Virgil's masterpiece is the epic Aeneas, which is the first literati epic in the history of European literature. Horace's masterpiece is poetry collection and literary theory work "Poetry Art", and his thought of "entertaining through education" has a great influence on later European literature. Ovid's masterpiece is Metamorphosis, which is a collection of poetic stories and a compilation of Greek and Roman myths and legends.
1, Russian god system
The Russian god system is a part of the story of gods in Greek mythology. The story of God includes the opening of heaven and earth, the origin of God-man, the causes of the four seasons, the appearance of animals and plants, and the activities of members of Russian Persian protoss headed by Zeus. The ancient Greeks created gods in the image of human beings, and thought that there was a big family of gods in the sky like the human world. Because they lived on Mount Olympus in northern Greece, they were called the Olympus system. The main gods are Zeus, Hera, Zeus' brothers Hades and Poseidon, Zeus' sons Apollo and Ares, hephaestus, the god of craftsmen, his daughter Athena, the goddess of wisdom and Aphrodite. In addition, nine muses are literary goddesses, and three moir are destiny goddesses.
2. Homer epic
Homer's epics, including Iliad and Odysseus, are all based on the historical events of Trojan War in 12 BC, and have a long process of folk singing and chanting. About the 9th century BC, according to legend, it was compiled by Homer, a troubadour, hence the name Homer's Epic. Written by scholars in the 6th century BC. The theme of Iliad is to praise the strength, wit and courage of ancient heroes, and eulogize their heroism and collectivism. Ode to Discipline eulogizes the wit, courage and strong will of ancient heroes in their struggle against natural forces, and expresses their attachment to tribal collectives and local land. The two epics are ingenious in structure, vivid in image, simple in language and strange in metaphor, and have their own different artistic styles. Homer's epic truly reflects the social outlook of ancient Greece during the transition from primitive commune system to slavery, and is an important document to understand the prehistoric society in Greece.
3. Ancient Greek Lyrics
Ancient Greek lyrics prevailed from the 7th century BC to the 5th century BC and were mostly used for singing. Originated from folk songs, it is divided into flute songs (or lamentations), piano songs and satirical poems, accompanied by flute or harp respectively. The content of the poem is mainly to praise gods and heroes, love and so on. The most famous poet is Sappho. Most of her poems show the joy and pain of love, the preciousness of friendship and maternal love, delicate style and sincere feelings. Other famous poets include Anacreon and Pindaros. Most of the poems written by the former praise natural scenery and sincere love, and the poems are fresh and beautiful; The latter eulogizes gods and heroes, and his poetic style is solemn and lofty.
4. Aesop's fables
Aesop's Fables is an animal fable passed down orally by Greek folk. It is said that it was written by Aesop, a freed slave in the 6th century BC, so it is called Aesop's fable. Most of the existing books were compiled by later generations, totaling about 400. These fables are anthropomorphic and illustrate a truth with a short animal story. These principles mainly reflect the thoughts, feelings and life wishes of the lower class civilians and slaves, condemn tyranny and cruel oppression, and sum up people's life experiences and lessons. Wolf and Sheep, Farmer and Snake, Liar and Race between the Tortoise and the Rabbit are all the most influential works. Aesop's Fables is full of philosophy, short and pithy, and vivid, which is the first of its kind in Europe.
5. Ancient Greek tragedy
The ancient Greek tragedy originated from the ritual of offering sacrifices to Dionysus, the god of wine. In the Spring Festival of Dionysus, singers performed, singers sang carols to praise Dionysus, the captain of the chorus told Dionysus' story, and later actors performed actions, which led to the tragedy. Greek tragedy mainly lies not in writing sadness, but in expressing lofty, solemn and serious heroic thoughts. Most of them use myths and legends to reflect the life and struggle of real society, highlight the conflict between man and fate, and show the democratic spirit of anti-autocracy, anti-oppression and anti-aggression, which has a strong flavor of the times. Aeschylus, Sophocles and euripides appeared in ancient Greece. Their masterpieces include Prometheus Bound, King Oedipus and Medea.
6. Ancient Greek comedies
The ancient Greek comedy originated in autumn, thanking God for his carnival dance, and people sang and danced to thank Dionysus, the god of wine, for his bumper harvest. Greek comedies are mainly political satirical comedies, most of which are based on contemporary real life, reflecting major social problems, satirizing and attacking those in power and all kinds of ugly phenomena that go against public opinion, and are famous for their strong reality and political nature. The comedian aristophanes, known as the "father of comedy", appeared in ancient Greece, and his masterpiece is The Akanai Man.
7. New Comedy
The type of ancient Greek drama that appeared in the Hellenistic period. Due to the invasion and rule of Macedonia, Greek native literature tends to decline. Theater is no longer the political and cultural center of the masses, but the entertainment place for the rich in the upper class. The new comedy catered to this need and appeared in Athens literary world. New comedies avoid political and major social issues, and often reflect the social customs at that time through the love and family relationship between men and women, and express the desire of aristocratic youth for freedom and independence. Artistic emphasis on the twists and turns of plot and elegance of style, emphasizing the description of characters and the depiction of their inner activities, full of life breath, and the cancellation of chorus, closer to modern drama, became the pioneer of comedy in Rome and Europe. The representative writer is Minand. The only complete comedy he survived was The World Hater.
1, Renaissance
The Renaissance Movement is an anti-feudal and anti-church ideological and cultural movement initiated by the European bourgeoisie under the slogan of reviving ancient Greek and Roman culture at the beginning of14-17th century. The bourgeoisie explores positive factors from the excluded ancient Greek and Roman culture: attacking the idealistic scholasticism of the church with ancient naive materialism's philosophy; Oppose mysterious and magical feudal literature with ancient literature with strong realistic spirit and strong life breath; Deny dull and lifeless religious art with vivid and graceful ancient sculptures and paintings; Prove the rationality of accumulating wealth with Roman law that protects private property. Its purpose is to destroy the feudal thought centered on "God" and establish a new bourgeois humanistic thought and culture centered on "People".
2. Humanistic literature
Humanist literature is the mainstream of European Renaissance literature, which embodies the ideological demands of the emerging bourgeoisie and has distinct characteristics: 1, which opposes theocracy in ideological tendency and advocates human rights and humanity; Deny asceticism and praise secular life; Criticize obscurantism and praise cultural knowledge; Oppose feudal separatism and advocate the establishment of a country with unified central kingship. 2. In artistic expression, it emphasizes the true description of the real world, and the works should have a distinct sense of the times and history; Focus on creating vivid characters from contradictions, conflicts and development, especially the ideal figures of the emerging bourgeoisie; Break the stereotype of writing in Latin and replace it with living language. 3. In literary genre, religious hymns praising spiritual love are replaced by lyric poems praising sincere love; Refuse to publicize the sage stories and dream stories of heaven happiness with novels suitable for reflecting human life; The national drama, which shows the social contradictions in various countries, impacts the mysterious drama and religious drama.
1, Renaissance
The Renaissance Movement is an anti-feudal and anti-church ideological and cultural movement initiated by the European bourgeoisie under the slogan of reviving ancient Greek and Roman culture at the beginning of14-17th century. The bourgeoisie explores positive factors from the excluded ancient Greek and Roman culture: attacking the idealistic scholasticism of the church with ancient naive materialism's philosophy; Oppose mysterious and magical feudal literature with ancient literature with strong realistic spirit and strong life breath; Deny dull and lifeless religious art with vivid and graceful ancient sculptures and paintings; Prove the rationality of accumulating wealth with Roman law that protects private property. Its purpose is to destroy the feudal thought centered on "God" and establish a new bourgeois humanistic thought and culture centered on "People".
2. Humanistic literature
Humanist literature is the mainstream of European Renaissance literature, which embodies the ideological demands of the emerging bourgeoisie and has distinct characteristics: 1, which opposes theocracy in ideological tendency and advocates human rights and humanity; Deny asceticism and praise secular life; Criticize obscurantism and praise cultural knowledge; Oppose feudal separatism and advocate the establishment of a country with unified central kingship. 2. In artistic expression, it emphasizes the true description of the real world, and the works should have a distinct sense of the times and history; Focus on creating vivid characters from contradictions, conflicts and development, especially the ideal figures of the emerging bourgeoisie; Break the stereotype of writing in Latin and replace it with living language. 3. In literary genre, religious hymns praising spiritual love are replaced by lyric poems praising sincere love; Refuse to publicize the sage stories and dream stories of heaven happiness with novels suitable for reflecting human life; The national drama, which shows the social contradictions in various countries, impacts the mysterious drama and religious drama.