First, lyric skills
1. Speak your mind. This is a lyric way for the poet to directly express his love and hate attitude towards related people and things, without any "persistence". For example, Chen Ziang's poem on Youzhou rostrum: "Before me, where was the past era?"? Behind me, where are the future generations? . I miss heaven and earth, boundless, boundless, crying alone. " In a generous and sad style, the whole poem directly expresses the poet's grief and frustration by visiting Youzhou Taiwan.
2. Lyric with the scene (enter the scene with emotion). That is, the poet puts his feelings and thoughts to be expressed in the scenery and expresses them by describing the scenery. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "The whiter the Jiangbi bird, the blue and white mountain flowers will burn. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " The whole poem expresses the feeling of being stranded in a foreign land. The poet reveals the sadness of homesickness by describing the fresh and bright spring scenery, and expresses the sadness with music scenes, which is unique in charm.
3. Borrowing expressions (expressing objects and expressing ambitions). Poets use the characteristics of something in nature to express some ambition or emotion, which makes the things in their poems personalized. For example, Yu Shinan's "Cicada" says: "Drink dew and smell Shu Tong. Loud and far away, not from the autumn wind. " Three or four sentences in the poem, with the unique feeling of cicadas singing far and wide, tell a truth, that is, a person with noble moral character can be famous far and near without some kind of external support, thus expressing warm praise and high confidence in his inner moral character.
4. Use things to express feelings (help things). Poets skillfully contain feelings in their narratives, and describe them from the aspects of action and psychology to express various emotions. For example, Zhang Ji's Qiu Si: "Seeing the autumn wind in Luoyang, I want a writer to write a book. I was so anxious that I couldn't say it, and the pedestrians opened again. " With the help of a fragment of daily life, that is, the details of ideological activities and actions when sending letters home, the poet truly and delicately expressed the deep thoughts of the wanderers who left their hometown for their loved ones.
5. Scene fusion. That is, feelings are integrated into a specific natural scene or life scene, and feelings are expressed by describing the scenery or scene. At first glance, it seems to be a simple description of the scenery, which actually contains the poet's emotional feelings and is also an indirect and implicit lyric way. For example, Du Mu's "Jiang Nan Chun Jue Ju": "Thousands of miles of Ti Ying are green and red, and the water town is full of wine flags. Four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy. " The whole poem depicts a beautiful picture of a water town in the south of the Yangtze River in a bright and beautiful style. Especially in the last two sentences, the poet ridiculed the rulers of the Southern Dynasties for superstitious Buddhism and building Buddhist temples.
Second, the description technique.
1. Rendering. It is a technique of Chinese painting, which usually emphasizes to make a certain aspect of the image more prominent where necessary. When it is used in artistic creation, it is deliberately described from the front, such as the folk song "Picking Lotus in the South of the Yangtze River" by Han Yuefu: "Picking Lotus in the South of the Yangtze River, there is no lotus leaf! Fish are frolicking among the lotus leaves. Fish plays lotus leaf east, fish plays lotus leaf west, fish plays lotus leaf south and fish plays lotus leaf north. " The rendering description of four sentences in the poem, such as "fish playing with lotus leaves", makes the whole poem vivid and beautiful in tone, and vividly shows the picture of picking lotus on the water and the happy mood of people picking lotus in front of readers.
2. Contrast. It is a technique of Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render and set off the outline of objects and make them stand out obviously. Used in artistic creation, it refers to deliberately describing from the side as a foil. There are two kinds of contrast, one is positive contrast and the other is negative contrast. The positive contrast is set off by the same thing, such as Li Bai's "To Wang Lun": "Li Bai was about to leave by boat when he heard a song on the shore. Taohuatan is deep in thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun. " The poem says that the pool is "deep in thousands of feet", so how deep is the friendship between Wang Lun and the poet? Three or four sentences vividly set off Wang Lun's sincere and innocent feelings for the poet. Contrast is set off with the opposite things, such as Wang Wei's "Bird Singing Stream": "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, it surprises the birds and sounds into the spring stream. " The poem describes the moving scenery of flowers falling on the moon and birds singing, highlighting the silence of the spring stream. Although the poem is full of vitality, it is not dead.
3. sketch. It is a technique of Chinese painting, which is outlined by lines without rendering colors. Used in artistic creation, it refers to the writing technique of simple words, no rendering and no contrast. For example, Nie Zhongyi's Tian Jia: "Father plows Harada, son? This mountain is barren. The grain was not exhibited in June, and the government has repaired the warehouse. " In a few words, the poem outlines the picture of the father and son working hard and the government building a granary, and shows the theme of cruel exploitation and oppression of farmers by feudal rulers.
4. Dynamic and static. In artistic creation, dynamic description and static description are inseparable, either moving against static or moving against static, which complement each other. The former is a foil technique, so I won't go into details. The latter is like Dai Shulun's "Lanxi Acura": "The cool moon is like an eyebrow hanging over Liuwan, and the more you look at the Zhongshan mirror. Peach blossoms rained in Lanxi for three days, and carp came to the beach in the middle of the night. " The first two sentences in the poem describe the beautiful and moving landscape and the refreshing and bright moonlight, which is a quiet scene; The last two sentences are about naughty fish rushing into Xitou shoal for fresh water, which is a touching scene. The whole poem combines static and dynamic, and writes the beauty and vitality of Lanxi landscape.
5. Virtual and real. When writing more complicated things, literary and artistic works often use the combination of reality and fiction to make the structure of the works more compact and the image more vivid. In the traditional techniques of Chinese painting, emptiness refers to the part with sparse strokes or blank parts in the picture. It gives people room for imagination and endless aftertaste. The "emptiness" of poetry refers to those virtual images and ethereal realms that are intuitively invisible but can be felt between the lines. In Chinese painting, "reality" refers to the meticulous and rich brushstrokes in the picture. In poetry, "truthfulness" refers to the real images, facts and truthfulness existing in the objective world. For example, Yang Wanli's "Seeing Lin Zifang at Dawn in Jingci Temple": "After all, in mid-June, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that at four o'clock. The next day, the lotus leaf is infinitely blue, and the lotus color is different. " The first two sentences in the poem generally say that the scenery of the West Lake in June has its own characteristics and is imaginary; The last two sentences describe the lotus leaves all over the lake in the early morning sun, and the endless green and brilliant red are in harmony, which is a real writing style. The whole poem is full of reality and reality, which complement each other. ?
(Author: No.1 High School in Luoning County, Henan Province)