China was a writer in the Tang Dynasty. Small words, other words are bright. Luoyang (now Henan) people. I lost my father at the age of eight, so I'm not that poor. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, he was honored by the Second Economics of the Ming Dynasty. At the age of 2 1, he was a low-ranking official of Hezhongfu. At the age of 25, he was awarded the title of outstanding scholar and secretary of the provincial school. At the age of 28, he won the first place in the Department of Physical Education. In the fourth year of Yuanhe (809), he supervised the country. Jiangling satrap Cao was demoted to join the army the following year for violating the rights of eunuchs. Later, it was Tongzhou Shi Sima and Guo Duc. Yuan He was the Foreign Minister of the Food Department for fourteen years. The following year, eunuch Cui introduced him as a doctor of ancestral temple, an imperial edict. In the first year of Changqing (82 1), he moved to Zhongshu Sheren as imperial academy. The following year, I lived in March, and I was a secretariat in the same state and an observer in eastern Zhejiang. In the third year of Daiwa (829), he was Zuo Cheng and senior minister.
, five years, died in Wuchang army our appointment. In Yuan Zhen's creation, poetry is the greatest achievement. Along with Bai Juyi, Bai Yuan is also an advocate of the New Yuefu Movement. He admired Du Fu's poems, and his poetics changed from Du Fu to Du Fu. He is beautiful and gorgeous in plain, with strong colors, twists and turns, vivid and touching details, which is more interesting than Xing. Yuefu poetry occupies an important position in Yuan poetry and has certain practical significance. The disadvantage is that the theme is not focused enough and the image is not clear enough. The long narrative poem Lian Chang Gong Ci was also classified as Yuefu in Yuan Dynasty, which was intended to be ironic and was as famous as Song of Eternal Sorrow. Its details describe beauty and nature. The most distinctive poems in Yuan Dynasty are colourful poems and mourning poems. He is good at writing the love between men and women, and his description is meticulous and vivid, which is different from the description of ordinary colourful poems. Mourning poems were written in memory of his wife, Wei Cong. Among them, three mourning poems are the most widely circulated. In the form of poetry, Yuan Zhen is the founder of "paying with rhyme". "Appreciating Lotte" in Hanlin's Appreciating Bai Xueshi and Southeast Poems is to reuse the original rhyme of white poems in turn, with the same rhyme but different meanings. This rhyming practice of giving money to each other had a great influence at that time, and it was also easy to produce abuses. Yuan Zhen also made some achievements in prose and legend. He was the first person to write letters in ancient Chinese, which made his handwriting beautiful and imitated by others. His Biography of Yingying (also known as Hui Zhenji) tells the tragic love story between Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying, with beautiful writing and meticulous description, which is a famous piece in tang legends. Later generations of drama writers created many dramas with story characters as their themes, such as Dong Jieyuan's The West Chamber and Wang Shifu's The West Chamber in Yuan Dynasty. Yuan Zhen compiled his own poems and collected them with friends. This anthology, Changqing Collection of Yuanshi County, contains poems, edicts, remonstrances, etc. *** 100 volumes. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty. Today, Chen Yinke's Poem Talk and Bian's Chronicle of Yuan Zhen.
Bai Juyi (772 ~ 846)
China was a poet in Tang Dynasty. The word Lotte,No. Xiangshan lay, Mr. Drunk Sound. His ancestral home is Taiyuan, Shanxi, and his ancestral home is Luanhe River (now Weinan, Shaanxi). In his later years, the official prince from posthumous title Shaofu was called Bai Fu and Bai Wengong.
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He was born in a small bureaucratic family all his life. Born in Xinzheng, Zhengzhou (now Xinzheng County, Henan Province). Since 1 1 years old, she has been displaced by war for five or six years. I studied hard when I was a teenager. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800 years), he was a scholar, and in the 18th year, he got an excellent degree with Yuan Zhen. After the engagement, Bai Yuan became as famous as a poet. In the spring of nineteen years, he was awarded the provincial school secretary. In the first year of Yuanhe (806), he dismissed the school book lang, wrote seventy-five pieces of "Ce Lin", was proficient in sports, and was named county commandant. Shoot "Watching Wheat Cutting" and "Song of Eternal Sorrow". Yuanhe returned to Korea in the second year, awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin in November, and served as a left gleaning in the following year. In four years, he launched the New Yuefu Movement with Yuan Zhen and Li Shen. In five years, Cao, a native of Jingzhao County, joined the army. At this time, he was still a bachelor of Hanlin, drafting letters and participating in state affairs. Can he not be afraid of powerful people? Tell the truth. In six years, Yuanhe was sent back to Beijing to serve because his mother was at home and had served her full term. In ten years, he was demoted to Sima Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) for taking the lead in catching the murderer of Wu. The following year, I wrote Pipa Travel. He began to "be an official in seclusion" and built a thatched cottage in Lushan. His thought has changed from "saving the world" to "being immune to the world", and more and more leisurely and sentimental poems have appeared. In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, he changed to Zhongzhou Secretariat, returned to Beijing in the fifteenth year, and moved to Zhongshu Sheren. Due to the feud between the cronies of the DPRK and China, Yu Changqing requested to be released in the second year (822), and he was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou successively, which won the hearts of the people. In the first year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (827), he was supervised by the secretary, transferred to assistant minister of punishments the following year and settled in Luoyang for four years. Later, he served as the guest of the Prince, Henan Yin and Shaofu Prince. In the second year of Huichang (842), he became an official with the minister of punishments. In Luoyang, he entertained himself with poetry, wine, Zen, Qin and mountains and rivers, and often sang with Liu Yuxi, who was called Liu Yuxi. In Huichang four years, eight stone beaches were dug in Longmen for the benefit of boat people. At the age of 75, he was buried at Pipa Peak in Xiangshan, Longmen, Luoyang. Li Shangyin wrote an epitaph for him.
Bai Juyi's poetry theory integrates Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Self-reliance, with Confucianism as the guiding ideology, "wealth will help the world, and poverty will be immune to it." His ambition of "helping the world and the people" is mainly based on Confucian benevolent policies, including the theory of Huang Lao, the technique of treating filial piety and the method of applying Korea; His mind of "being alone" absorbed the concepts of contentment, uniformity and freedom of Laozi and Zhuangzi and the Buddhist thought of "liberation". The two are roughly bounded by Bai's demotion of Jiangzhou Sima. Bai Juyi not only left nearly 3000 poems, but also put forward a whole set of poetry theory. He compared poetry to a fruit tree and put forward the viewpoint of "root feeling, Miao character, Watson and true meaning" (nine books are the same). He believes that "emotion" is the fundamental condition for the emergence of poetry, "those who touch people's hearts should not care about emotion first" (ibid.), and the emergence of emotion is related to current politics because of emotion. Therefore, poetry creation cannot be divorced from reality, but must be based on various events in real life and reflect the social and political situation of an era. He inherited the tradition of "beauty and beauty" since the Book of Songs and attached importance to the realistic content and social function of poetry. Emphasize the role of poetry in exposing and criticizing political abuses. He put forward a series of principles in the method of poetry expression: (1) Simple and straightforward words; (2) Speak straight to the point, write things directly and be close to things; (3) The facts are true, the contents are true and well documented; (4) The body is smooth and smooth, and the text is smooth and easy to sing (Preface to New Yuefu). His poetic theory is of progressive significance for urging poets to face up to reality and care about people's livelihood. It also has an important influence on the poetic style that has gradually emphasized form since Dali (766 ~ 779). However, overemphasizing the subordination of poetry creation to the needs of real politics will inevitably constrain the artistic creation of poetry and the diversification of poetry styles.
The Ink of Bai Juyi's Lengyan Sutra
Bai Juyi once divided his poems into four categories: satire, leisure, sentimentality and miscellaneous methods. Generally speaking, the first three categories are ancient bodies, and the latter category is near bodies. The first three categories are roughly divided by content, but they overlap. Among these four types of poems, Bai himself pays more attention to the first two types, and thinks that satirical poems reflect the ambition to help the world; Leisure poems show the meaning of being good alone; It is a direct embodiment of his life goals. Sentimental poems and miscellaneous poems are "either seduced by one thing or sent by a smile, born spontaneously, not in life" (Yuan Zaju "Nine Books"). Satire is the essence of white poetry. There are 50 representative works of New Yuefu and Qin Zhongyin 10. They widely reflect the major issues in all aspects of social life in the middle Tang Dynasty, and focus on describing the darkness of reality and the suffering of the people. These poems are fiercely worded and have no scruples, breaking through the tradition of "gentle and honest" poetry teaching, and are very prominent in ancient poems criticizing current politics. Satire is more direct in form. The narrative is complete, the plot is vivid, and the plot of the characters is meticulous and vivid. The other part of satirical poetry uses allegory to support things and natural images to support political feelings. These two kinds of works have profound and broad generalizations, concentrated themes, vivid images and clear language. Some "new Yuefu" also adopt the sentence pattern of "337", which has traces of folk popular literature and art. Leisure poems mostly express the yearning for seclusion and quiet life in the countryside and the interest of leading an honest and clean life. Many poems also promote the idea of contentment, peace and happiness. However, some poems show dissatisfaction with reality from the side, which shows that his pursuit of leisure is only a helpless relief. The most famous sentimental poems are the narrative poems "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Xing". Song of Eternal Sorrow is a story about the marriage and love between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei, which contains both an earth-shattering satire on China's lust for beauty and endless sympathy and regret for this endless sorrow. Pipa has a sense of descent, and his language achievements are outstanding. These two poems are full of twists and turns in narrative, meticulous in writing, good at parallelism, smooth and harmonious in sound and rhyme, and widely circulated. Bai also has many gifts for relatives and friends, sincere and sincere, simple and moving. However, in this kind of poems, there are many sad colors that lament the old people's illness and death, and Buddhist thoughts that get rid of the hubbub. Miscellaneous poems are the most in white poems, and some intriguing lyric landscape poems are very famous, with a few strokes and a lot of business. In addition, there are some long sentences and poems that tell the truth and contrast the melody. There is a glass of light, wine shadow and amorous feelings, which is quite imitated by people at that time. White poetry was widely spread at that time, from the court to the folk, and its reputation spread far and wide in Xinjiang, Korea and Japan. White poetry has a great influence on later literature. Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng, Nie, Luo Yin and Du Xunhe in the late Tang Dynasty and Wang Yucheng, Mei, Su Shi, Lu You, Wu and Huang Zunxian in the Qing Dynasty were all inspired by the style of white poetry. Playwrights of later generations have also re-created according to the stories of Bai poetry, such as Bai Pu and Hong Gang's Song of Eternal Sorrow, such as Wu Tongyu and Palace of Eternal Life. Ma Zhiyuan and Jiang Shiquan wrote Tears on the Shirt and Autumn on the Four Strings respectively based on Pipa. White poems and white sentences were also adopted by the three generations of characters in Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Bai Juyi is not a literary group of Han and Liu, but he is also an advocate and creator of new style ancient prose. His 75 articles "Ce Lin" are outstanding in knowledge, popular in discussion and profound in writing, and they are political papers tracking Jia Yi's "public security policy". Yuan Jiu Shu is an important literary criticism document in Tang Dynasty. Essays such as Caotang Collection, Lengquan Pavilion Collection, Preface to Three Visits Cave and Preface to Litchi Map are concise and to the point. It is a masterpiece in the prose of Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi is also a powerful promoter of ci creation. Poems such as Recalling Jiangnan, Langtaosha, Flowers Are Not Flowers, and Sauvignon Blanc paved the way for the development of literati ci.
This collection and research materials Bai Juyi compiled his anthology "Bai's Anthology" (formerly known as "Bai's Changqing Collection"), and collected more than 3,800 poems, which were later published. The earliest extant collection of white works is Shaoxing block-printed edition in the Southern Song Dynasty, with more than 3,600 poems (including dozens of other people's works). Ma Yuan reprint in Ming Dynasty and Bonadaoyuan 16 18 Japanese and Shao editions are basically the same. In the early Qing Dynasty, Wang Liming's Poems of White Xiangshan was only a collection of poems. Modern people took Shaoxing as the base and participated in the formation of Bai Juyi's Collection, with Bai Zhuan, an important preface and postscript, and a chronicle. Bai Yuan's Poems by Chen You, Collection of Classical Literature Research Materials Bai Juyi Volume, edited by Chen Youqin, published by Zhonghua Book Company 1962, and Bai Juyi Research by Hideki Hayashi are all important reference books for research.