The emergence of Bai Yuan Poetry School is the proof of the transformation of the culture in the middle Tang Dynasty to secularization. This transformation can be traced back to the "style" of the Book of Songs and the folk songs of Han Yuefu. More recently, a group of realistic writers represented by Du Fu appeared after the Anshi Rebellion. The realism and popularization in Du Fu's poems were inherited by Yuan Jie, Gu Kuang and others, and Yuan Zhen carried forward in Zhenyuan period. Du Fu went first, followed by Zhang Ji, Wang Jian, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen. On the road of poetry popularization, Bai Juyi focused on Du Fu's realistic satires, while Yuan Zhen quoted a large number of folk sayings at that time. These poets also consciously learned from folk songs and left many works with folk songs. When the aesthetic requirement of pursuing public consciousness is combined with the realistic tendency in Du Fu's poems, the poetry circle begins to change its face, and popular poetry becomes the fashion of the times.
Wang Jian, Zhang Jihe, was an early poet who wrote Yuefu poems. Zhang Ji, a native of Suzhou, has a good personality and has made extensive friends all his life. On the one hand, he made friends with Han Meng, on the other hand, he made friends with Bai Yuan, and paid the closest attention to Han Yu. He is a great disciple of Han, but his personality is closer to Bai Juyi and he is easy to understand. When Zhang Ji was 33 years old, he was admitted to Jinshi and was recommended by Han Yu to become a doctor in Guo Zi. Later, he was reincarnated as Yuan Wailang, the Ministry of Water Resources, and was called Zhang Shuibu.
There are 90 Yuefu poems written by Zhang Ji, which are based on a wide range of materials, showing the sufferings of the lower class, satirizing the businessmen's pursuit of profits, the greed of the government, the cruelty of the war, and taking credit for the frontier, but the focus of his Yuefu poems is still on the people. His Yuefu poems have few general themes, mostly ordinary things, but often reflect social life with one person and one thing. He is also good at depicting the psychology of characters. A ode to women is a masterpiece in this respect. This poem shows the poet's choice by refusing the return of the generals of the buffer region. In the poem, "I will return my tears to Jun Zhu, and I hate not being married and not meeting", which is a pun, telling the contradiction between my two beauties and becoming a famous sentence through the ages. Zhang Ji's modern poems also pursue simple and profound styles, such as "Qiu Si" and "Looking at the autumn wind in Luoyang City, I want to find a writer to write a book. I was so anxious that I couldn't say it, and the pedestrians started again. Many of Zhang Ji's outstanding works seem simple, but they are integrated with his deep feelings and careful layout. Just like his character, he is easy to approach, but he is just jealous of evil.
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Sex is plain, people are true, and bosom friends are deep.
It was first written in Zhenyuan, and many poems were about folk hatred.
The Han Palace recommended Zhang Shui as the water department, which became a thanksgiving holiday hymn.
It has always been the most touching, and the layout is very dangerous.
Wang Jian is a good friend of Zhang Ji from Xuchang, Henan. He was born in poverty. When he became an official, he was 50 years old and wrote more than 530 poems. He once befriended Zhang Ji, and his poetry style was similar. His Yuefu poems mostly describe the daily life of farmers and have a strong flavor of life.
Both Wang and Zhang are good at realism, but Zhang's poems are subjective and full of emotion. Wang's poems are more objective, better at description, more common sayings, closer to their true colors and more subtle and euphemistic expressions. In addition to a large number of works describing farmers' lives, Wang Jian also wrote many frontier poems, such as Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave and Traveling in Liaodong. Wang Jian also has nearly 100 palace poems reflecting the life of ladies-in-waiting, among which there are many famous works such as "Looking for the residual red at the bottom of the tree and flying west and east". Peach blossom is naturally greedy, misleading people to hate the five winds. "
In the process of reversing the style of Dali poetry, inheriting the traditions of Yuefu and Du Fu in Han and Wei Dynasties, and guiding poetry to the road of realism and popularization, Zhang and Zhang's contribution can not be ignored, and their efforts directly influenced the creation of the new Yuefu.
Yuan Zhen, a native of Luoyang, is 26 years old. Ten years later, he and Bai Juyi were promoted together. When Yuan Zhen was young, he was fierce, strong-willed and bohemian. He was having an affair. After he entered politics, he had a strong sense of fame and fortune. He wrote many times to discuss things and punish traitors. Later, he was promoted to prime minister, but he achieved nothing. Four months later, he was pulled down. Because he was too persistent in power, he was finally rectified by Pei Du, who was also the prime minister. He died at the age of 53 and saved more than 830 poems.
Yuan Zhen's Yuefu poems were first influenced by Zhang and Wang, and his "new Yuefu" was directly inspired by the author of "Being the Benevolence of Farmers". He read 20 Yuefu poems by Li Shen and wrote 12 harmony poems. These poems are realistic, but some of them are seldom emotional, too conceptual and complicated in narration. Compared with the new Yuefu, the Ancient Yuefu in the later period of Yuan Zhen is better. These works satirize current events with old topics but new words. Yuan Zhen improved the shortcomings of the new Yuefu, and each song only described one meaning, which made the theme clear, and at the same time, it was mixed with three or five sentences, with uneven levels and more charm. But on the whole, these works are still obscure, full of discussion and boring.
Yuan Zhen's masterpiece is Long Ci of Liangong, which is a long narrative poem. Through the mouth of an old man in front of Lianchang Palace, it tells the rise and fall of Lianchang Palace and discusses the political situation in the Tang Dynasty before and after the An Shi Rebellion. Lianchang Palace is located in Yiyang County, Henan Province. The poem first describes the decline of the palace, and then draws the old man's view on the rise and fall of the past. In the second half, I asked the question "Who caused the chaos in peace" and answered it. Finally, the poet's desire for political prosperity is written, and at the same time, his hatred for the rebels is expressed. The poet said that "Quan Chen was anonymous and vaguely remembered Yang and Li." Although this poem is a documentary poem, according to textual research, there are many fictional elements in it, which is the expression of artistic conception and creative method. The characters and events connected with the company commander Miyamoto Five in the poem not only render the atmosphere of the poem, but also make the feelings of the poem more vivid. This poem is deeply influenced by Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, which combines the discussion of historical talents in Tang Dynasty novels. Yuan Zhen wrote another song "Palace", "In the faded old palace, the peony was red, but no one came to see it. The maid-in-waiting is white-haired and arguing Xuanzong's grand occasion. "A few words in this poem have profound meanings and rich feelings, similar to Lianchang Gongci.
As a brilliant writer, Yuan Zhen is not only witty, but also romantic and affectionate. He wrote a lot of erotic poems based on his young affair, and also wrote the legend of Yingying in the Tang Dynasty, which was about Yuan Zhen's own experience. Yuan Zhen is famous for his memories of his own experiences, such as Five Poems from Thinking, Once the sea was difficult for water, it was amber forever. Many people think that this is Yuan Zhen's nostalgia for his wife, but judging from his personal life, he is a chaotic person. When he was young, he abandoned the lover of his life, married his wife Wei Cong, and later hooked up with Xue Tao. Maybe all the nostalgia is true, and Yuan Zhen's love experience is also true. From ancient times to the present, three wives and six concubines are not surprising. From today's perspective, loving someone is single-minded. Yuan Zhen wrote many works in memory of his wife because of his love, which was also very touching to read. Among the "Three Sorrow Poems", there are such poems: "But suddenly, before my eyes, you are gone", "This is a sorrow that all mankind must know, but unlike those who are poor together, they know it", "But I can see the lifelong trouble on your forehead all night". Heng Tang Tuishi, editor of 300 Tang Poems, commented that "the mourning poems of ancient and modern times are all over the building, and those who can't reach the scope of these three poems should not be ignored as shallow."
In the middle Tang Dynasty, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi had a deep friendship, and they left a lot of chorus poems. In addition, Bai Yuan advocated Yuefu poetry in officialdom and literary world, which had many intersections with life. But as far as achievement is concerned, Bai Juyi's achievement is unparalleled in the middle Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi once commented on Yuan Zhen's "only Yuan Jun gains, but only knows that it is difficult to make friends", and said that the friendship between them is "one is a concentric friend, and the other is a fragrant age." Ride a pommel horse and have a drink in the snow. Meet at the cross gate, without a crown. Sleep in the spring breeze and watch the autumn moon at night. Not for the same degree, not for the same officer If you are close, you will be square, and there is no heresy in your heart. "Yuan Zhen's concern for Bai Juyi is even more condensed into an eternal masterpiece" Wenle Tiancai Jiangzhou Sima ". "
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Young and affectionate always give up, but being late is a real memory.
Wei Cong, who is married, has lived together for a long time.
Writing poems, singing and drinking are recorded, and you will meet Bai Juyi for the rest of your life.
Palace words in the tears of ladies-in-waiting, even in the sadness of the elderly.