Some people confuse hallucinations with "psychic powers", which is wrong. Hallucinations are generally "seeing" what others can't see (this is called "hallucination") and "hearing" what others can't hear (this is called "auditory hallucination") without external stimulation. "Extraordinary function" means seeing images that ordinary people can't see and hearing sounds that ordinary people can't hear.
Therefore, the object of illusion is fictional; And the object of "special function" is real, real. Because the object of illusion is fictional and imaginary, it can also be said that illusion is no object perception, no object perception, illusory perception and unprovoked perception.
First of all, the types of hallucinations
There are many kinds of hallucinations. Some pathological psychologists say that there are as many kinds of sensory organs inside and outside the human body as there are hallucinations. The theoretical basis of this statement is that the internal and external feelings of the human body will be introduced into the brain after receiving stimulation, so various subjective hallucinations will be formed accordingly. The hallucinations that have been confirmed mainly include the following:
1. Auditory hallucination
Auditory hallucinations account for the largest proportion of hallucinations. For example, many people think that someone is "cursing" him and someone is "ordering" him. Moreover, there are the most types and forms of auditory hallucinations, such as clear, vague, loud, quiet, far, near, many, few and so on. Auditory hallucinations often appear at the same time as exaggerated delusions, so it is easy to cause "paranoia".
2. Visual hallucinations
Hallucinations are often caused by physiological reasons, and visual hallucinations caused by purely psychological reasons of functional nature are rare. For example, an "alcoholic" who is addicted to alcohol often has hallucinations. When he was drunk, he said that a group of bugs were flying in front of his eyes, which was the result of alcoholism.
3. Taste hallucination and smell hallucination
Taste hallucinations and smell hallucinations are usually related to persecution paranoia. They thought they smelled or tasted the poisonous gas and poison that someone tried to kill him. Taste hallucinations are filthy and wonderful; Olfactory hallucination may also have both floral and fruity fragrance; There will be stench, burning smell and so on. In short, the so-called good pole and bad pole may coexist at the same time.
4. Skin illusion
This kind of somatosensory illusion is also varied. For example, some people "feel" that their abdomen is swollen, or the sun is calm; I feel cold, burning pain, pain, insects crawling on my skin, and so on.
Second, the difference between illusion and illusion
Hallucinations are different from illusions. Illusion is an incorrect perception of objective things and a subjective distorted perception of stimulation under the stimulation of objective things. For example, the idiom "the shadow of a snake with a bow in a cup" refers to a person who, when drinking, sees a snake in a cup and becomes suspicious, thinking that he swallowed it himself, and is so scared that he wants to vomit. Later, I learned that it was a bow hanging on the wall (some people verified that it was an instrument in the ancient army), and the shadow shone in the cup, which relieved my doubts and made me better. It can be seen that the cause of the drinker's fright is "illusion".
In daily life, some people often misunderstand some things, such as whether she smiles at me like that or not. He doesn't even look at my hairstyle. He must have changed his mind about me, and so on. There are also well-known sentences in ancient poetry, such as "all soldiers are fighting at the slightest sign of trouble" and "the wind is shaking and flowers are shaking, and it is suspected that jade people are coming". When normal people have this misunderstanding, they will observe and identify the actual situation, and then suddenly realize it and laugh it off. But for morbid psychologists, they often stubbornly regard hallucinations as facts.
There are two reasons for this illusion:
(1) The influence of objective stimulus characteristics. For example, during the war, airplanes, cannons, tanks and even soldiers' clothes and hats were disguised with green leaves, grass or green cloth, in order to "blend in" with the green of the surrounding earth, so that enemy planes could not be detected from high altitude.
(2) The physiological and psychological influence of the observer. Physiological reasons are related to the mechanism and characteristics of sensory organs; Psychological reasons are related to living conditions and life experiences.
In some cases, people's perception is not consistent with the fact itself, but this is not an illusion. For example, if you look at the "ha ha mirror" or the convex rearview mirror in the car, you will feel your face distorted; If you insert chopsticks obliquely in a cup with water, you will find that chopsticks become bent rather than straight. These are all formed by the influence of specific conditions, not illusions. As for the famous sentence "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" by Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, "Rizhao incense burner gives birth to purple smoke, and the waterfall hangs in front of the river. This is not an illusion, but an exaggeration and metaphor made by the poet with rich imagination, which should not be confused with morbid psychology.
The illusion caused by subjective experience can be verified by objective experience. For example, looking at a small tree in the distance in the dark seems to be a person standing there; But when you recognize it carefully, it is still a tree, not a person. Another example is to hear a whimper, like music, and a person is crying; But if you identify it carefully, you will know that it is the wind.
Once people with normal mentality know that it is a mistake, their psychological reaction will change, and they will understand that they are "wrong" or "wrong", which turned out to be an illusion. However, if a person stubbornly believes that a tree is a person, listens to the wind for fun or cries, "turns black and white and confuses right and wrong", regardless of the truth, that is, he or she can't use other objective experiences to verify and identify his or her subjective hallucinations, then it can be said with certainty that this person is suffering from abnormal hallucinations and he or she is mentally abnormal in perception.
If a person is always in hallucinations, mumbling all day, being suspicious and restless, then all kinds of troubles and endless anguish will follow. Jokes, troubles, and obstacles to unity are all trivial matters, and serious ones will have unexpected adverse consequences.
Some young people are prone to delusions, which are often related to their lack of knowledge and experience and poor analytical and critical skills. So what should we do? In order to avoid illusion, we must study more, experience more and exercise our thinking ability. Think twice before you act, think more and identify more; Be realistic, not subjective.
Third, the difference between illusion and fantasy.
Many people confuse fantasy with illusion because the object of fantasy often points to something unreal outside the environment. In fact, fantasy is a kind of imagination, not perception, that points to the future in combination with life wishes. There are two kinds of fantasies: ① positive fantasies that conform to the law of real life development and may be realized under the guidance of the correct world outlook, which are "ideals"; (2) completely divorced from the law of development of reality, there is no possibility of realization, this fantasy is "fantasy", and fantasy is often a negative and harmful fantasy.
Some fantasies can play a role in buffering troubles. Some psychologists regard this fantasy as a kind of "placebo", and the psychological satisfaction that can't be obtained from reality can be found in fantasy, so as to be compensated, that is, "self-comfort" as the saying goes. Normal people's fantasy is a kind of "hermit thought", temporarily escaping from the harsh real environment and indulging in illusory fantasy, so as to get rid of psychological depression and troubles.
However, people with normal psychology and people with abnormal psychology have completely different attitudes towards fantasy. Normal people can wake up from fantasy and finally face reality. They understand that fantasy is only a comfort in the end. It's like "the end of the song", you are still the real you, not the imaginary you. However, people with mental disorders can't distinguish between reality and imagination, and often mistake imaginary self and false self for real self and real self, so various mental diseases or tragedies occur. Therefore, for patients with mental disorders, their fantasies are often hallucinations; For people with normal psychology, fantasy is fantasy!
Fantasy can also be called "daydreaming". Pathological psychology divides "daydreaming" into two forms: ① escape from reality. Because some people can't stand the strong psychological pressure, or can't get rid of the setbacks and difficulties they encounter, they flee to their utopian world in Xiaotian for comfort. This should be said to be the performance of the weak. 2 self-comfort, also known as self-comfort. For example, a young amateur literature lover who is eager to become famous and get married has written several unpublished articles because of poor quality and low level, so he often falls into fantasy that he won the Nobel Prize in Literature, is highly praised by his girlfriend and partner, and is addicted to self-appreciation and self-satisfaction.
It can be seen that escaping from reality and comforting oneself are all dreams to satisfy their wishes that cannot be realized in the real world. In the illusory imagination, their emotions can be indulged and developed at will, filling the emptiness in their hearts and being satisfied. However, if this vicious circle continues, the result will inevitably be more and more unable to adapt to the real environment.
Some psychologists abroad believe that daydreaming can temporarily get rid of the harsh reality of fierce competition, so that people's emotions can be temporarily buffered after setbacks and failures, so as not to be knocked down by setbacks and failures, and even give people a "glimmer of light" and sprout hope for the future. But these psychologists also point out that daydreaming can't help you solve practical problems at all, and can't help you adapt to society, because the only way to overcome setbacks and failures is to face reality.
Daydreaming is a shrinking response to setbacks. Some people, after being frustrated, do not face the reality bravely, but deal with it in a way that is divorced from reality, seeking self-comfort and self-satisfaction in their own fantasy network.