In today's Dehong Autonomous Prefecture and Tengchong area, "Chang E" people lived before the Yuan Dynasty (Yuanqu Geographical Records Jinya Fu Xuan Volume), and Ming Zhengde's Yunnan Records considered them as "seeking descendants" in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, the "Xunchuan" people were subordinate to the western envoy of Nanzhao Town, and they still lived a primitive life of "not vulgar" and "scattered mountains without kings". In the process of development, Xunchuan people gradually divided into Achang and Jingpo in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In the 16th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1383), Zuo Na led his troops to Ming Dynasty. During the Hongwu period, the Han section was named "the land of Yunlong Mansion", and Achang became a ruled nation, moved to Dehong in the southwest, and gradually lost their homeland. Hulasa, inhabited by Achang people, belonged to Lu Chuan Xuanwei's embassy in the early Ming Dynasty. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/5th century, General Wang was appointed as our division commander in Longchuan. Wang Ji made his subordinate officer Lai Luoyi the general manager, in charge of Husa and Lhasa respectively, and became a hereditary Lord. Achang people learned the techniques of paddy field cultivation and ironmaking from the Han army stationed in the frontier, which promoted the division of labor between Achang agriculture and handicrafts, and the commodity economy initially developed.
The early Qing dynasty inherited the toast system of the Ming dynasty. Wu Sangui changed the area from Hula to Xunzhuang. In the thirty-first year of Kangxi (1692), "Xunzhuang" was abolished and was still inherited by Lai and Kuang. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Hulusa area was under the jurisdiction of Tengyue State. During the Qianlong period, in addition to paying tribute to Dai feudal lords, more than 80% of Achang people in Nandian Tusi area became tenants of nearby Han and Dai landlords. Exploited by feudal lords and landlords at the same time. During the Republic of China, Yunnan warlords established ruling bureaus in Longchuan and Lianghe, and implemented the Baojia system. However, the feudal chieftain system lasted until the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China and ruled Achang for more than 500 years. Achang people pay "three major salaries" (official rent, opium money and foundation silver) to Tusi every year, and villages also undertake special labor.
Before the founding of New China, Achang area was mainly a feudal landlord economy, and at the same time, the feudal landlord economy also developed to a certain extent, and the phenomenon of pawning, mortgaging and buying and selling land generally occurred. Many Achang people have become tenants of nearby Han and Dai landlords. Agriculture and handicrafts in Achang area are relatively developed, and Hulusa tobacco is very famous in western Yunnan and exported to Myanmar. "Achang Dao" is loved by people of all ethnic groups on the Yunnan-Myanmar border and is an essential production tool. Sugarcane, tea and other cash crops, embroidery, knitwear and other handicrafts are also very famous.
After the founding of New China, 1952, Achang Autonomous Region (district level) was established in Hulasei area of Longchuan County, where Achang people live in compact communities. 1953 and 1954, three Achang townships were established successively in Gaojingtian Township, jiangdong district, Jie Bing Township, luxi county and Zhang Guan Township, Zhedao District, lianghe county. /kloc-since the autumn of 0/955, Achang ethnic areas have carried out the land reform movement of peaceful consultation and completely abolished feudal land ownership. Privileges of lords and landlords, miscellaneous troops, usury, etc. Will also be abolished. The victory of land reform made Achang people get rid of feudal shackles completely, thus promoting the development of production. In Achang area, local industries have gradually developed. For example, small factories such as ironware, farm tools, oil-pressing, soap, rosin and cloth dyeing were established in Liang Dong County. A steel plant has also been established in Huliesa area. The people's government also helped to establish health and epidemic prevention stations, trained a group of Achang medical personnel, eliminated infectious diseases such as plague, cholera and typhoid fever that were rampant for a while before the founding of the People's Republic of China, and effectively guaranteed people's health. Cultural and educational undertakings have also developed accordingly. Achang people have teachers with higher education, and school-age children have the opportunity to go to school. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, agriculture and handicrafts have made new progress. For example, Lianghe area has cultivated excellent rice varieties, and Hulu area has diversified its operations in addition to large-scale transformation of farmland. The output of knives has increased to about 50 colors and 120 colors on the original basis, which has been widely welcomed by consumers at home and abroad.
The oral literature of Achang nationality is rich in songs, stories and legends. There are many beautiful legends circulating among the people, such as the long narrative epic Gaipalma Gaimima; The long narrative poem "Cao Fried" and "Blacksmith vs Dragon King"; Custom stories Ji Gu, Cousin and Hip Bone; Animal stories such as "Muntjac and Leopard Change Jobs" and "Old Bear Tears Face". These poems and legends are very simple, vivid and touching. Singing duets is a favorite activity of young men and women in their leisure time, which can be roughly divided into three types. A song called Xiang Le Ji is a folk song sung by young men and women in the wild. Generally speaking, scenery and improvisation are combined, and mountains, water, clouds and trees can all sing; One is called Jacky, which is a love song sung in a low voice when young men and women meet in the Woods in the dead of night. Feelings are real and often last all night. There is also a kind of "Xiang Le Mo", which is also a duet love song. The melody is elegant and kind, the lyrics are profound and the metaphor is vivid. Musical instruments include bamboo harp, flute, Hulusheng, sanxian, elephant foot drum, gong and so on. Elephant foot drum dance and monkey dance are the most popular dances. Folk sports are also colorful, such as swinging, horse racing, shooting, jumping Achang Dao, martial arts and so on. Arts and crafts include embroidery, painting, dyeing and weaving, sculpture and silverware making. , and the production is fine. Sculpture, in particular, is of a high level, and all kinds of carved animals and plants can be seen on furniture, buildings and shrines. In addition, architecture and painting also have certain national characteristics. Social customs and habits
Achang Su Achang men wear blue, white or black double-breasted shirts, black trousers and some even wear left-handed shirts. Women's clothing varies slightly from place to place, and they like to wear all kinds of silver ornaments during festivals. Married women generally wear skirts, narrow long-sleeved double-breasted clothes and blue cloth; Unmarried women wear trousers, light-colored double-breasted clothes and pigtails. The food is mainly rice, as well as potatoes, vegetables and meat. , acidophilic food. In the past, young men and women had the habit of chewing betel nut, and their teeth were often dyed black. Houses are mostly quadrangle buildings with brick, wood and stone structures, with people living in the main house, food and other living materials piled up on the upper floors of the wings on both sides, and pigsty and cowshed downstairs. The houses in the village are relatively tidy. The main roads between villages are generally stone roads or gravel roads, which is convenient for communication. The man took a bag and a long knife with him when he went out. Men and women are used to carrying goods on their shoulders, and mules and horses are used for long-distance transportation. Achang people are generally monogamous families, free to fall in love before marriage, and "string girls" prevail, but marriage is arranged by parents. In the past, people with the same surname were generally unmarried, but for a long time, it was common to intermarry with Han, Dai and other ethnic groups. The transfer system of husband-brother marriage is prevalent. Widows can remarry, but they can't take away their husbands' property, and their children are also raised by their in-laws People are usually buried after death, and those who die abnormally must be cremated. Achang people are cheerful and very polite. Tea altar is a popular pottery utensil for cooking tea in their hospitality etiquette. When visiting Achang's house, the host will first take out the hip flask and pour a small glass of wine to welcome the guests, then take out the tea jar, put tea leaves on it, pour boiling water, cook it on a charcoal fire for a while, and then pour it into a teacup. The host and the guests will have a tea conversation together.
Religious belief and important festival Hulusa Achang people generally believe in Hinayana Buddhism and regularly "go in and out" of the depression every year. Religious festivals and activities such as "burning white firewood". Achang people in Lianghe area used to believe in ghosts and gods. Every year before the spring ploughing and autumn harvest, they have to offer sacrifices to the "local ghost head" three times. The whole village sprinkled chicken blood and chicken feathers in the fields in order to pray for ghosts to protect crops. In addition, influenced by the Han nationality, they also worship their ancestors. The Achang people in Hulasa, like the Dai people nearby, have festivals such as catching the pendulum, kicking the nest, meeting the street, tasting the new festival, splashing water, entering the depression and leaving the depression. In addition, there are festivals such as Torch Festival, changing yellow sheets, burning white firewood and watering flowers.