Yue: Who handed it down at the beginning of ancient times?
The top and bottom are shapeless, how to test them?
It's dark, but who can do it?
Feng Yi just likes it. How did you know?
Obviously secretly, but when?
The combination of yin and yang, what is this?
Hey, it's nine times. Which one is it?
But what did you do? Who did it first?
What is the relationship between dimension and celestial pole?
What are the eight pillars and what are the losses in the southeast?
On the occasion of nine days, put an Shu?
There are many corners, but who knows their number?
What is the sky? Twelve points?
Sun, Moon and Safety? Li Xing Chen An?
From Tanggu, second only to Meng Fan.
Self-evident gloom, how many miles have you walked?
What is the virtue of luminous, that is, there are children when you die?
What does Jue Liwei do, taking care of the picture in the abdomen?
How can a husband have nine children if there is no difference between women?
Where's Jambo? Is hye-ki there?
Why are you embarrassed? Why should it be clear?
The angle is not dangerous, the spirit is hidden?
If you don't let it flow, why can you be a teacher?
Why don't you do it after class?
What were you listening to when the tortoise dragged on?
What is the punishment for success?
Never stop at Yushan, why not give it once every three years?
Apollo, why did the husband change?
Make a good preface and succeed in the exam.
Why did you continue your career at first, but you were different?
Hong Quan is extremely deep. Why is it embarrassing?
There are nine places. Why graves?
He Hai Ying Long? What is a calendar?
Which camp are you from? What did Yu accomplish?
Why did Kang Hui-feng fall to the southeast?
Kyushu is wrong? Kawaguchi He Jiong?
The east does not overflow, who knows why?
East, west, north and south, which is more?
North-South Geometry?
Kunlun county nursery, where is its safety?
Zengcheng No.9 Middle School, how high is it?
The gate of the square, who is it?
What is Northwest Spirit?
Can't it be a good day? What about Candle dragon?
Xi He's declining, if Hua He Guang?
Why is it warm in winter? Xia Han?
Why is there a stone forest? What beast can talk?
How can you swim with dragons and bears?
There are nine heroes, but why are you suddenly there?
Why not die? How to keep a long person?
Nine miles away, living in peace with China?
A snake swallowed an elephant. What is the difference?
Black water, Xuan toe, three dangers?
If you don't die, what is the end of your life?
Where is the shad? Where's that pile of stuff?
What day is today? How can you solve your own feathers?
Yu's contribution saved the province and the land.
How can I get a mountain girl and spread it to Taiwan Province?
Min Fei got on the horse, and the knight was the successor.
Hu Weiwei was a stranger, but he soon became full?
After the beginning of the generation, the pawn left.
He Qi is just worried, but can he be caught?
They all return to shooting bows, but it doesn't hurt.
Why do you benefit from making a change and spread it?
Open business, Nine Debates and Nine Songs.
He Qin Zi slaughtered his mother, but died?
The emperor surrendered to foreigners, and Xia became a citizen.
Hu Shefu He Bo, and his wife He Luo?
Xie Feng thinks the SEALs are an opportunity.
Why offer the paste of steamed meat, and then the emperor doesn't want it?
Marrying Chun Hu charmed his wife.
Why did you pat the skin and pass it to swallow?
What is more difficult to stop the Western Expedition?
If you become a yellow bear, what can a witch do?
When you plant millet in salt, you reap the camp.
Why is it profitable to vote at the same time?
Baby Bai Ni, Hu Bentang?
Andrew's medicine can't be solid, can it?
Heaven moves in the horizontal direction, while Yang moves in the dead.
How can a husband lose his body when a big bird sings?
Why does it flourish when it rains?
Why did you write a fake deer?
How can it be safe to cross the mountain?
What is the act of releasing the ship and the mausoleum?
What do you want from your sister-in-law?
He Shaokang chased after dog after dog, and he fell head over heels.
Women sew clothes, but so do museums.
Why is it easy to lose your head and kiss in danger?
Soup is easy, why is it thick?
What can we do to find the ship?
What did you get by cutting Mengshan?
Where's sister? Where's soup?
Shunmin is at home, why is my dad uncomfortable?
If you don't tell Yao, what is the relationship between these two women?
Meng Jue is at the beginning. What does this mean?
Huangtai 100%, who cares?
What's the way to be an emperor?
Nu Wa has a body. Who made it?
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Shun's obedience to Jue's brother will eventually cause harm.
Why don't dogs bite, but it's not dangerous to lose them?
The martial fire has reached ancient times, and South Vietnam is unique in the world.
When will you go to Sri Lanka to find two people?
The mandarin fish is decorated with jade, and the queen and emperor are feasting.
Is he going to ruin the funeral in the end because of Xia Jie?
The emperor went down to the view, and the next one satisfied the support.
What's the punishment? Tell Li Fu.
Judie is in Taiwan Province. What should I do?
Mysterious birds arouse me, and females are happy.
This Bingjide is Zangjue's father.
Hu will end up in ruin. Where are the cattle and sheep?
Why do you get pregnant when you dance with others?
Why do you get fat when you are flat and threatening?
Where do the clouds meet when there are shepherds?
What is the fate of hitting the bed first?
How can you get a husband and a cow when you have a constant army and accumulated virtue?
Why only go to the camp instead of coming?
Being in a daze will make you fidget.
Why are birds picking up thorns?
Show off your brother's adultery and endanger your brother.
Why do you become derailed and the heirs grow up?
Cheng Tang's trip to the East is very exciting.
Why ask my junior minister, and Ji Fei is?
The tree by the water, the boy.
What's wrong with a husband? What happened to my wife?
What happened to my husband?
I can't bear to attack the emperor, but who can choose?
Will it be a dream? How can I practice my period?
Birds fly in groups, which makes them extract?
Uncle is not good at bowing.
What's wrong with you? What's wrong with you?
Is it safe to grant Yin the world?
What is the crime of turning success into death?
Why fight for knives?
And drive the wing, why?
Zhao Houyou, the south soil is at the bottom.
What is the only advantage? What is the silver pheasant?
Mu Wang Joe, how much is her husband's weekly flow?
If you care about the world, what can you ask?
What's the name of the demon man in the city?
Who is responsible for Zhou you? How can I be praised?
Fate is against us, so what is the punishment?
After nine meetings, Qi Huan died.
The king's bow, which makes chaos?
What's wrong with helping others? Is flattery a service?
What is the opposite of doing it, suppressing it?
Why is the thunder on and off?
One of the sages, He De, is superior to others;
Mabel suffers, Ji Zi is crazy?
Ji is the son, what is the emperor?
Throw it on the ice. What kind of bird is it?
Why did he use bows and arrows, and Masayuki used bows and arrows?
The excitement of the emperor surprised me, but why?
The number of people in Bochang has dropped beyond our reach.
Why is there a Yin country?
If you move to Tibet, you will be divided. How can you rely on it?
There's no need to mock a woman who is confused by Yin.
Thanks to this, Xibo appealed.
Which relatives will be punished by heaven, and Yin's life will be hopeless?
What do you know when looking for a teacher?
Drum knife, raise your voice. What's the fun?
Wu Fa killed Yin, so why bother?
What's the hurry?
Berlin pheasant sutra, what's the point?
Why does it feel like the sky is falling? Who's afraid?
The emperor ordered, why stop?
Accept the gift from the world and replace it?
Tomson was loyal at first, but later he was assisted by someone.
What is official soup, respect for food?
Honor and harmony, dream of life, less discrete death.
He Zhuang Wu Li, can you be strict?
Peng Keng, what is an emperor?
How long can you live?
After the central grazing, what's the anger?
The life of the bee moth is very small, but what is its strength?
What is the use of deer?
North to backwater, what is the joy of extraction?
Brother eats dogs. What does brother want?
One hundred and twenty is easy to get, but no reward for a pawn?
Twilight lightning, why worry?
What does the emperor want when he is strict and does not serve?
He Yun, at the hidden point?
Jing Xun is a teacher. How long has her husband been?
What can I say if I change my mind after enlightenment?
Guangwu fought for his country, but after a long time, he won.
Why did He Huan write a poem after Lushe Mountain?
I'm telling you, it won't take long to block ao.
Why try to give yourself, and your loyalty will be known to everyone?
Enjoy 1
Tian Wen is a strange article in Qu Yuan's Songs of the South: to say it is strange is not only because the artistic expression is different from other works of Qu Yuan, but also because the author's thoughts are "strange" in the conception of the works-the amazing content shows the author's amazing artistic talent and the poet's extraordinary knowledge and imagination!
What is "Tian Wen"? Wang Yi's Chapters and Sentences of Chu Ci said: Why not say "Ask the Heaven"? Heaven can't ask, so it's called' Heaven Ask'. "He also said that Qu Yuan was demoted, worried and sad, traveled all over the mountains and rivers, passed by the Chuwang Temple and the Baiguan Temple, and saw stories of heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, immortals, ancient sages, monsters and ghosts on the wall, so he" prayed for heaven on the wall ". Although this statement has certain historical documents and cultural relics reference, it is not necessarily the real reason why Qu Yuan wrote Nine Questions. In Tian Wen, except asking about heaven and earth, sun and moon, mountains and rivers, ghosts and gods, most of the personnel involved were of practical significance at that time. Therefore, Qu Yuan's questions will not only be based on temple murals. But his subjective choice, which he carefully wrote. From the order of the full text, the historical facts of the last three generations naturally come naturally, ending with the sage and fool of Chu, which clearly shows the author's own ideological motivation and creative intention. Therefore, this piece of Tian Wen, which contains the author's thoughtful crystallization, can't be his impromptu work of "seeking heaven".
"Tian Wen" is the essence of Qu Yuan's thought and theory, and all the problems are strange and important events that are difficult to solve in ancient legends. "The theory of heaven and earth, the end of existence and abolition, the report of good and evil, the theory of ghosts and gods" seems to be seeking an answer and finding out a cause and effect. These problems have also been discussed by many scholars since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and almost all of them have been discussed in the articles of a hundred schools of thought contending. However, Qu Zi's Tian Wen has been made into such a huge system, with ambiguous sentences and doubtful tone, which is why Qu Zi is a poet rather than a philosopher. The meaning of the word "Tian" has been quite extensive in the Warring States period. Generally speaking, whatever is far away from people, higher than people, and ancient to people, what people can't understand and do is all under the control of "Heaven". The definition of matter has the meaning of origin, essence and origin. Yi copula says: "The image of law is nothing more than heaven and earth." Tian Wen in the Book of Changes also refers to all the statues. The word "Tao" in Taoism and the word "Yi" in the Book of Changes are all nouns used by various schools to express the images of these teachings. Qu Yuan is an important official in the imperial clan of Chu State, with rich knowledge and experience. He wrote this wonderful article with extraordinary wisdom, which is quite neat and full of miscellaneous opinions.
Judging from the structure and content of the whole poem, the whole poem has 372 sentences, 1553 words, which is a long poem with four sentences as the basic format. More than 170 questions are put forward, involving astronomy, geography, history, philosophy and many other aspects. Many of these problems were not solved in his time, but he had doubts, some of which he knowingly committed. Questions about many historical issues often show the author. On the question of nature, it shows the author's spirit of exploring the universe and doubts about legends, and also shows the author's progressive view of the universe and epistemology than his contemporaries. Tian Wen expresses profound contents with novel artistic techniques and becomes a unique masterpiece in Universal Library.
Generally speaking, the whole poem can be divided into two parts. Each part can be divided into several parts.
From the beginning of the article to Yao's Hidden Spirit, this part of Qu Zi asked about the sky, and the creation of the universe is the premise of everything, which became the beginning of Qu Yuan's question. Among them, from "The Beginning of Ancient Times" to "How to Know" asked about the celestial bodies, and "Ming Ming Secretly" talked about the phenomenon of the change of Yin and Yang in the universe. The second section, from "nine days" to "hidden and safe", asks the sun, the moon and the stars: Why don't they fall? How many roads does the sun walk every day? Why does the moon have sunny days? And questions about some legends about the sun and the moon. Starting with I don't want to be a flood, I made a transition from Yu's Water Control to Kyushu's Fault ... Why are you so angry? "How did the ancient legends say about the earth, and the following six sentences" I can't get a good day "are questioning the phenomenon of seeing the sun on the earth. In the third section, from "How can there be a stone forest" to "How can there be a Kuroha", most of them are two sentences, all of which are strange things in folklore at that time.
The first part of the above Tian Wen is about asking questions about natural things and thinking about some myths and historical legends related to nature in parallel. The article is full of variety, association and emotion. Except for a few sentences that may be wrong (such as He Hai Ying Long, which is either wrong or wrong), we can't treat it with people's accustomed article structure, but think that it is "out of context" and chaotic.
Since Yu Zhili's Contribution, he has questioned a large number of fairy tales, historical legends and historical facts, and these various personnel problems constitute the second part of Tian Wen.
Female Qi, Gun, Jade, * * Gong, Hou Yi, Qi, Dragon, Butterfly, Hou Yi, Yi Yin ... Qu Zi raised many questions about these legendary things and people one by one. In his doubts about the legends of these people and gods, he often shows the poet's feelings, love and hate. Especially the legend about Kun Yu shows the author's great injustice. He deeply sympathized with Gun's great contribution to water control and was executed. In his view, Gun's death was not a failure of water control as Confucianism thought, but was suspected by the emperor because of his integrity. This kind of "problem" actually shows the poet's resentment at the unfair treatment he encountered in the political struggle.
Starting from "Destiny Leads Over", it further involves historical stories and figures after the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, such as Shun, Jie, Tang, Zhou, Bi Gan, Mei Bo, King Wen,,, Mu Wang, You Wang, and praised them until,,, and Ling Yin Wen Zi ... Qu Yuan raised many questions. Compared with Li Sao, he further expounded his political views and criticized the political reality of Chu, which was also a change expression of hoping that the monarch could promote talents, accept historical lessons and govern the country again.
The artistic expression of Tian Wen mainly takes four words as sentences and links one question with another in the form of questions. Careful reading can still sort out the context and understand the main brain. Tian Wen is different from other chapters of Qu Fu in language application. There is no word "xi" throughout, and there are no suffix auxiliary words such as "some" and "only". The sentence is mainly composed of four words, including three, five, six and seven words. Roughly four sentences are divided into one section, each section has rhyme, and the rhythm and rhyme are naturally coordinated. There are many forms such as one question, two questions, three questions and four questions. Interrogative words "He", "Hu", "Yan", "Ji", "Who", "Who" and "An" are used alternately and vary a lot. Therefore, although the questions are asked throughout and read roundly, they are not boring. There is a wind at the uneven level, so the predecessors commented: "Or long words, or phrases, or intricate, or. (Yu Yue's Comments on Songs of the South quoted Sun Yong) This constitutes Tian Wen's unique artistic style. Of course, it is to show Qu Yuan's academic thoughts and put forward real questions. Therefore, in rhetoric, it is naturally not as beautiful and romantic as Li Sao, Tian Wen and Nine Chapters, but as Qing Shang He commented in Sao Raft, "its meaning is not as tortuous as other chapters, but it is naturally a strange chapter in the universe."
After Tian Wen was published, there were many imitations. In Jin Dynasty, Fu Xuan wrote Learning from Heaven, Liang Jiangyan wrote Gu Sui Pian, Tang wrote Hun, Liu Zongyuan wrote Tian Dui, Xiao Ru wrote Miscellaneous Questions, Wang Tingxiang wrote Answering Tian Wen, and Qing also wrote Tian Wen, which shows its far-reaching influence on later literary creation thoughts. However, most imitations lack both ideological value and literary value.
In a word, Tian Wen is a literary masterpiece with great characteristics and significance in the history of China literature, and it has quite high value and status in the history of China literature and the history of world literature. (Jiang Liangfu Jiang Kunwu)
Appreciate II
Tian Wen is Qu Yuan's masterpiece, with 373 sentences and 1560 words, mostly in four words, including three words, five words, six words, seven words, and occasionally eight words. Tian Wen is a very unique poem among all kinds of Chinese and foreign literary works. This is because this work is an unprecedented literary form. From beginning to end, it is completely composed of questions. The author asked 173 questions about heaven, earth, nature, society, history and life in one breath, and expressed his thoughts and value orientation by asking questions, which was reasonable. Therefore, Liu Xianting, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, praised it as "a masterpiece through the ages" in Annotation to Lisao Classic.
Regarding the meaning of the title Tian Wen, most people agree with Wang Yi that it is asking for heaven. Since the Buddha can't ask, let's call it. The ancients thought that heaven was the general name of all things and the master of all things. Therefore, to ask heaven is to ask nature, society and everything.
Perhaps, the question of heaven can also refer to the question of heaven, which created everything and doubted what he had created, so Qu Yuan represented the question of heaven. In fact, although nature is colorful and strange, there is nothing wrong with it. What is wrong is the thinking person. In other words, it was Qu Yuan himself who really doubted, and it was Qu Yuan who questioned, doubted and took responsibility for his original knowledge system. Obviously, this is a heartfelt self-questioning. The key is that Qu Yuan not only asks questions and seeks answers, but fundamentally heckles, doubts and denies the original proposition. From this point of view, we can't simply answer the questions raised by Qu Yuan in Tian Wen like Liu Zongyuan's Heaven Pair.
Judging from the form of the article, the main structure of Tian Wen is questioning, which does not appear out of thin air or by accident, but is formed on the basis of dialogue, questioning, knowledge examination and wisdom fighting in China's folk poems. As we all know, a large number of folk songs and dances in China, such as "Cowherd" in the north and "Sister Liu" in the south, often use questions and answers to spread knowledge and convey feelings. Some folk songs, such as "Flower Songs" and "Asking Gensheng", are almost always asking questions and answers.
The Buyi folk song Pangehua usually takes the four seasons and December as the order. Young men and women express their feelings with flowers, and the content is centered on flowers. They asked each other about the process and experience of planting flowers, involving all kinds of knowledge of production and life. Popular in Huishui, Guizhou. Miao folk songs that borrow flowers to ask questions or compare flowers are popular in Wangmo, Guizhou.
"Wen Gen" is a religious song sung by Tujia wizards in Nuo altar and sacrificial ceremony, which is popular in Tongren, Guizhou. The form of performance is wizard's question and answer and chorus. The content involves the origin of Fuxi, Wuyue, Sixty Jiazi, Hua December, Nuo Ye and Nuo Niang, the basic content of vows, as well as various gods, utensils, costumes, props, production techniques, life knowledge, historical allusions, etc., which are the themes of mutual exploration. Obviously, Qu Yuan, who was born as a wizard of Ba people (descendants of Tujia people), should be familiar with this.
As for the inspiration and reason of Qu Yuan's writing Tian Wen, Wang Yi vividly described it in Chu Zhang Ci: "Qu Yuan was demoted and worried about his country and people; Wander in the mountains and experience the earth; Haohao, look up and sigh. Seeing that Chu has the Temple of the Ancestor King and the Ancestral Temple of the Ancestor King, painting heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, gods, boldness of vision, and sacred objects of ancient saints and sages, I am so tired that I wander around, rest, look up at the pictures, and ask questions because of the book wall to vent my heart and solve my worries. " Therefore, Qu Yuan "asked him because of the wall of books", which became Tian Wen.
Or "double bow", "back bow" and "back point", originally referring to the shape of solar halo, corona and prominence, extended to strange shapes. "Lu Chunqiu Understanding": "Its days are full of fighting erosion and its bows are dizzy." Gao said, "Around the sun, doubling and fainting are dangerous things. Double on both sides, on the floor, and vice versa. " China's observation of the corona was discovered in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the 4th century BC/KLOC-0.
Interestingly, Wang Yi said that Qu Yuan "saw the temple of the late king and the ancestral hall of the late king", implying that Qu Yuan didn't know that there were temples in Chu with murals. Obviously, if Qu Yuan really came from a noble family in Chu, this would not happen. Therefore, this further proves the author's point of view from another side, that is, Qu Yuan is actually a Ba native born in Chu, and only in this way will he be shocked by the contents of the temple murals in Chu, and a series of problems will arise, thus writing the "Tian Wen", an ancient man.
So, are there really murals in the temples of Chu State? The answer is yes. The history of human painting can be traced back to tens of thousands of years ago. We have reason to believe that all materials that can draw patterns have been tried at the beginning, and thus a wide variety of paintings have been formed. For example, figure painting, ancient costume painting, ceramic painting, woodcut painting, stone painting, metal painting, leather painting, silk painting, paper painting (screen size is relatively small), as well as rock painting, ground painting and mural painting (screen size is relatively large).
Generally speaking, the content of ancient paintings is for the purpose of religion or witchcraft, to describe history and to spread knowledge. For example, there is an ancient She nationality song and dance in China, which is called merit dance, also called ancestor worship dance. Ancestor worship is held every year on the eighth day of the first lunar month, and a big family ancestor worship ceremony is held every three years. The funeral is presided over by the elders. Teachers (wizards) and ancestors (eight people in the funeral ceremony) were invited to sing sacrificial songs and dance in front of ancestors' portraits to show their achievements, and then everyone danced. Ancestor portraits, also known as ancestral paintings, are usually long scrolls, and the painting content is the legend of the origin and migration of the nation.
Rock paintings in China are widely distributed, among which the famous ones are Yinshan Rock Paintings in Inner Mongolia, Table Mountain Rock Paintings and Helan Mountain Rock Paintings in Ningxia, Jiangjunya Rock Paintings in Lianyungang, Jiangsu, and the rock paintings in Northwest China (Xinjiang, Gansu and Qinghai), Southwest China (Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan) and Taiwan Province and Fujian provinces. In addition, there are rock paintings in Mudanjiang. Strangely, in the Central Plains (including Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Anhui and Hubei provinces), there are few rock paintings (Jilin, Liaoning, Hunan and Jiangxi) in Taihang Mountain, Luliang Mountain, Qinling Mountain, Xiong 'er Mountain, Funiu Mountain, Taishan Mountain, Daba Mountain, Jingshan Mountain and Dabie Mountain. The reason may be that people here have been here for a long time.
In China, ground paintings and murals (including walls and ceilings) are two quite ancient painting forms, and their origins can be traced back to the period before the summer (usually called the Neolithic Age). China's landscape painting was first discovered in 1982+00. During the excavation of Dadiwan cultural site in Wang Ying, Qin 'an, Gansu Province, archaeologists found a landscape painting painted with carbon black pigment, which was painted above the living surface of a house. The range of the picture is1.2m from east to west, and 1. 1 m from north to south. The patterns are dancers and harmony. At the Longshan Cultural Site in Xiaoguandao, Suide, Shaanxi Province (more than 4,000 years ago), a black and red decorative painting was also found on the ground in the center of the back room of a semi-crypt house. Existing oval figure decoration, east-west width 1.3 meters, north-south length 1.5 meters. In addition, our ancestors also created ground sculpture paintings, using shells or stones to carve animals, people or constellations. For example, in the tombs of the famous Yangshao cultural site in Xishuipo, Puyang, Henan Province (more than 6,000 years ago), dragon and tiger paintings, tiger-backed deer paintings, leading spider paintings and people riding on the back of dragons were unearthed, which can also be classified as ground paintings.
China murals were first seen in the site of the "Goddess Temple" in Hongshan Culture, Niuheliang, Liaoning, more than 5,000 years ago. The surface of the unearthed wall fragments is painted with geometric patterns, which are triangular patterns of ochre red, yellow and white. Unfortunately, because the ancient buildings in China are mostly civil structures, it is difficult to endure; Therefore, with the collapse of ancient buildings, the murals in the building also disappeared, leaving no trace. However, this does not mean that the ancients never painted murals widely in temples and tombs.
Ding Yan pointed out in the preface to Jian: "How do you know its wall?" There are pictures on the wall, but the Han Dynasty is still there. There are portraits of sages on the stone wall of Hanlu Temple, and Wen Weng's Auditorium Map. There are hidden operas, prayers and portraits of Xia Jie in Wuliangshan ancestral hall. "In fact, ancient murals are recorded in many ancient books. The Biography of Huo Guang in the History of Han Dynasty mentioned that the Duke of Zhou became a king, and The Chronicle of Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty recorded: "Yuan Di was born in Taiuterus Guanhua Hall. "Ying Shao's Note:" The painting hall paints nine children and nine women. "Hanshu said:" When you ride, you will sit on the painting screen and draw a drunken night in da ji. "Selected Works" contains Wang Yanshou's "Lu Ling Photoelectricity Fu" cloud: "The world of painting, the variation of the group, strange chores, mountain gods and sea spirits. Write its shape and believe it. "
"Tai Ping Guang Ji" (Volume 2 10) quotes "Notes on the Year of the Prince": "The imperial clan of the Qin Dynasty was strong, and when it became the emperor of the Qin Dynasty, its own country entered it. Mouth with ink, spray the wall into a dragon. To refer to a calendar, such as a rope boundary. Changing hands in Fiona Fang, all the rules. There are five mountains and four readings in the square inch, and the state is prepared. I am good at painting dragons and phoenixes, but I am afraid of flying away. " This is the earliest record of a famous painter painting murals.
It is necessary to point out that there are many similarities between Tian Wen and Shan Hai Jing. The Classic of Mountains and Seas is compiled from the Five Classics of Tibetan Mountain in Yu Dynasty, the Four Classics of Foreign Countries in Xia Dynasty, the Four Classics of Great Wilderness in Shang Dynasty and the Five Classics of Home in Zhou Dynasty. According to legend, The Classic of Mountains and Seas originally had pictures. If it is true, then The Classic of Mountains and Seas may have been drawn on the temple walls of the above-mentioned historical dynasties (commonly), and there is no record of the time when Qu Yuan wrote the long poem Tian Wen. Judging from the content of the work and the emotion expressed by the author, after the creation of Li Sao, Jiu Ge and Evocation. This is because Tian Wen is not as eloquent as Li Sao, nor devoted to heaven and entertainment as Jiu Ge, but puts forward the problems of providence and personnel. Obviously, it is impossible for a poet to write such works as Li Sao and Jiu Ge when he has the spirit and understanding conveyed by Jiu Wen.
In the same way, Tian Wen is a big doubt when the author's life takes a major turning point, and most of the articles in Nine Chapters are the emotional records of the author after a major blow to his life, so Tian Wen can only be before Nine Chapters.
Qu Yuan became Zuo Tu and a doctor when he was in office or alive. Qu Yuan suffered a great blow from personal exile, which happened between the arrival of Chu Xiang Wang Xin and the death of Qin. Therefore, we have reason to infer that there were sharp differences between Qu Yuan, Wang and Ling on how to treat them during their imprisonment in Qin State until his guests died in Qin State. After Chu Huaiwang's evocation ceremony, Qu Yuan once again walked into the temple of the State of Chu with mixed feelings of grief and doubt. Facing the murals in the temple and the social reality witnessed by his own personal experience, he finally began to doubt and question his fate and his accepted knowledge system. As a result, he was out of control and full of doubts, thus writing the famous "Tianjiu" in one go. Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records Biographies of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng: "The great anger of Yin Wen made the Shangguan doctor bow short to Xiang Wang, and Xiang Wang left in anger." So, what makes Yin "smell it" and "be furious"? Why did Xiang Wang exile Qu Yuan? Generally speaking, although there are political differences between Qu Yuan and King Xiang and Ling Qing, Qu Yuan does not pose a threat to their power, and there is no need to expel Qu Yuan from foreign capitals and exile him in the wilderness.
In view of this, we have reason to believe that it is not others who make Yin "smell it", but the poem "". When Zilan read Qu Yuan's Tian Wen, he was furious at his disrespectful words, so he instructed Shangguan and other doctors to further imprison Qu Yuan before the king and urged the king to exile Qu Yuan. There is a simple reason. Doubting the destiny, questioning the absolute authority of heaven, and accusing the bad kings of past dynasties can all be extended to doubt and question King Qingxiang, which is absolutely intolerable to King Qingxiang.
The content, structure and level of Tian Wen can be divided into three parts:
The first part is about the questions about the natural structure, from the sentence "Say the beginning of ancient times" to "Yanwu Xie Yu", * * * 1 12, with 69 questions. First, I asked questions about the origin of the universe, the structure of celestial bodies and the movement of the sun, moon and stars (44 sentences, 27 questions), and then I asked questions about the structure of the earth, flood control and decadal shooting (68 sentences, 42 questions).
The second part is a question about social history, from "Yu's contribution" to "No reward for his death", with 244 sentences and 96 questions. First, I asked a series of questions about the history of Xia Dynasty (64 sentences, 22 questions), then I asked a series of questions about the history of Shang Dynasty (76 sentences, 29 questions), and then I asked a series of questions about the history of Zhou Dynasty from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period (104 sentences, 45 questions).
The third part is the conclusion, from Twilight Thunder to Loyalty and Fame, 17 sentences and 8 questions. The content is mainly related to his own experience and expounds Qu Yuan's personal feelings.
It should be noted that from the current version of Tian Wen, the story of the same historical event or the same character often appears in different paragraphs of the poem, which shows that in the long-term circulation of Tian Wen, there may be mistakes and some words may be lost. In order to facilitate interested readers to understand this problem deeply, the author specially attached the adjustment order of Tian Wen (revised edition) at the end of the article for comparative reference.
Through these questions, we can not only know what kind of problems Qu Yuan is thinking. But also to understand the depth of his thinking? Asking questions is often more difficult and great than solving them, so wisdom is more needed.
As we all know, China's ancient science and technology were very developed and advanced. For example, people in China first started to use fire, invented sericulture and reeling technology, discovered magnetic phenomena, and conducted large-scale geographical investigation activities, and so on. Among them, the major scientific and technological achievements recorded in ancient books before the Zhou Dynasty (including the early Zhou Dynasty) mainly include the astronomical calendar phenology of Shangshu Yaodian, the economic geography of Shangshu Gong Yu, the five elements theory of material structure of Shangshu Hongfan, the physical geography, human geography, product geography of Shanhaijing, and the mathematical semiotics of Zhouyi.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the academic circles in China were very active, and a hundred schools of thought contended and put forward their own new theories. Among them, the representative theory is Laozi.