(1) Hao Lixing: an old topic of Han Yuefu, which belongs to Xiang Hege Xiang Hequ, was originally an elegy sung by people at the funeral, and Cao Cao used it to write current events. Artemisia refers to the place where the dead are.
(2) Guandong: east of Hanguguan (now southwest of Lingbao, Henan). Righteousness: refers to the generals of various states and counties who set out to crusade against Dong Zhuo.
(3) seeking group violence: refers to the crusade against Dong Zhuo and his henchmen.
(4) initial stage: originally expected. Mengjin: Mengjin (now south of Mengxian County, Henan Province). According to legend, King Wu of Zhou held a meeting of 8 governors here when he cut Zhou. Here, it means that the generals in Kanto were expected to make concerted efforts like the 8 governors who met King Wu.
⑸ is the heart: its heart refers to the heart of the righteous above. Xianyang: The capital of Qin Dynasty, which refers to Chang 'an, when Xian Di was taken to Chang 'an.
[6] Uneven strength: It means that the generals of the states and counties who crusaded against Dong Zhuo had their own plans, but their strength was not concentrated.
⑺ hesitation: hesitate. Háng: The ranks of flying geese, which describes the way the armies wait and see after being arrayed. This sentence is upside down, and the normal word order should be "flying in a wild goose".
?: Later. Also: the same as "spin", soon. Qiāng: killing each other. At that time, Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan in the Allied Forces were attacked and killed internally.
⑼ Huainan sentence: Yuan Shu, Yuan Shao's half-brother, became emperor in Shouchun, Huainan (now Shouxian, Anhui) in 197.
⑽ Seal-carving sentence: It refers to Yuan Shaomou's plan to abolish Xian Di in the second year of Chuping (191), and he wanted to make Liu Yu, a youzhou shepherd, emperor and carve a seal. Seal, seal, and Qin dynasty specifically refer to the seal used by the emperor.
⑾ armor sentence: Due to years of war, the soldiers did not take off their combat uniforms, and lice were born on their armor. Armor, ancient protective clothing, is called armor made of metal and armor made of leather. Stump, louse eggs. The following sentence describes the profound disasters brought by the war to the people and the great damage caused to society.
⑿ Wan surname: common people. Therefore.
[13] raw people: the people. Legacy: the rest. This poem "Hao Li Xing" can be said to be a companion to "Qiu Lu Xing". In Fang Dongshu's "Zhao Wei Zhan Yan" of the Qing Dynasty, it said: "This is a topic of Yuefu, which narrates current events at the end of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, it is enough to lament the loss of life. "Qiu Lu" mourns the monarch, and "Hao Li" mourns the minister, and there are also times. " It shows that this poem is not only related to "Lu Lu Xing", but also has different emphases. Hao Li also belongs to Yue Fu's Xiang He Ge Xiang He Qu, and Cui Bao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times said: "Qiu Lu is sent to princes and nobles, and Hao Li is sent to Shu Ren, a scholar-bureaucrat, so that those who hold the coffin can sing it, and the world is called an elegy." Therefore, if "Qiu Lu Xing" is mainly about the overthrow of the royal family in the Han Dynasty, then "Hao Li Xing" is mainly about the historical fact that the warlords fought for power and profit, which led to chaos.
The first ten sentences of this poem outline such a historical picture: the generals of the counties in Guandong elected Yuan Shao, the prefect of the Bohai Sea, as the ally leader, and Dong Zhuo, who was ready to raise an army to fight against burning the palace, destroying the temple, holding Xian Di hostage, moving the capital to Chang 'an, being decadent and shameful, and bringing disaster to the country and the people. At that time, although the armies of the counties gathered, they looked at each other, held back, and even had their own ulterior motives. In order to compete for hegemony and seek personal gain, they even killed each other. If the commandment fails, it will be followed by a pen attack. The poet mercilessly exposed the fact that the Yuan Shao brothers conspired to claim the title of emperor, cast seals, borrowed Dong Zhuo's name to help the Han Dynasty, and strived for hegemony in the world, and felt sad and indignant at the resulting war. In the poem, the process of the division of Kanto from aggregation to dispersion is described in extremely concise language, which becomes a true record of history. However, the success and value of Cao Cao's poem are not limited to this. Since "armor begets lice", the poet has turned his pen and ink from recording the facts of warlords' disputes to describing the disasters brought to the people by the war. While exposing the warlords' disasters to the country and the people, he shows infinite sympathy for the people and concerns and worries about state affairs, which makes the poetry transcend the general notes and reflect the poet's concern for the country and the people.
After years of fighting, soldiers have been unable to disarm for a long time, and their bodies are covered with scorpions and lice, while innocent people have been killed by soldiers. The mountains and plains are full of white bones, and even the crow is not heard in a thousand miles. It is a scene of devastation and desolation, which is unbearable. Finally, the poet sighed: there are hundreds of people who survived the war, and it is heartbreaking to think of these painful facts. When the poet's feelings reached their climax, the whole poem came to an abrupt end in a sad and resentful mood.
This poem reveals the causes of social disasters more profoundly than "Lu Lu Xing", and more frankly shows his dissatisfaction with reality and sympathy for the people. Cao Cao himself really emerged on the political stage from his crusade against Dong Zhuo with Yuan Shao. Therefore, the facts written in the poem are all his own personal experiences. Compared with the things described in "Lu Lu Xing", the poet has more direct and perceptual knowledge, so the reality reflected in the poem is more real and the feelings are stronger. For example, the last two sentences are entirely the poet's sigh of sympathy for the world when he witnessed the real situation that people are in dire straits and are sad everywhere. Commenting on the poems of Cao Shi and his son, Liu Xie once said: "Ambition does not come from surging, and resignation is inseparable from grief." ("Wen Xin Diao Long Yuefu") Zhong Rong commented on Cao Cao's poems and said, "Cao Gong is ancient and straight, and there are very sad sentences." ("Shi Pin Xia") all point out the characteristics of Cao Cao's poetry's gloomy feelings. Only with affection, Cao Cao's poems have touching power to read; Only because of his pathos, it caused the tragic momentum of his poetry, which was gloomy and frustrated. This song "Hao Li Xing" is a typical example. Therefore, Chen Ruoming said: "Although Meng De's essays are not imitative of the past, they are all based on writing about one's own nostalgia, beginning with worrying about poverty, then sympathizing with chaos, giving full play to the terrain, thinking about liberation and failing, and the words are just a few." (Selected Ancient Poems of Caijitang) It can be seen that the characteristics of expressing worries and writing anger in Cao Cao's poems have been paid attention to by predecessors.
It is precisely because this poem records the facts at that time and is directly expressed by the poet, so the whole poem uses a simple and clear line drawing technique, which is not intended to be carved and whitewashed by words, but is expressed in a lively and powerful language, such as "There are righteous men in Kanto, and the soldiers are mobilized to fight against the group." In the early days, I would meet Mengjin, but my heart was in Xianyang. If I understand this, I will be angry and describe the momentum and justice of the Kanto Division at the beginning, and my love and hate will also be clearly shown here. Another example is that "the combined forces of the troops are uneven, and they hesitate to fly in a wild goose" and other words describe the selfish interests of the allied generals, and they can be said to be astute. With the development of the situation, the taunts and attacks on Yuan Shao and other warlords were gradually manifested. At first, they were called "righteous men" and pointed out that "the heart is in Xianyang", which was intended to restore the Han Dynasty. However, since "hesitating and flying wild", they have aroused the disadvantages of their uneven military heart and cowardice and fear of war. Then he wrote that he fought for snobbery, developed into killing each other, and finally pointed out his ambition to be emperor, which can be described as peeling bamboo shoots layer by layer and deepening step by step. However, they are all written in direct and clear language, which makes people feel that the poet can't restrain his true feelings, while the cowardly and ugly face of the warlord has come to the fore. As for the poet's strong feelings, he also blurted out completely from the clear language. For example, when he wrote that there are no people in a thousand miles, he said it in a straight Chen Qi way. Finally, he said, "There are hundreds of people left behind, and reading it breaks people's intestines", which is straightforward and without any artificial meaning, and can be regarded as the natural expression of the poet's voice. (Ming) Zhong Xing: "There is a righteous man in Kanto" is as ancient as Shu, Patent and Oath. The sentence "The combined forces of the armies are not uniform", which means that it is impossible to succeed if we try our best to contain the forces of the masses, that is, the defeat of the old Red Cliff, it would be a pity to sit here. It is also said that the beginning, roads and Jingsheng generations have been in the palm of their hands for a long time after seeing the chaotic situation. ("Ancient Poems Return")
(Qing) Chen Ruoming: The four sentences of "military cooperation" are enough for everyone to worry about. "Bones" four sad sentences, the whole pen strict, old invincible. (Selected Ancient Poems from Caijitang)
(Qing Dynasty) Zhang Yuyi: It's a pity that the two Yuan generations begged Dong Zhuo to change with discord, which is very beneficial to chaos. The first four, from the beginning of the rebellion, I want to suppress and promote first, and make a start. In the six sentences of "military integration", the pen turns to tell the story of the soldiers from all walks of life at that time, hesitating and arguing, and the highway actually became an unauthorized name. "Armor" four sentences, is writing all the soldiers chaos. At the end of the second, the knot is sentimental, and it is important to create people. There is another cloud: the two chapters are all about what happened at that time, and by taking this old topic, there are also reasons for covering it. "Qiu Lu" and "Hao Li" are funeral mourning words, which are used to mourn after injury and chaos. And the last chapter holds the king to kill the Lord, and the meaning is more important than the person above. In the next chapter, the person whose surname is ten thousand is dead, whose intention is to focus on the next, is just the same as "Qiu Lu" to send princes and nobles, and "Hao Li" to send Shu Ren, a scholar-bureaucrat, to cooperate with each other, so as not to create an example. ("Appreciation of Ancient Poetry")
(Qing Dynasty) Song Changbai: I press this poem in eight sentences, that is, Huan Wen called Wang Dun "Keer, Keer". An old man can't help but catch his nose. ("Liu Ting Shi Hua" Volume 12)
(Qing) Fang Dongshu: The four sentences of "armor" are extremely tragic, but the poem is really simple and broad. ("Zhao Wei Zhan Yan")