Compared with the Han Yuefu, the new Yuefu failed to widely reflect the social life and the thoughts and feelings of the working people, so it was unpopular.
Bai Juyi, the son of Lotte, "A gentleman lives in an easy place and waits for his life", "Lotte know life is not worried". Just like his name, he lives happily in this world. If you advance, you will help the world, and if you retreat, you will be immune. Bai Juyi was an outstanding poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. Because of his time, his poetry creation occupies an important position in the history of China's poetry with its outstanding popularity and reality. Bai Juyi's poems mainly include satirical poems in the early stage and leisurely poems in the later stage. Satire is one of the main types of Bai Juyi's poems, which is radical and straightforward, and comes straight to the point, reflecting the major problems in all aspects of social life in the middle Tang Dynasty. Determined to "help the two" is closely related to social politics, and it is very prominent in the criticism of current events in ancient poems, so it has been highly valued by future generations.
From Bai Juyi, we can see the mental outlook and typical heart of the literati in the middle Tang Dynasty. His outlook on life and poetry creation reflected the living conditions of specific social strata in the middle Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi showed the world vividly with the whole art of poetry. His satirical poems are the product of a specific era and mentality, and the purpose of his creation is "singing makes people sick". Let's understand Bai Juyi's unique style by introducing two typical satirical poems:
Light fat
Pride is all over the road, and the light of pommel horse can be seen in the fine dust. Excuse me, who are those people? Passers-by replied that they were eunuchs, officials of the emperor.
Wear a red ribbon representing the identity of a doctor and a purple ribbon symbolizing the identity of a general. Boasting his identity, he came to the army at the dinner party, in large numbers, and the scene was grand.
The bottle overflows, and the land and water are eight treasures. There is an orange as a fruit in Dongting Lake. This excellent fish tastes delicious.
They remained calm after the party, but became arrogant when they were drunk. However, when there was a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, there was a tragic scene in Quzhou.
From the introduction of this poem, we know that the title of the poem "light fat" is taken from "riding a fat horse and going into battle lightly" in the Analects of Confucius, which summarizes the luxurious life. The first four sentences, written first, are abrupt and colorful. It is amazing that the arrogance of the spirit can fill the road and the light of the pommel horse can shine on the dust. It was because of surprise that the question of "who" (what) was raised, which led to the answer of "it's my wife". Eunuchs are also ministers. Eunuchs are just servants of the emperor. Why are they so arrogant? It turned out that eunuch Zhu Xi had mastered the political power. How can he not be arrogant? How can it not be extravagant? The words "boasting about going to the army for a banquet, walking as a cloud" echo with "arrogance, light dust on the pommel horse" and complement each other. Go away like a cloud is devoted to "arrogance" and "boasting". The words "full", "photo", "full", "informed" and "like a cloud" in these sentences vividly show that not one or two ministers in the army attended the banquet, but a large group.
In the last six sentences, the military banquet scenes of ministers mainly describe their extravagance and waste, but they also write "arrogance". Writing "luxury" and writing "morning light on the pommel horse" are in the same strain, but the pen is different. To write about horses, we only use him for glossy water skiing. The essence of his feed is beyond words. Writing about the minister of the interior, I only wrote about eating delicacies and seafood, and my mind was full of fat intestines.
Needless to say, you have a big belly. The above fourteen sentences vividly describe the music and entertainment of ministers in the meeting, which is of exposure significance. However, the poet's vision is not limited to this. He "silently moved and saw through Wan Li", and the pen suddenly turned. When these "doctors" and "generals" got drunk and had a full meal, the tragedy of "cannibalism" was happening in Jiangnan, thus raising the ideological significance of the poem to a new height. I have suffered from drought, but I am sad and happy, but it is a world of difference. This poem juxtaposes two diametrically opposite social phenomena by contrast. The poet doesn't make any explanations or comments, but lets the readers draw their due conclusions through sharp contrast. This is more convincing than the direct comment, which can make people accept the point that the poet wants to clarify. The last two sentences directly focus on the matter, and the strange peak rises, which makes the whole poem make waves. It is thrilling for readers, but it is a wonderful stroke! (Huo) 1 In this poem, the poet chose the arrogant posture of eunuchs on the way to the military banquet and the luxury of the banquet. At the end, with a change of pen, he bitterly pointed out that the so-called wealth in the south of the Yangtze River was in sharp contrast with the luxurious life of eunuchs due to famine. In my opinion, the main reason why this poem is so successful is that the poet successfully reflects the truth of life with this poem. I didn't use too many flowery words, and I didn't have much imagination. I just used simple drawing techniques to truly show the injustice of society and the cruelty of reality. Another major feature of this poem is the use of contrast: putting two diametrically opposite social phenomena together, namely, the luxury of eunuchs and generals and the poverty of ordinary people, the poet does not have too many explanations, and we can read the meaning from the poem. From here, we seem to feel that "there are more silent stories than audio stories". This poem is not purely for writing poetry. The poet advocates that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written for things." So this poem has its profound meaning, and satire is one of its themes. We also learned poems with high satire in junior high school:
Charcoal seller
An old man selling charcoal cuts wood and burns charcoal in the mountains in the south all year round.
His face was covered with dust, which was the color of smoke burning, his temples were gray, and his ten fingers were burnt black.
What is the money for selling charcoal for? Buy clothes, buy food in your mouth.
Pity that he is wearing thin clothes, but he is worried that charcoal can't be sold, hoping it will be colder.
At night, it snowed a foot thick outside the city. Early in the morning, the old man drove a charcoal wheel to the market.
Cows are tired and people are hungry, but the sun has risen very high. They are resting in the mud outside the south gate of the market.
Who is that proud man riding on two horses? It was the eunuchs in the palace and eunuchs who did it.
The eunuch, with documents in his hand and the emperor's orders in his mouth, shouted at the petrified palace.
A load of charcoal, more than 1000 kilograms, eunuch attendants to drive away, the old man is helpless, but there is no way.
Those people put half a piece of red yarn and a piece of silk on their heads as the price of charcoal.
Selling Charcoal Weng is the thirty-second poem of Bai Juyi's "New Yuefu" series. It is self-evident: "Ku Miyagi also", "Gong Shi" refers to the palace, and the city refers to buying. The items needed by the palace were originally purchased by officials. They bought them from the market and gave them some money at will. In fact, they were openly plundered.
The first four sentences, it is difficult to sell charcoal. "Pay cut" and "burning charcoal" are summarized as complex working procedures and long labor processes. "A face full of dust and fireworks, grey temples and black fingers" vividly depicts the portrait of a charcoal seller, and the hardships of labor are also vividly shown. It says that selling charcoal is the result of hard work, and it is 1.
A Dictionary of Appreciation of 300 Tang Poems, p. 328. Research on Shen, Hu Kexian and Tang Poetry, p. 108.
Just distinguish him from the charcoal dealer. If this charcoal seller still owns the land, grows and harvests by himself, so as not to be hungry and cold, and only uses his spare time to burn charcoal and sell it to subsidize his family, then his car full of charcoal will be plundered, and there are other ways to live. However, this is not the case. The genius of the poet lies in that he did not personally introduce the family situation of the charcoal seller to the reader, but set it as a question and answer: "What is the business of selling charcoal for money?" Wear clothes and eat in your mouth. "This question and answer not only turned the board into a living thing, but also made the literary situation ups and downs and swaying, expanding the depth and breadth of reflecting the sufferings of the people, making us clearly see that this worker has been exploited and has no other source of food and clothing;" The clothes on his body and the food in his mouth all hope that the super-strength charcoal he worked so hard to burn can fetch a good price. This laid a solid foundation for the long-lost crime of plundering charcoal.
"The poor man's clothes are just ordinary. He is worried about charcoal and hopes it is cold." This is a well-known sentence. "Cold clothes in the body", naturally hope that the weather is warm. The charcoal seller pinned all his hopes of solving the problem of food and clothing on "selling charcoal to make money", so he "worried that charcoal was cheap and hoped it would be cold", hoping that it would be even colder when it was shivering. The poet deeply understands the difficult situation and complicated inner activities of the charcoal seller, and it is so real in only a dozen words; I have poured infinite sympathy into the word "poor", how can I not make people cry! This poem has profound ideological content. What does the poet do with "selling charcoal for money"? Wear clothes and eat in your mouth. "Two sentences tell the only hope that an old man who is almost on the verge of life can have. What a hopeless hope! This is the center of the poem. All other descriptions focus on this point. The author highlights the old times with "grey temples" and the hardships of life with "dust fireworks", thus setting off the desolate and sinister Nanshan and arousing people's sympathy. All this reflects the burning of old people's hopes: selling charcoal to get money, buying clothes and food. The poet felt more sorry for the old man, who was "single-clothed" and then set off by "a foot of snow" coming at night and "ice tracks" on the road. All this just reflects the fierceness of the fire of hope for the elderly: it is freezing in the cold and carbon is expensive, so you can change more clothes and food. Next, "Cow Hunger" and "Two Rides" reflect the disparity between workers and rulers; A car full of charcoal, more than a thousand Jin "and" half a horse's red yarn, a piece of silk "contrast the cruelty of looting in the palace market. As far as the whole poem is concerned, the fire of hope ignited in front is precisely to set off the sadness and pain of hope behind. It comes to an abrupt end in the climax of contradictions and conflicts, so it is implicit, more powerful and more quoted.
Three people thought deeply. It's exciting. (Huo) According to
This poem profoundly reveals the rogue and cruelty of the court market, and the image and mind of the charcoal seller are also very successful. In particular, the words "rags, worrying about charcoal and wishing it is cold" are particularly alarming, depicting the subtle and complicated psychological activities of charcoal sellers in difficulties, which is very appropriate. In terms of performance, this poem does not directly express its love and hate by the usual way of "dying to show one's will" in allegorical poems, but expresses the poet's emotional tendency through facts and images themselves, leaving readers with rich imagination space. The significance of Selling Charcoal Weng goes far beyond revealing the palace market. In the typical image of selling charcoal Weng, the poet summarized the bitterness and bitterness of the working people in the Tang Dynasty, and reflected the darkness and injustice of the society at that time in the small matter of selling charcoal. Reading this poem, we can see more than just a charcoal seller. Through him, it seems that there are many kinds of people who farm, hunt and fish in front of us. Although it is not a "black finger", it also bears the imprint of hard life; Although they won't be hurt by selling charcoal, they also shed tears of bitterness and hatred under the weight of land rent or taxes. The poem "Selling Charcoal Weng" not only had positive significance at that time, but also had certain educational function for today's readers.
The artistry of selling charcoal Weng is also very high. In the first eight sentences, the poet first commented on the charcoal seller.
4 A Dictionary of Appreciation of 300 Tang Poems, pages 330, 33 1, 332; Research on Shen, Hu Kexian and Tang Poetry, 108.
General introductions are so kind and natural, just like introducing people in your own family. "His face is covered with dust and fireworks, his temples are gray and his fingers are black." The simple but affectionate fourteen words vividly outline his appearance: "The poor are clothed in simple clothes, and they are worried about charcoal, and they are willing to be cold." It is also the same simple and affectionate fourteen words, which deeply describes his inner activities. This introduction is like a series of movie pictures. From the perspective of Nanshan, the camera zoomed in steadily, and then there were several close-ups: temples, fingers, dusty face and rags, which were shocking.
Through the above introduction, we know that this is a very typical allegorical poem by Bai Juyi. The author shows the miserable life of the working people in the whole society through the tragic experience of selling charcoal Weng. The purpose of this individual expression is to expose the misfortune brought by the malpractice of the palace market to the working people, and at the same time express sympathy for the working people living at the bottom of society, hoping to attract the attention of the incumbent.
This is also a narrative poem. The author only used 20 sentences, 135 words, to completely describe the whole process of an old man who sold charcoal, burned charcoal, transported charcoal, failed to sell charcoal, and was captured by the palace envoys. The layers are distinct and the context is clear. The whole poem has narrative, description, details and contrast. The brushwork is concise, the language is concise, and the poet's ingenuity is everywhere in generalization, tailoring and rendering. Especially at the end, without saying a word, it is extremely romantic, just as Volume 20 of Poetry and Wine in Tang and Song Dynasties said: "The book is straightforward, its meaning is self-evident, let alone a verdict."
Some people say that "Carbon Man" is not as artistic as "Song of Eternal Sorrow", which is like putting pop singers and bel canto singers in a group to compete. Some people say that Bai Juyi's allegorical poems are too straightforward, too enlightening, lacking tactfulness and implication, and have no aftertaste. He judged according to the standards of love poems. If there are these shortcomings, it is by no means a good love poem, but it is absurd to ask allegorical poems to be written tactfully and with endless aftertaste. Who can tactfully imply that "there is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and people in Quzhou eat people"? "I don't know if the floor heating is not afraid of the cold, and I don't want to put people's clothes on local clothes." What aftertaste does such an angry reprimand need? There is more than enough, it is not enough, and it is not ironic enough. Therefore, we must analyze the artistic form of fable poetry according to its essential requirements. The more thoroughly the fable is expressed, the more perfect its form and the more distinctive its artistic features are. Bai Juyi wanted to help the world through his allegorical poems, but this ambition was not realized before his death, but behind him, which inspired generations of people with lofty ideals to give to the world. Finally, a poem by Liu Yuxi is quoted to summarize the characteristics of white poetry:
Yin Jun left me a hundred poems to sit alone.
Qin Yu is silent in the clear night, and Qishuyan is blowing in the wind.
No one was found again, and the fairy clothes abandoned the knife ruler.
The world wants to find each other, and there is nowhere to find it in four dimensions.