewell poem of mountains and rivers". Such as Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan (Wang Bo), a farewell to meng haoran on his way to yangzhou (Li Bai) and Two Poems of Biedong Da (Gao Shi).
5. Travel poems are also called travel poems. Or describe personal experiences and feelings, or show homesickness, narrative and lyricism. This kind of poetry can not be separated from the description of landscape scenery, so it is also called "landscape poetry" This is slightly different from pure landscape poetry, and it is mainly based on "remembering lyricism". For example, Du Fu's "Expressing My Feelings at Night" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Qiu Si" cannot be regarded as landscape poems.
6. Frontier poems This is a poem that describes the frontier scenery and reflects the life of frontier soldiers. Famous frontier poets in Tang Dynasty include Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan and Li Qi. Gao Shi's Yan Ge Xing, Cen Can's a Song of White Snow in Farewell to Field-Clerk Wu Going Home, Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci, Wang Changling's The Embankment and Fan Zhongyan's The Fisherman's Pride ("The Scenery under the Embankment of Qiu Lai") are all well-known masterpieces.
7. Poems about epic poems are poems about chanting or commenting on historical stories and figures to express feelings and satirize current events. Generally, they are first narrated and then discussed. There are also some that only describe the contrast without discussion, so that readers can think. Poems on the theme of history are famous masterpieces in the early days, including Ban Gu's Ode to History and Zuo Si's Eight Poems on History in the Western Jin Dynasty. Since then, there have been more epic poems, such as Zhang Jie's Burning Book Pit, Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng, Du Mu's Tiwujiang Pavilion (with which Wang Anshi once sang against it) and Wen Tingyun's Jingwuwenyuan, all of which are famous works.
8. Poems about objects. This is a poem that expresses thoughts and feelings by chanting natural or social things. Symbolic comparison is its common method. This kind of poems appeared in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and there were more and more excellent works after the Tang Dynasty. For example, Wang Wei's Acacia ("when those red berries come in springtime"), Li Bai's Egret, Du Fu's Returning to the Wild Goose, Lu You's Yongmei, Yu Qian's Poetry of Lime, Wang Mian's Mo Mei, etc., are all famous articles that express their feelings through natural things.
9. chant poems. This is a poem with the theme of chanting personal ambitions and reflecting or satirizing society. Bixing, symbolism and association are its main techniques. Poems chanting for the bosom also come from The Book of Songs, which is one of the most important ancient poems. For example, Qu Yuan's Lisao, Involved in the River, Li Bai's it is hard to go, Coming into Wine, Chen Ziang's on a Gate-Tower at Youzhou, Su Shi's Dingfengbo Shahu Road Encounter, and Lu You's Book Anger are all touching masterpieces.
1, nostalgic poems. Reminiscence and imagination, which are generated by hanging on historical sites, arouse feelings and express feelings and ambitions. This kind of poetry is nostalgic poetry. Ancient poems with nostalgia can be classified into the category of poems with nostalgia, but they have unique characteristics; There is a slight difference between nostalgic poems and historical poems. It is to express one's aspiration by being immersed in the historical sites, while historical poems can be written in the study without going to the historical sites. Poems about nostalgia, such as Du Fu's Shu Xiang, Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane, Stone Town, Li Bai's on climbing in nanjing to the terrace of phoenixes, Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia, Xin Qiji's Yong Yule Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Nostalgia, Zhang Yanghao's Mountain Sheep Tongguan Nostalgia, etc., are well-known throughout the ages.