Mr. Hua, a master of mathematics, published a poem in People's Daily, criticizing Lu Lun's Xia Sai Qu. Lu Shi wrote: "In the bright moonlight, wild geese are flying, and the leaders of the Tatars are fleeing in the dark. We chased them, and the horse was lightly burdened, and the snow burden of our bow and our sword. " Mr. Hua wrote a poem: "When it snows in the north, the geese return to the south early." How can you see geese flying in the dark and windy place? "Criticize the Tang poetry with the method of logical reasoning. Artistic conception is the soul of classical poetry. When reading ancient poems, don't always stare at some "scientific" flaws.
The First Key of Fortress Besieged-Literacy. How many Chinese characters are there? About 80 thousand. How much can you know? Calculate 4000, and add1000,5000 words at the top. Open the big dictionary, you can't understand a word of 10.
To what extent do you know a word? There was a question in the college entrance examination 20 years ago, asking which radical "Left" was. The answer is "dirt", and the ancients sat on the floor. This step is only the level of high school students. How did the ancients sit? Sit with your hips on your heels; The hips leave the heels, which is called kneeling; Hips on the ground, feet straight, called qi ju, more formal occasions, is definitely kneeling. It is not enough to understand this step. Why are "sitting" two "people"? It is said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi that "anyone who goes to jail for litigation will do it". The original intention of "sitting" is to go to court, at least the plaintiff and the defendant. At this point, I have a real understanding of "sitting". Original intention is sometimes used in ancient poetry.
In ancient times, monosyllabic words were the main words, so don't use disyllabic words to understand them now. We must accurately grasp the meaning of words.
The Second Key of Fortress Besieged-Knowing People. To understand Jia Baoyu, we must first understand Cao Xueqin. The two are not equal, but they are related. The same is true of poetry.
Li Bai's genius is to write poems, and he is politically naive. He failed in two political gambling. The most attractive thing for Li Bai is to make friends with the prince. No matter how big an official is, he is an equal with me.
Du Fu's personality is very arrogant and stubborn to the extreme. Du Fu is certainly not as likable as Li Bai. I stayed in Chang 'an for ten years and got nothing. Du Fu is a master in all aspects, and his poems have been carefully scrutinized and cannot be changed. Li Bai is a genius, sometimes he writes better than Du Fu, but on average, Du Fu is slightly stronger than him. The power of Du Fu's poems is rooted in the change of aesthetic standards of the whole society. He talks with heavy things, takes ugliness as beauty, and has great courage. He can write ugly things and cause spiritual oscillation, which is related to the changes of the times. People are closely related to poetry and works.
The Third Key of Fortress Besieged-Understanding the World. Understand the times, but never metaphysics. Why do some scholars think that there is no Qu Yuan in China? Qu Yuan has some doubts. Intellectuals in the Warring States period were not patriotic to this extent. At that time, many intellectuals were mothers if they had milk, such as Su and Yi. The major premise is the internal struggle in China, which is the same for Qin, Chu and Qi, and whoever reunites China. Qu Yuan's persistent patriotic thought could not be produced in the Warring States period, and only a unified country can have patriotism.
The fourth key to the "besieged city"-the governor. The range of things is very wide, including all famous things and systems. The more you know, the better. As time goes on, "things" will change a lot.
"Guanguan pheasant dove is in Hezhou". The Eastern Han Dynasty didn't know the meaning of pheasant dove, but only knew that pheasant dove was a kind of waterfowl. But is it related to love? There must be, but this chain has broken. China's myth has been lost a lot, which may be related to the destruction of Confucius. He didn't like myths and said, "Zi doesn't talk about the confusion of Machamp".
Without background, things are difficult to understand. An Englishman got married and I gave him a pair of mandarin ducks made of wood. I think it's very interesting. I didn't expect him to open it and say "such a beautiful wild duck" He doesn't know the meaning of love. Yuanyang doesn't mean love in Britain.
The Fifth Key of Fortress Besieged-Knowing the Law. There are rules in writing poems. This is Fortress Besieged, and we should grasp the basic things of poetry, such as levelness, adhesion, antithesis, rhyme, classification of ancient and modern styles and so on. There are also aphorisms (word number, sentence pattern, segmentation, rhyme, level tone), which stipulate all aspects of words. Mastering these doesn't make you a poet. If you master it, it will be different when you appreciate it, so you can understand why the ancients wrote it like this.
Charm is a kind of realm, which can only be understood but not expressed, especially untranslatable. I am very opposed to poetry translation. The translation of ancient poems is more difficult, and the charm of ancient poems is even more difficult, which is basically impossible. Either you don't appreciate ancient poetry or you don't look at translated ancient poetry, especially classical poetry. We can't be lazy, we must appreciate the original.
Attachment: My opinion on how to appreciate classical poetry: "knowing numbers"+"five senses"+"knowing classics"
After reading "How to Appreciate the Beauty of Classical Poetry" by Mr. Hu Zhongxing of Fudan University, I deeply feel that the "five senses" of reading poetry (literacy, knowledge of people, knowledge of the world, knowledge of things and knowledge of law) are inspiring and beneficial. I venture to add the following:
First, "knowing numbers" before "five senses"
When children learn Chinese characters, most of them start with numbers. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven ... hundreds, thousands, ten thousand ... Many people may scoff: Think about it, I'm in college, and I can't even count?
Numbers are used in many places in classical poetry. The use of numbers is a bit of a clear theme, making the finishing point. The well-known story of the "master of words". "Early Plum" Miracle, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, "The trees are frozen and want to break, and the solitary roots are warm and lonely. Snow covered the village. Last night, flowers were in full bloom in the snow. The breeze is blowing towards Mei, so it has no emotional appeal. Avon's clean posture makes the birds jumpy. If you should obey the law next year, look at Chuntai first. " One of them was originally "in Qiancun, Zita Law, and opened several branches last night". Zheng Gu changed the word "number" to "one". The change of the word "one" has a completely different artistic conception. The word "one" can highlight the theme of poetry better than the original word "number", which is really wonderful and meaningful.
In classical poetry, applying numbers belonging to the category of abstract thinking to the field of image thinking can obtain wonderful aesthetic effect and unique artistic charm-artistic beauty. The so-called artistic conception refers to the artistic realm of "unity of mind and matter" achieved by the high unity of subjective feeling and objective scenery, internal implication and external environment. Poets and lyricists often use numbers to describe images directly in classical poetry, which opens up artistic conception, is interesting and poetic, and gives people beautiful artistic enjoyment. For example, in Yan Shu's poem "Broken Array", "There are three or four mosses on the pond, and one or two orioles at the bottom of the leaves", the previous sentence describes the quiet beauty of the scenery, and the mosses by the pond seem to be meaningful and implicit; The last sentence breaks the silence with the chirping of orioles, which makes the picture richer and more vivid. The fresh and simple language depicts the beauty of late spring near early summer, but there is no loneliness of "spring". Another example is Xin Qiji's poem "Xijiang Moon", in which "seven or eight stars rise out of the sky and rain falls in front of the mountain", "seven or eight" sparse stars hang in the sky, and "two or three" crystal beads of rain fall in front of the mountain, vividly depicting the fresh beauty of rural summer liquid.
The key to "knowing numbers" is not to materialize the numbers in classical poetry with the thinking of science and engineering, but to distinguish between "real numbers" and "imaginary numbers". For example, there was a famous saying in Wang Zhihuan in the Tang Dynasty, "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and the isolated city is Wan Ren", in which "one" is "reality" and "ten thousand" is vanity. In Tang Bai Juyi's poems about chess, "one or two drinks later, three games later", in which "one, two and three" are all "empty". Bai Juyi's Ode to the Mujiang River looks like the word "half", which really should be regarded as "one river". Li Bai's poem "The apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, and the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man", "two" is "true" and "ten thousand" is empty. Wang Zhihuan's "But when you go up a storey still higher, you can broaden your horizons by 300 Li", in which "one" is "real" and "thousand" is empty.
In poetry, the use of numbers often plays an exaggerated and vague role and cannot be regarded as "real numbers". Li Bai's "Song of Autumn Pu" has "white hair and three thousands of feet, and sorrow is as long as long". Three thousands of feet White Hair shows the author's sadness and conveys his deep sadness and anger. This kind of exaggeration, seemingly unreal, is not as real as it is. It is not a truth in life, but an artistic truth. It is the use of exaggeration that makes the author deepen his understanding of the abstract emotion of "worry" and receive unusual artistic effects. In addition, Li Bai's "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way has set for nine days" and "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it is better to give it to me from Wang Lun" all sum up the author's strong thoughts and feelings in a novel and bold way. Mao Zedong's "Red Army is not afraid of difficult expeditions, and Qianshan only has leisure", "Thousand" and "Ten Thousand" show the revolutionary heroism of the Red Army.
In fact, if you are engaged in the translation of classical poetry, you can understand. This is also one of the difficulties in the translation of classical poetry. For example, the first half of Su Shi's sentence "There are three or two peach blossoms outside the bamboo, and the duck prophet in the spring water heating" can only be translated as "When the bamboo sets off several peach blossoms"; The word "Shili" in Liu Yong's famous sentence "Sanqiu has laurel and a lotus in ten miles" is "virtual" and refers to a wide range, so it translates as "the lotus blooms far and wide in summer".
Second, the threshold of "super-class": "code recognition"
Mastering "counting" and "five senses" is equivalent to the "nine segments" of professional chess players in Go. As we all know, there are "weak nine", "strong nine" and "super-class" in the "strong nine" If you want to be a master of classical poetry (classical poetry is the "top nine") or even a master of Chinese studies (classical poetry is "super-first-class"), you must also master "a science"-"knowledge code".
The so-called "code" is also an allusion.
Entering poetry with classics is a common expression technique used by poets in past dynasties. All poems quoted historical facts about people, places, events and things in the past, or quoted words and beautiful sentences to express the poet's wishes or feelings, and to increase the image, meaning and elegance of words and phrases, or the connotation and depth of artistic conception, are called "allusions". Allusions are also a rhetorical device in poetry, which can avoid being clear at a glance and leave room for readers to associate and think between the lines. Clever and appropriate use of allusions can make poetry rich in meaning, concise, implicit, solemn and elegant, make expression more vivid, make poetry more concise, make words near and far, subtle and tactful, thus improving the expressive force and appeal of works.
Example 1: Du Mu's "Boqin Zhun" has been learned from ancient times. "The smoke cage is full of sand and water, and the night is near Qinhuai Restaurant. A strong woman in the business world doesn't know how to hate the country, but also sings "backyard flower" across the river. " The title of the poem "backyard flower" is an allusion. Chen Houzhu's Flowers in the Garden of Yushu in the Southern Dynasties was called "the voice of national subjugation" by later generations. Poets lived in the late Tang Dynasty, when the national fortune declined. These rulers did not pay attention to state affairs, but gathered in restaurants to enjoy decadent music. How can they not let the poet worry that history will repeat itself? Therefore, the poet here borrows the historical story of Chen Houzhu's national subjugation due to debauchery to satirize the wasted time of the rulers in the late Tang Dynasty.
Example 2: Su Shi's "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou" uses words to express his ambition and his heart. "Old chat young crazy, left with yellow, right with pale. Golden hat, mink and fur, thousands of riding rolls and leveling posts. In order to repay the people of the whole city for following my generous hunting proposal, I will shoot this tiger myself like Sun Quan. I drank wine, my mind was broadened, my courage was more heroic, and my sideburns were slightly white. Why not? When will the emperor send someone down, like Emperor Han sent Feng Tang to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei? I will bow like a full moon, look northwest and shoot Sirius. " At the end of the poem, "When will Feng Tang deliver it?" Quote an allusion. According to the biography of Han Feng Tang, Shang Wei served as the satrap in Yunzhong during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, and made meritorious service to Xiongnu, but he was convicted and dismissed for reporting six more heads when he made meritorious service. Later, Wendi adopted Feng Tang's suggestion and sent Feng Tang and Jeff to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei. Here, the poet is in Michigan, and his talent is not obtained, and his ambition is hard to pay. Shang Wei speaks for itself. I hope that one day, the imperial court can also send people like Feng Tang to express their lofty aspirations. We can also see that the poet's criticism of the ruler is the best way, because he can't speak directly.
Example 3: Xin Qiji's Broken Fighter evokes association and innovates artistic conception through classics. "Drunk burning lamp to see the sword, dream back to the corner. Give the roast beef to the men and the band will play northern songs. This is a military parade on the battlefield in autumn. Horses run like Ma Delu, bows and arrows fly like thunder. It is a good idea for the emperor to complete the great cause of recovering the lost land of the country and gain a good reputation from generation to generation. Poor white hair! " There are three allusions in the poem, namely "800 Li", "50 strings" and "Delu". One is "800 Li", which is short for "800 Li barge". According to Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Wang Jinkai and Wang Ji made a bet on the cow's "eight hundred-mile boat". After Ji Wang won, he killed the cow and roasted it (roast beef). Later generations used 800 Li to refer to the cow. Second, ancient musical instruments have fifty strings. Li Shangyin's poem: "I don't know why I have fifty strings in my Jinse." The "fifty strings" in the word refers to all kinds of musical instruments that are played together. The third one is Lu, a famous horse. According to legend, Ma Lu was once ridden by Liu Bei and jumped three feet from Tanxi in the west of Xiangyang City to escape. Using these three allusions to create a magnificent artistic conception, readers can't help but see the spectacular scene of rewarding soldiers before the war broke out and the fierce scene of iron-blooded soldiers flying over the enemy lines on the battlefield, which is very penetrating.
Example 4: Liu Yuxi's "Enjoy Lotte at the First Meeting in Yangzhou" is rich in words and connotations. "Bashan Chu water desolate, abandoned for 23 years. People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed. On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower. Listen to your song today, for the time being, with the spirit of a glass of wine. " There are two allusions in the poem "Homesickness is empty, hometown is rotten": Xiang embroidery smells Xiao and Wang Yuxian. "Wendy's Fu" refers to "Thinking of the Old Fu" of Xiang Embroidery in the Western Jin Dynasty. At the end of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms, Xiang Xiu's good friends Ji Kang and Lu An were killed because they were dissatisfied with Sima's usurpation of power. Later, Xiang embroidery passed by the former residences of Ji Kang and Lu An, and heard neighbors playing flutes, which evoked memories of old friends. "Rotten Ke people" refers to Jin Wang Ren. According to legend, the king of Jin went up the mountain to chop wood, and when he saw two boys playing chess, he stopped to watch. By the end of the game, the handle of his axe was rotten. Back in the village, I realized that one hundred years had passed. All my contemporaries have passed away. The whole sentence expresses the author's feeling of returning after being demoted for more than 20 years. "Wendy Fu" implies dissatisfaction with the persecution of the old friend by the rulers at that time, and expresses deep nostalgia for the old friend. It is implied that he has been relegated by "rotten ke" for too long, and this time he came back as if it was a lifetime ago, and he felt completely different in personnel. This is no longer the past. Just fourteen words, expressing such complicated feelings. At the same time, we can also see that the allusion also makes the poetry antithesis neat, harmonious in rhyme and rigorous in structure. While increasing the connotation of poetry, it also increases the neatness of its appearance.
The main forms of allusion in poetry are "using things" and "using sentences".
"Using things" means quoting historical stories. The above cases are all "practical". Another form of allusions is to borrow the poems of predecessors, that is, "using sentences". Specifically, there are two kinds: one is to directly quote the existing poems of predecessors, and the other is to modify or simplify the original sentences. The last two sentences of Mao Zedong's poem "The People's Liberation Army Occupy Nanjing": "If the sky is affectionate, there will be old people, and the world will be vicissitudes!" Among them, "if the sky is affectionate, the sky is always from Li He's" Golden Copper Immortal Ci Han Song ". The original poem: "Declining orchid sends guests to Xianyang Road, if the sky is sentimental and old. "Sun Zhu in Song Dynasty also used it in He Manzi Autumn Complaint:" If the sky is sentimental, it will be old and hard to ban it. "In Ouyang Xiu's Mulan Broken, I felt sad and left my arms. If there is love in the sky, it will be old. How about this idea? As thin as light silk, as thin as waves. " The other one belongs to "Hua Sentence". For example, "ancient sober people and saints have been forgotten, and only great drinkers can be immortalized!" " It is from the sixth part of Bao Zhao's "Code Difficult to Walk". "Sages have been poor since ancient times, not to mention our generation is lonely and straight!" It is also said that Su Shi's When Is the Bright Moon There are many allusions. The first sentence "When will there be a bright moon? Ask the sky for wine ",which is used in Li Bai's poem" Wine asks the moon ". I want to stop for a drink and ask "; The phrase "Beauty is thousands of miles away" comes from Xie Zhuang's Yuefu: "A beauty walks in the dust, thousands of miles away, and the moon is in the sky. The meaning of "here is still used, but the feelings have changed, excluding the original meaning of sadness and depression.
The key to using allusions is not only to learn from what they refer to, but also to innovate from the old. More importantly, you should be able to treat them as your own, leaving no trace. The above two cases of "using sentences" have reached such a state.
The so-called "knowing the classics" is to see through and appreciate the "using the classics" in classical poetry. "Using Canon" is like setting a riddle, and "knowing Canon" means guessing the answer. "Using Canon" is like "setting a game", and "knowing Canon" is "solving a case". Because ancient poets read many ancient books and memorized all the materials, they wrote easily and effortlessly. If you can "know the classics" today, you must learn to be a master.
"extremes meet." If "code" is used properly, it will have positive significance. But allusions can't be abused. Some famous artists are often unavoidable. For example, Li Shangyin's poems are very popular with Mao Zedong and Lu Xun. Mr. Lu Xun said: "Yu Huosheng has a clear and beautiful sentence, how dare he compare with others?" But at the same time, he pointed out that he "used too many allusions, which made me dissatisfied." For example, the famous poem "Jinse" wrote: "I want to know why my Jinse has fifty strings, each of which has a youthful interval. Zhuangzi daydreaming, a saint, was bewitched by butterflies, and cuckoo crowed in the imperial spring. Mermaids shed pearl-like tears on the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathed their jade to the sun. A moment that should last forever has come and gone before I know it. " It is not difficult to understand that the two couplets in the middle use allusions, but what are the facts and thoughts expressed through these allusions? There are different opinions in ancient and modern times Some people say it's a love poem, some people say it's a eulogy, some people say it's a eulogy and so on. Some people admire this poem, while others think it is useless.
The tragedy of people today is that they know too little about ancient Chinese and don't know some familiar allusions. Modern people write old-style poems, not because allusions are used too much and used badly, but because there are no allusions at all and they don't know what allusions are at one time. When writing poems today, we might as well use more classics to restore our attention to the study of ancient Chinese, which is conducive to our inheritance of traditional culture.