Alexander nikolayevich Ostrovschi
all one's life
1April 823 12 was born in Moscow's Little alton Street (now renamed ostrovsky Street). My father is a judge. Engaged in business activities after retirement, most of the contacts at home are businessmen. 1840, ostrovsky entered Moscow university to study law. 1843 graduated from Moscow university and worked as a clerk in 1843 ~ 18565438 "court of conscience" and commercial court. He began to write while working in the court. The fragment of the play Bankrupt published by 1847 has attracted the attention of literary circles. After the whole play was written, it was officially published in Moscow Magazine on 1850 with the title "It's easy to settle accounts with your own family", which was praised by the progressive literary world, but was banned by the police department until 186 1. Since then, ostrovsky has published one or several works almost every year.
Besides writing, ostrovsky also translated many foreign plays, including Shakespeare, W, Gozzi, C, Gordoni, C and Cervantes? The works of savidra, M.de and others. He is also an active social activist. 1865 initiated the establishment of Moscow Actors Association. 1870 initiated the organization of the Russian Writers Association. With the efforts of him and Rubinstein, an actor training class was established in the same year, and a number of outstanding performing artists such as Satovski, Satovskaya and Maksejev were trained. At his initiative, he also founded the Model People's Theatre.
In October, ostrovsky was appointed as the artistic general manager of the Moscow Royal Theatre. However, he failed to comprehensively reform the theater system and improve the theater art, so that 14 died in Sherekovo (now Kostrom Ostrovsky District) in June.
Ostrovsky's creation time coincides with the development of Russian capitalism. His works reflect the social changes of this era. He himself once said that he followed the creative path of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. He insisted on exposing the bad atmosphere of the society and described all the beings in the society at that time with satirical brushstrokes. Therefore, the rudeness and naivety of the budding merchant class, the hypocrisy, treachery and ruthlessness of the emerging bourgeoisie and the degenerated serf owners and landlords, the ignorance and degeneration of nobles and bureaucrats, and so on. , have become the characteristics of the characters in his plays. Early works, such as Duty (1852), Poverty is not a crime (1853) and Don't follow one's inclinations (1854), tend to beautify the Russian patriarchal clan system ideologically. Chernyshevski and Necrasov criticized these works. With the development of Russian revolutionary situation in 1950s and 1960s in 19, his creation entered a new stage. Since 1856, almost all the new works have been published in Modern People, edited by Klassov and Shedelin. The works of this period, including the famous Thunderstorm, have obvious tendency to expose society and hint at revolution, so they are besieged by reactionary forces. Ostrovsky had to put down his pressing social theme for a while and write historical plays instead. From 65438 to the end of 1960s, he faced the reality again, and there was a creative climax. From 1868 to the early 1980s, most of his works were published in Motherland magazine edited by Necrasov and Shedelin. A series of dramas, including the satirical comedy The Wise Sometimes Nod, mocked the new industrialists and Europeanized businessmen who had fallen from the remnants of serfdom. The later poetic drama Snow Girl (1873) expressed the author's ideal and exploration of the meaning of life. Several plays, such as The Unmarried Woman, describe the tragic fate of talented Russian women who were devastated in the hypocritical and selfish society at that time.
All ostrovsky's plays can be roughly divided into five categories according to the nature of their contents and the class to which the characters belong.
Scripts describing the life of businessmen: family portrait (1847), easy to settle accounts with one's family (1850), non-egoism, not pretending to be an expert (1853), being poor and not committing crimes (1854), and others getting drunk (/kloc) Thunderstorm (6555 happiness is better (1877), final sacrifice (1878), heart is not a stone (1880) and so on. The most important point of these plays is that the authors depict businessmen with a negative attitude.
Dramas about people's lives: Don't follow your heart (1834), downtown (1865), etc. In these plays, the author describes some people who have changed from farmers to small businessmen and ordinary citizens. They maintain their folk customs and lifestyles. Some scripts are similar to folk literature, with the flavor of folk songs, and have been adapted into operas.
Dramas depicting the life of small officials: poor bride (1852), fat vacancy (1857), abyss (1866), poor people getting rich (1872) and rich bride (65437).
Plays that show the so-called "social bigwigs": accidents (185 1), female disciples (185 1), disharmony in personality (1858), and wise people sometimes nod (. These plays, Blood Rice (1874), Wolf and Sheep (1875), Unmarried Women (1879), Celebrities and Actors (1882) and Handsome Man (65433) exposed the ugly souls of aristocratic landlords and celebrities.
Historical drama: Cozma? Zaharovici? Mininsuhuruk (1862), tyrant Dmitry and Vasily? Sui Siji (1866), Tusino (1867), etc. Ostrovsky wrote historical plays to escape from reality and resist persecution, but the theme was positive and patriotic.
In addition, there are Marriage by Berugen (1878), Men and Women (1880), Light Without Heat (188 1) and Delusion (/kloc-0).
Ostrovsky believed that "drama should be written for all people". Drama is closer to the people than all other literary works. The plays performed on the stage should be written with momentum, great drama, warm and sincere feelings and vivid and powerful characters. Among all Russian classical writers, his plays account for the vast majority of performances. Ostrovsky believes that writing about people's lives and writing for the people will not reduce the value of drama literature at all. On the contrary, "it can increase its strength and make it good and degenerate;" Only works that are truly loved by the people can be immortal. Sooner or later, such works will always be understood and appreciated by other nations and eventually by the whole world. "
Every time ostrovsky writes a play, he should observe and think deeply about what he describes and collect sufficient information. Before he wrote the script, he not only made a list of the characters in the play, but also made a list of who is suitable for what role. The characters he wrote, the language he used, all have living models. In the process of writing, actors are often changed to make them more suitable, so that specific actors can give full play to their artistic talents. Ostrovsky created a large number of various types of female images, enabling actresses to develop their own characteristics and achieve success, enabling them to have their own plays, so many actresses especially like this playwright.
Ostrovsky attached great importance to the expressive force of lines. His plays have clear and beautiful dialogue and beautiful language. He can master the position and scheduling on the stage and properly arrange the actors on and off the stage, which makes his script performance very dramatic.
Ostrovsky often writes playwrights of famous western European actors into his own plays, which makes it easier for Russian actors and audiences to accept. For example, write Abagong, the miser in Moliere's The Miser, into his The Poor Get Rich; It has achieved good results to write the seamstress's son in Dumas' illegitimate child as an innocent sinner. In the process of rehearsal, he often listens to the opinions of actors and modifies his own scripts. Katrina's monologue about her teenage life in Thunderstorm was written according to the self-report of Kosicka, the first actress who played Katrina.
Commenting on ostrovsky's creation has precious aesthetic value in Russian literature and drama. Important Russian critics and writers, such as Dobro Lyubov, Chernyshevski, Turgenev, ..., Necrasov, Goncharov, plekhanov, Luna Tsarski, ..., all spoke highly of ostrovsky from different angles. Dobro Lyubov thinks that ostrovsky is a man familiar with Russian life, a genius painter of human psychology and a master of character description. He said that ostrovsky can grasp the essence of life and the pulse of the times. He called ostrovsky's Russian life described in many plays before Thunderstorm "a variant of dark kingdom". This issue of the article is called dark kingdom, which is an important document in Russian social and literary history. As soon as Thunderstorm appeared, Dobro Lyubov immediately wrote a new documentary paper A ray of light in dark kingdom. He believes that katerina, the heroine of Thunderstorm, bravely protested under the oppression of religious superstition, feudal forces and ignorant customs. She committed suicide by throwing herself into the river, which indicates that a kind and beautiful woman can't stand it at last under the increasingly mature situation of the Russian revolution. This is the first sign that the revolutionary wave is coming. Ostrovsky's plays have been widely performed on the Russian stage, producing a number of outstanding Russian actors. The Moscow Theatre was once famous for staging ostrovsky's plays. 1926 stanislavski, who directed Hot Heart, and 1924 Meierkholid, who directed Forest, all became major dramatic events. Until the 1980s, some famous plays of ostrovsky remained in Soviet theaters. Ostrovsky's plays were first introduced to China in Thunderstorm. Thunderstorm translated by Geng Jizhi was published in 192 1, and 1937 was renamed Thunderstorm and performed in Shanghai. By the mid-1980s, more than 20 theaters, troupes and drama academies had performed the play in China. In addition to Thunderstorm, poverty is not a crime translated by Zheng Zhenduo and Crime and Sorrow translated by Ke Yicen were published in 1922. Crime and Sorrow was adapted by Qian Ying and Zhang Geng into Love and Hate, which was performed in Shanghai on 1936. The Unmarried Woman (translated by Bing) and The Wise Sometimes Nod (translated by Lin Ling) were published in Shanghai after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. The latter was performed by Beijing People's Art Theatre 1962, and some of ostrovsky's plays were either adapted into China plays (such as Love on the Cliff, also known as Selling Oil, which was adapted by Chen according to Unmarried Women) or put on the screen (such as Innocent Sinners adapted into the film Mother and Child), which was deeply loved by Chinese people.
[Edit this paragraph] 2. novelist
Nicolas alexeyevich Ostrovschi
(1904 ~ 1936) Soviet writers. Nikolai Ayik Sheyevich ostrovsky 1904 was born in a poor peasant family on September 29th, ranking fifth, and began to work as a child laborer at the age of1/KLOC-0. 19 19 joined the * * * Youth League and immediately took part in the civil war. 1923 to 1924 served as the head of the youth league in the border areas of Ukraine, and 1924 joined the * * * production party. His health was seriously damaged because of the long and arduous struggle. By 1927, his health had deteriorated sharply, but he never gave in and fought the disease with amazing perseverance. At the end of 1934, he started to write a "historical lyric hero story" about Kotovschi divisions (that is, "Life of Storm"). Unfortunately, the only manuscript was lost by the post office when it was sent to a friend for review. This cruel blow did not break his strong will, but made him fight the disease more tenaciously.
1929 paralyzed and blind. 1930, based on his own combat experience, he began to write the novel "How Steel was Tempered" with tenacious will. The novel was a great success and was praised sincerely and enthusiastically by its contemporaries. 1934, ostrovsky was admitted as a member of the Soviet Writers Association. At the end of 1935, the Soviet government awarded him the Lenin medal in recognition of his creative work and outstanding contribution in literature. 1936 65438+On February 22nd, ostrovsky died of a serious illness in Moscow.
Nikolai ostrovsky is Russian, but his birthplace is in Ukraine. My father is a starter in a brewery, and he also works part-time in a foreign village or town. He also worked as a postman for five years. He has been to Petersburg, served in military service, met progressive college students, and knows the stories of some revolutionaries against the czar. My mother was born in poverty, and she had to work for others since she was a child, herding geese, growing vegetables and looking after children. They gave birth to six children after marriage, and two died. Ostrovsky is the youngest, with two sisters and one brother. Mothers not only do housework and take care of children, but also sew for others and be maids. When he was ten years old, due to the outbreak of World War I, his family moved to Shchepetov to escape the war. At this time, life is even more difficult.
At the age of eleven, ostrovsky joined the local railway station canteen as a waiter. At the age of fourteen, he entered the power plant, helped firefighters and electricians, and also did chores such as sawing wood and unloading coal. He has a strong thirst for knowledge since he was a child, eager to learn, but he only attended school intermittently for a few years. At school, he is not only excellent in grades, but also very active. He is a good assistant to the teacher. He tried to write fairy tales, short stories and poems, and published his exercises in the magazine Color of Youth written by students. He also likes to play drama, and he likes to play a hero role on the stage. He dropped out of school several times, mostly because of poverty, and once because he offended a priest who taught theology. So, the children tried their best to borrow books and even gave their lunch to the newspaper vendor in exchange for newspapers. When he was twelve years old, he read the Gadfly, the representative work of English woman writer Voynich. Since then, the image of the gadfly has been deeply imprinted in his heart.
Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky 1904 was born in a worker's family. After graduating from primary school, the small church had to drop out of school to work because of poor family circumstances. 19 19 joined the Soviet youth league and joined the red army to fight against the white bandits. 1923- 1924 works in the Youth League Committee. 1924, join the * * * production party. 1927 paralyzed and blind due to illness. He wrote the novels How Steel was Tempered and The Birth of the Storm with amazing perseverance, and described the experiences of Soviet youth growing up in the revolutionary melting pot according to his personal experience. "How Steel was Tempered" was translated into Chinese as early as 1942, and the hero Paul Kochagin became a model for young people in China. 1936 65438+On February 22nd, ostrovsky passed away.
The hardships and heaviness of real life, as well as the perseverance and brilliance of the characters in the book, made the boy sensible and precocious. He helped Bolshevik underground organizations post leaflets and spy on information. At the age of fifteen, he was walking in the street when he suddenly found a member of an underground revolutionary committee being escorted by a heavily armed bandit soldier. In despair, he pounced on the robber soldiers. The revolutionary was rescued unexpectedly, but was arrested for it. The boy was tortured, but he didn't say a word, just survived.
The Red Army and the Rebel Army defeated the bandit troops. In July of the same year, ostrovsky joined the Youth League; In August, he volunteered to join the Red Army, went to the front with the troops and stood the test of the fire of war.
He was a cavalry and scout, and fought everywhere. This young man is not only brave and good at fighting, but also good at inspiring his comrades-in-arms, showing his propaganda and agitation ability. In August of the following year, ostrovsky was seriously injured in the abdomen and head, and was in a coma for two months in a field hospital bed. After leaving the hospital, only two-fifths of his vision was preserved in his right eye, so he changed his job and came to that place.
Participated in the work of the Committee to eliminate counter-revolutionaries, worked as an electrician assistant in the railway general factory, was elected secretary of the League branch, and studied in the electrician technical school. At the age of seventeen, he took the lead in completing the arduous work of building a railway branch line. On the railway construction site, many people died because of bad conditions, diseases and gang attacks. Ostrovsky gritted his teeth and worked hard. But when the project was about to be completed, his knees were red and swollen, he had difficulty walking, and he was infected with typhoid fever and was sent back to his hometown. Under the care of his mother, he barely survived. After returning to the factory, he worked while studying in a technical school. Injured, unable to bear excessive fatigue, the body is getting worse and worse, and was sent to a nursing home for mud treatment. After a slight improvement, he returned to Kiev and, together with many members of the Youth League, rescued Wood from the knee-deep and biting cold river. He is ill again. At the age of eighteen, the medical appraisal Committee issued a first-class disability certificate for him.
He hid his certificate and asked for a job. Later, he served as secretary of the Youth League Committee, political commissar of the national military training camp, member of the regional Youth League Committee and alternate member of the Youth League Committee. Joined the party at the age of twenty and served as secretary of the Youth League Committee. Unfortunately, he had another car accident and injured his right knee, which led to chronic diseases and swelling and pain in his joints. It's hard to move. At the age of 23, he was paralyzed and his eyes gradually became blind.
Since then, he has traveled to and from hospitals around the country, and he has not improved after treatment. Twenty-six-year-old, the ninth operation, left a cotton ball in the body after the incision was sutured. Weak patients, if anesthetized again, may damage the heart and endanger their lives. He offered to cut the incision and take out the cotton ball without anesthesia. He didn't utter a moan, but he had a high fever after the operation and stayed there for eight days. After that, he flatly refused any operation and said, "I donated some blood for science, and let me keep the rest for something else."
He made many friends in hospitals and nursing homes all over the country, some of whom were revolutionaries of the older generation. During the interval of medical treatment, he read a lot of excellent literary works with his remaining eyesight, including works by Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky, sholokhov, Balzac, Hugo, Zola and Dreiser. He took part in the study of Correspondence University and wrote a novella reflecting the life of fighting. Unfortunately, the only manuscript of the novel was lost on the way back after being read by comrades from other places.
At the age of twenty-six, he began to write the novel How Steel was Tempered. I finished my first book at the age of 27, and it was published the following year. At the age of thirty, the second book "How Steel was Tempered" came out. 3 1 year-old won the Lenin medal; At the age of thirty-two, on 19361February 14, he completed the revision of another novel, The Birth of the Storm (I). Eight days later,1February 22nd, he passed away.
Famous saying:
1 Happiness lies in creating a new life, transforming and re-educating this man who has become the master of the country and the great wisdom of the socialist era.
The main tragedy of life is to stop fighting.
A person's beauty lies not in his appearance, clothes or hairstyle, but in himself and his heart. If a person does not have the beauty of the soul, we often hate his beautiful appearance.
Egoists perish first. He lives alone and for himself. If his "I" is damaged, then he can't survive.
5*** With a career and a struggle, people can have the power to endure everything.
The so-called friendship, first of all, is sincerity, which is a mistake in criticizing comrades.
I have experienced the pain of being abandoned and betrayed in my own life. But one thing saved me: my life will always be purposeful and meaningful, and that is to fight for socialism.
Only people like me who love life, struggle and building a new and better world, and only those of us who see through the whole meaning of life, will not die casually, even if we have only one chance, and we can't give up life.
Always feel that the land of the motherland is at your feet, live with the collective, and remember that the collective educated you. If one day you break away from the collective, that is the beginning of the end.
10 A true friend should tell the truth, no matter how sharp.
1 1 The great power of people is here-I feel like I am in a friendly group.
For me, being a soldier is the greatest happiness ... all personal problems are not as eternal as the socialist cause.
12 A true friend should tell the truth, no matter how sharp.
13 life is the most precious thing in life, and life belongs to people only once. A person's life should be spent like this: when he recalls the past, he will not regret because he wasted his time, nor will he be ashamed because he did nothing; On his deathbed, he can say, "My life and all my energy have been devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world, fighting for the liberation of mankind."
14. The best and most precious medicine to cure all diseases is labor.
15. Life has given us a great and infinitely noble gift, that is, youth: youth full of strength, expectation, willingness, ambition, hope and confidence of seeking knowledge and struggle.
16 courage is born in struggle, and courage is cultivated in tenacious resistance to difficulties every day. The motto of our youth is brave, tenacious and firm, that is, to remove all obstacles.
17. The best thing about life is that when you stop living, you can still serve people with everything you create.
18. Stand in the ranks of frontline soldiers on any occasion in life.
19. This is the great strength of people-they feel that they are in a friendly group.
20. I only believe in one thing: inspiration comes from work. ..... labor, this is the best doctor among all insensitive.
2 1. Happiness is multifaceted. I am very happy, too. Creation has produced amazing happiness, and I feel that my own hands are also building beautiful buildings-bricks for all of us, thus eliminating personal grief.
22. Don't rest on what you have achieved, but work hard bravely to keep the labor champion in your own hands for a long time.
23. Ideal has extraordinary charm for me. My ideal ... is always full of life and earth. I never dream of the impossible. Anyone who thinks he is a saint, a buried genius and divorced from the collective will have a sad fate. The collective can promote you at any time and make you stand firm.
24. Light gives us experience and reading gives us knowledge.
25. Patriotism and hatred for the enemy have multiplied. Only such patriotism can lead to victory.
26. Happiness lies in creating a new life, transforming and re-educating people who become masters of the country and great wisdom in the socialist era.
For me, being a soldier is the greatest happiness ... All personal problems are not as eternal as the socialist cause.
28. Friendship is a noble and beautiful friendship based on mutual respect, deep sympathy, never malicious envy of others' achievements, and cultivating the consciousness that collective interests are above all else.
People dominate habits, not habits dominate people.
No matter how talented a person is, the collective is often smarter and more powerful than him.
30. People should control habits, not habits. A person who can't get rid of his bad habits is worthless.
3 1. Steel is tempered in fire and sudden cooling, so it can be hard and is not afraid of anything. Our generation has also been tempered by struggles and terrible tests, and has learned not to give in to life.
We should live fast and fully, because a sudden illness or tragic accident may suddenly end his life at any time. (selected from How Steel was Tempered)
33. A person's life may burn or rot. I can't rot I want to burn!
34. The only weakness we can't correct is weakness.
People should control their habits, but never let them control themselves. A person who can't get rid of his bad habits is worthless.
36. Whoever breaks away from the collective will have a miserable fate.
37. Whoever thinks he is a saint is a buried genius, and whoever is divorced from the collective is miserable. The collective can promote you at any time and make you stand firm.
38.*** Same occupation; * * * With struggle, people can have the power to endure everything.
Reaction to a book or an article
Thoughts on how steel is tempered.
"The most precious thing is life. Everyone has only one life. A person's life should be spent like this: recalling the past, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of meanness and vulgarity; On his deathbed, he can say, "All my life and energy have been devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of all mankind. "
This is a passage from Nikolai ostrovsky's world famous book How Steel was Tempered, which has been inconclusive for a long time. Yes, just like Comrade Pavel Colta King, the hero portrayed in the book, this resounding name made me feel confident and full of strength. A man is reborn from death again and again with superhuman perseverance, but he ignores life and death and devotes himself wholeheartedly to the party and liberation cause. Although he is blind and can't fight in the front, he still doesn't want to continue fighting for liberation in the rear! Like Dong Cunrui, Huang Jiguang and Liu Hulan in our country, he is a hero in our mind! They laid the foundation for us to live such a good life now. Without them, we still don't know where to herd cattle and horses for the landlords.
Combining ostrovsky's personal experience, this book truly and profoundly depicts the war-torn Ukrainian region before and after the October Revolution. Up to now, the spirit of Comrade Paul Kochakin in the book still supports thousands of children, young people, middle-aged people and the elderly.
Come on, let's get to know him, know him and learn from him. Let's fight for peace to the end!