Bayeset is the son of Murad I, known as "Thunder and Lightning". 1389, joined the Kosovo campaign with his father. After his father was assassinated, he continued to command the army to fight, annihilated the joint forces of Serbia and Bulgaria, captured and killed its commander, Duke lazare, and conquered Serbia and Bulgaria. 1395, Baissette invaded Hungary. 1396, a crusader consisting of Hungarian and Polish troops and British and French knights * * * 65438+ 10,000 people fought in Nicoburg, and won a total victory, capturing more than 0/0000 knights/kloc-0. Just as Baissette was preparing to continue to invade Europe to the west, the powerful Timur army in the East invaded Xiaoya, and Baissette marched eastward with a great army. The two sides launched a decisive battle in Ankara on 1402, mobilizing millions of troops. Baissette was defeated, captured and died. Although Beyset I was in danger of losing his last days, he won many major battles in his life and was also a famous soldier.
Bayeset I (Turkish: Bayes? T, also called y ld? r？ M, "lightning"; Arabic:; About1354–1403) is the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and its ruling period was 1389 to 1402. He ascended the Sultan's throne after the assassination of his father Murad I, and immediately hanged his younger brother yakubu to prevent him from plotting a coup.
In retaliation for the assassination of his father Murad I in the first Kosovo campaign, Baissette massacred a large number of Serbian prisoners of war. He then married the daughter of the king of Serbia, thus forming an alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Serbia, and his descendants could even claim the privilege of a dynasty in Serbia. He appointed Stephen Bulcovic as the leader of Serbia and granted Serbia considerable autonomy. After this diplomatic victory, he began to drink heavily, but stopped after the social unrest he caused broke out.
139 1 year, Beissert led an army to besiege Constantinople, the capital of Byzantine Empire. At the request of Byzantine Emperor John V, a new crusade was organized to defeat the Ottoman Empire. This action proved to be a failure: 1396, the Christian allied forces led by the Hungarian king and the Holy Roman Emperor sigismund were defeated in the Battle of Nicopolis. Baissette celebrated this victory by building his beautiful new capital in bursa.
So the siege of Constantinople continued until 140 1. At one time, the Byzantine emperor even fled Constantinople. Fortunately, however, the Mongols saved the Byzantine Empire. Because of the Ottoman army's attack in Baissette, the Mongols suddenly declared war on Baissette.
1400, Timur, a warlord in Central Asia, succeeded in getting some kingdoms that had surrendered to the Turks to attack Bayeset with him. 1402 On July 20th, Bayeset was captured by Timur in the Angolan war that decided his fate. All his sons fled to Serbia until Timur died. At that time, some reports pointed out that Timur held Beissert in prison and regarded him as a trophy. Similarly, there are many stories about prison life in Baissette, including the story that Timur used Baissette as a footstool. Another article even described Timur asking Baissette's Serbian wife to dance naked in front of his courtiers. However, these descriptions are considered untrue. Timur's courtiers wrote that Beissert was taken good care of, and Timur even mourned Beissert's death. Similarly, the history of Timur himself and other rulers also proves that Timur kept his promise, and he declared that he would strive to return Baissette to the Ottoman throne. But a year later, Baissette died-some documents say that Baissette committed suicide by throwing an iron bar in a cage.
Timur Empire (Al-imbarutriyyah A 1- Timur, 1370 ~ Timur Flag 1507)
An Islamic country established by the Chagatai people and Iranians in Central Asia in the Middle Ages. Also translated as "Timur Dynasty". The history of Ming Dynasty is called Samarkand or Khalid. It was founded by Timur (1336 ~ 1405), a descendant of Mongolian aristocrats in Turkic Central Asia, hence the name. /kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, the Chagatai Khanate was divided into two parts: the East Chagatai Khanate and the West Chagatai Khanate. In his early years, Timur first took refuge as an official in Hazhan, West Chagatai, and later served as the counselor of Tuhei Lutan Maineng, Governor of East Chagatai, in Keshi. He used the political chaos and the split between East and West at that time to expand his power through military conquest. 1370, Timur allied himself with other military nobles, defeated the separatist forces from all over the world, killed Sultan Hussein, the platform of Sikha khanate, occupied Samarkand, and seized the central sovereignty of the river, calling himself the "Grand Emir" and "Sultan" and making Samarkand its capital. He led a powerful army composed of Turkic nomadic tribes in Central Asia and carried out large-scale external expansion.
From 1380, Iran and Afghanistan were captured successively, and then the two river basins were captured.
1388 conquered the thorn submodule.
From 1389 to 1395, it repeatedly attacked the Chincha khanate, destroyed its capital, such as Salebirkel, and occupied Armenia and the South Caucasus.
1398 attacked northern India, occupied Delhi, the capital of Turuk dynasty, and slaughtered about 654.38+ten thousand prisoners of war (fifty thousand words).
1399 invaded Asia Minor.
1400 attack Syria and occupy Damascus.
1402, the Ottoman army was defeated in the northeast of Ankara, and Sultan Bailly was captured and wiped out.
1405 (the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), Timur assembled 900,000 troops to cross the Syr Darya River to find out, and died on the way.
Timur has been in power for more than 30 years, and has established a huge Timur empire. Its territory starts from the Euphrates River in the west, the Syr Darya River and Delhi in India in the east, the Caucasus in the north and the Persian Gulf in the south.
After Timur died, the war for the throne lasted for several years. During the reign of Charouk (1405 ~ 1447), he moved his capital to Herat (formerly known as Harry, Herat and Herat) (now western Afghanistan). Focus on governing the country and construction.
When his son Ulubo (1447, ~ 1449) was in power, he managed Samarkand and vigorously developed scientific and cultural undertakings.
1449 After the death of Ulubo, Abdul Nadif succeeded to the throne, and the struggle for the throne within the ruling group became increasingly fierce, and the separatist forces in various places got rid of the central control. The eastern part of Iran was divided into two parts, with Herat and Samarkand as the centers respectively, and the western part of Iran was successively occupied by the Black Sheep Dynasty and the White Sheep Dynasty in Turkmenistan.
1500, when the last Sultan Hussein Baihara (1468 ~ 1506) was in power, Uzbek Sibani Khan led the army to occupy the central part of the river and capture Samarkand, and 1507 captured Khorasan, and the Timur Empire perished.
The Timur Empire pursues the Sunni teachings and doctrines of Islam, and the rulers pretend to be the protectors of Islam. Judges are taught everywhere to preside over judicial and religious affairs. In Herat, the capital, there is a sharia supervisor named "Mukhtahib" who supervises Muslims' implementation of religious rules. Islamic clergy enjoy a high status in society, and famous religious scholars are employed as national teachers, ministers and senators in the court to assist Sudan in its administration. Timur divided the society into two main classes, with religious leaders such as Said (saints), Sheikh (elders) and Olema (scholars) as the first class, and granted land and other religious rights. He built a large number of mosques and religious universities in various places, especially the Grand Mosque in Heratgami, Hussein Baihara College, the ancient university in Gowa, and the Islamic universities in Samarkand and Bukhara. With the protection and support of the empire, the Benhitist Sect of Sufi Nagesh centered on Bukhara has been widely spread and developed in Central Asia, and its theory has had a considerable impact on the social politics, culture and life of the empire. We have adopted a tolerant policy towards Shiites, and protected and restored Shiites' mosques and shrines.
The political system of Timur Empire was set as the central and local governments. The central government has a Council of Ministers chaired by Sudan. There are 3 local governors in charge of military affairs, civil affairs, taxation and ownerless industries. This army consists of 40 Turkic tribes. A systematic judicial system has been established, which separates religious, criminal, civil and administrative litigation and is handled by judges respectively. The land system implements feudal fiefdoms, distributing conquered land to family members, military generals, emirs and local rulers, and collecting taxes from the people. The empire attached great importance to the development of commercial trade at home and abroad, and once opened up a new land trade route for India and eastern Iran. The middle section of the "Silk Road" stands opposite the post station, with unobstructed roads and salty business trips in the distance. In the capitals of Samarkand and Tabrizi, there are many business trips from eastern and western countries, many shops, miscellaneous department stores and rich people and things. Large-scale irrigation projects have been built in agriculture, with complete ditches. In rural areas, "the land is fertile and the people are rich" and "the grain is abundant" (The Story of the Western Regions). The empire attached great importance to urban construction. Cities destroyed by war were rebuilt and expanded, immigrants became rich, new market towns were built on the main roads of border crossings, and Samarkand and Herat were expanded into the most prosperous political, economic, religious, academic and cultural centers. The late king of Timur Empire had long exchanged envoys with the Ming Dynasty, and businessmen, scholars and travelers often went there for economic, trade and cultural exchanges.
On the basis of economic development, Timur Empire absorbed the outstanding cultural achievements of different nationalities, blended and merged, and presented a new cultural look with Turkic characteristics. During the reign of Shaharu and Urubo, the policy of advocating, protecting and sponsoring academic culture was adopted. Scholars, poets and craftsmen from the East and the West gathered in Samarkand and Herat, engaged in scientific research and writing books, and made achievements in literature, poetry, painting, architecture, history, astronomy and linguistics. In literature, there are famous poets such as Hafez, Islamic Cathedral and Nawayi, whose works occupy an important position in the history of Islamic culture and are world-famous. In painting, Persian miniature paintings have reached a superb level, forming Herat School and Samarkand School with their own unique styles. In architecture, it combines Persian, Arabic and Turkic architectural styles, showing the characteristics of Turkic nationality. The Kami Mosque, the Mausoleum and Palace of Gul 'Amir, the Religious University and the Observatory are majestic and perfect, beautifully decorated, beautifully carved and brightly colored. Astronomy, uruba's observatory built in Samarkand and uruba Astronomical Watch are famous observatories and the most accurate astronomical watches before16th century. In historiography, The Essence of History, edited by Hafez Labroue, describes the detailed process of Shaharu's contacts with China in the Ming Dynasty. The History of Shaharu written by Abdul Razak records many important historical events of the empire, which is of great historical value. Under the influence of Persian language and literature, "Turkic culture" was formed, the Chagatai language was developed, and poems and literary works were created in Turkic. Most of the rulers of the Timur Empire love literature and art, among which Sultan Shaharu, Ulubo and Hussein Baihara are all famous scholars and scientists. He was praised as "the great protector of Islamic science and art" by later scholars.