"The foot of my bed is shining with such bright light. Is it frosty already? Looking up, I found it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly remembered home. For thousands of years, people have been using the "moon" to pin their thoughts on their hometown and relatives. Du Fu said, "He knows that the dew will frost tonight, and the moonlight at home is bright! . Su Shi's "Water Tune": "I hope people will live for a long time and have a beautiful scenery thousands of miles away." Zhang's Moonlit Night on the Spring River: "The moon is photographed on the poor building, so someone should be left to make up the mirror" is to express his wife's thoughts on the wanderer with "moon". "to see the sun, for all his glory, buried by the coming night." Sunset "(including setting sun and sunset, etc.). ) gives people a sense of loss and desolation. The ancients often used "sunset" to reflect on ancient love. The opening words of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms are "The green hills are still there, and the sunset glow is a few degrees red". At the end of Li Bai's Qin Yi E, "The west wind still shines, and the Han family is lost", all of which are written in "sunset", full of historical vicissitudes. The ancients also used "sunset" to write about the lovesickness of men and women. Liu Yong's "Eight Sounds of Ganzhou" said: "The frost is getting colder and colder, and the building is still shining. Fan Zhongyan's Su Curtain Covers: "The mountains reflect the sunset water, and the grass is ruthless, even outside the sunset." Unless the sunset is used to render the sadness of men and women who don't meet.
like fallen flowers carried away by the flowing water
The ancients said: "The fallen flowers are intentional, and the flowing water is ruthless. Combining water with the passage of time and lamenting the impermanence of life from falling flowers is a typical theme of China's ancient poems. " Running water has come out of the spring, and heaven and earth have made it. "(Li Yu's" Langtaosha ")" I can't help but spend it, and I feel deja vu again. (Yan Shu's "Huanxisha") The images of falling flowers and flowing water often represent the shortness of life, the melancholy of cherishing spring and injury, and the anxiety and sadness of death. In addition, Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Shakespeare": "Sorrow is fading away, and the distance is like spring water." Li Yu's Young Beauty: "How much can I worry about asking you? Like a river flowing eastward. The image of "spring water" is used to describe strong and enduring sadness.
Rhododendron and Hongyan
In ancient China, there was a myth and legend of "Looking at the Emperor and Singing the cuckoo", and the cuckoo was often associated with bitterness in ancient poetry. Li Bai's Difficult Road to Shu: "jathyapple, we heard cuckoo's melancholy voice and worried about the empty mountain. Bai Juyi's Pipa Journey: The cuckoo's blood cries and the ape's sobs. Du Fu's sad cry always touches the poet's sadness. Everyone knows the story of Su Wu herding sheep. He once tied the letter to the goose's feet and took it back to his motherland. This is what people call the "Hongyan Pass the Book". Therefore, "Hongyan" often refers to letters. " Song of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a folk song of Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties: "I can't remember Mandy, but I look up to Hong Fei. "Looking at Hong Fei" means expecting letters. Li Qingzhao's lyrics say, "The wild goose will return, and the West Building will be full in the next month" and "The wild goose will cross", which is sad, but it is an old acquaintance. Goose didn't bring the long-awaited letter, which aroused the infinite lovesickness of the poetess.
Pine, plum, bamboo and chrysanthemum
Pine, plum, bamboo and chrysanthemum are the image incarnations of noble morality and fear of evil. The ancients often used these four images to express their aspirations and integrity. Confucius said, "When you are cold, you know that pine and cypress are withered. Pine trees are often used to symbolize loneliness, integrity and cold tolerance. A few plum blossoms in the corner, cold ling alone. I knew from a distance that it wasn't snow, because there was a smell coming. Wang Anshi entrusted his noble character with plum blossoms; People think that bamboo has the characteristics of "straight nature", "guilty conscience" and "chastity", which is used to compare the moral cultivation of a gentleman. Wang Wei's Bamboo House: I leaned alone in the dense bamboo, playing the pipa and humming a song. It's too light for anyone to hear, except my partner, Mingyue. Bamboo and bamboo forest are deeply loved by hermits; "It's not that chrysanthemum is preferred among flowers, but that this flower is even more flowerless." (Yuan Zhen's "Chrysanthemum") "The lotus has no shelter from the rain, but the chrysanthemum still has Ao Shuang branches. (Su Shi gave it to Liu Jingwen) Poets use chrysanthemums to express their character of pursuing seclusion, not following the crowd and being indomitable.
Indus, bananas
There is a cloud "rather critical" in the old saying, which means that the leaves of plane trees have fallen. Writing sad autumn with phoenix tree is a common technique used by the ancients. Li Qingzhao's "Slow Sound": "The phoenix tree is raining and dripping at dusk. This time, what a sad sentence. " Li Yu's "Night Cry" and "Lonely Wu Tong Shen Yuan Lock Clear Autumn." Wutong "can never be separated from" sorrow ". The folk music ensemble "Rain Beats Banana" is well-known at home and abroad, and its voice is sad and clear, and it is emotional to listen to. In China's classical poems, "rain hits banana" is like "phoenix tree raining at night", which makes people sad. Wu Wenying's "Tang Duoling": "Where to synthesize sorrow? Autumn is far from people's hearts, even if it doesn't rain, it is chilly. Even if it doesn't rain, the wind blows the leaves of banana and blows out cold air.
The natural objects mentioned above, created by poets in past dynasties, have become typical images with universal significance and relatively stable emotional color. However, we cannot generalize. For example, the "sunset" in Wang Zhihuan's "In the Loft" is not bleak, but shows the poet's passionate feelings. The "willow" in "Two orioles singing green willows" and "Spring grass grows in a long pond, and the garden willows become songbirds" has no intention of bidding farewell to homesickness. Therefore, specific poems should be analyzed in detail.
/system/2006/07/03/050452675 . shtml
1) Fold willows to bid farewell.
Among image group's parting words, "Liu" has the highest frequency, the deepest meaning and the most eye-catching. Those willows stay. This phonetic connection is enough for Liu to win the poet's favor. More importantly, his long reluctant figure is a natural gentle farewell gesture. Zhou Bangyan's "Six Ugliness" focuses on this: "A long strip annoys travelers, which seems to be a talk about clothes, and it is heartless."
It is precisely because of these characteristics of voice and form that the willow tree has not only become a regular gift for farewell, but also become the main image of the parting theme: "I have been there, Liu Yiyi" in the Book of Songs. This is the earliest poem marked by Vitamin's farewell. Because of the curly willow image, the sadness of parting seems to be more spring and poetic. There are thousands of trees in the world, "Chang 'an is devoted to infinite trees, only weeping willows leave." Baling Bridge in Xi 'an in Tang Dynasty was the only place for people to leave Chang 'an when they went to all parts of the country. Baling Bridge was surrounded by willows and became a famous place for the ancients to break willows to bid farewell. The word "Baqiao" appears frequently not only in the works of parting writers, but also in Historical Records. "Three auxiliary Huang Tu's" Six Clouds ":"Baqiao is in Chang 'an East, and crossing the water is the bridge. Han people come to see Fujian off, and willow trees send people away. "The Legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao also said:" There is a bridge in Dongling, Chang 'an, which is a place of parting, so it is called the ecstasy bridge. " Therefore, it is no accident that it becomes a common image in farewell poems.
In the poet's pen, Liu is sometimes "affectionate" and sometimes "heartless".
Blow high dangerous buildings and low dust, and climb a bridge. Thought is a heartless tree. You don't know how to welcome people but give them away.
(2) Say goodbye to the grass
The Tang and Song Dynasties were a period of high poetry prosperity, and the connotation of the image of "fragrant grass" was also most vividly reflected in this period. In the poems of Tang and Song Dynasties, the boundless parting from the grass entrusted many literati with feelings of parting and nostalgia. Li Shutong's Farewell: "Outside the pavilion, beside the ancient road, the grass is green." Don't the endless sky and green grass conform to the poet's infinite thoughts?
Bai Juyi's Farewell to Ancient Grass: "The vast grass crosses the plain and comes and goes with the four seasons. Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it. Weeds and wild flowers are all over the ancient road, and the end of the grass in the sun is your journey. Oh, my friend's prince, you left again, and I heard them sigh behind you. "The green weeds in the sun spread all the way, connecting this deserted city. It's time to send away friends who have traveled far away. Isn't the lush grass like our farewell at this time?
Li Yu's Qing Ping Le: "If you hate like spring grass, you can go further and live better." Similarly, the endless spring grass far away from the horizon is used to describe the sadness of parting, which makes people see the endless parting of love. The infinity of grass here reflects the pervasion of love and self-improvement.
In China's classical poems, the image of grass is a metaphor of parting, and the sadness of parting seems to be best expressed in the image of grass.
(3) Changting farewell dinner
The ancients traveled long distances, because the roads were rugged, the land and water transportation was underdeveloped, the mountains and rivers were blocked, the trek was difficult, and it was difficult to leave relatives and friends on the road, so all localities had their own farewell places. At that time, there were pavilions on the roadside in ancient times, which were used to stop and rest or see me off. Ten-mile pavilions were long and five-mile pavilions were short. Farewell is a sad and touching thing for the ancients. "Changting" has become an image containing feelings of parting.
For example, Li Shutong's "Farewell": "Outside the pavilion, beside the ancient road, the grass is green." Liu Yong's Yulinling: "Cold and sad, Changting is too late." Li Bai Bodhisattva Xia: "Where are you going home? The pavilion is shorter. " Write a sad scene where people stay to see the low pavilion and no one comes back. It can be seen that in China's classical poems, "Changting" has become a farewell place on land.
Since there are farewell places on land, there are also farewell places by the water, such as "Nanpu". Qu Yuan's nine songs "Hebo": "Fight with the sons, travel eastward, and send the beautiful Nanpu." Jiang Yan's "Biefu": "Spring grass is green, spring water is surging, and you are sent to Nanpu. What injury? " Due to the long-term influence of national culture, Nanpu became the proper name of the farewell place near the water. It constantly penetrated into the writer's parting feelings, and finally won the honor of being used as an image by the writer.
In addition, there are Xie Pavilion, West Building and Old Pavilion, all of which are famous farewell places. Let's look at Li Bai's "Old Laoting": "The world is sad, and the old music sends guests away. The spring breeze knows that it is not bitter, and it is not green. " Without saying a word or two, the saddest thing in the world is to leave, but to say that the saddest thing in the world is to leave the pavilion. Li Bai updated his thoughts, went beyond parting and wrote the place and realm of parting.
The above images often appear in farewell poems. Seeing these images, it is possible to express a feeling of farewell. It seems that any poem that uses the words "Nanpu" or "Baqiao" must be related to farewell.
(4) go their separate ways
People who have taken a fork in the road often break up at the fork in the road when the ancients bid farewell, so breaking up is often called "parting." The people who gathered at the banquet to bid farewell, with parting sorrow and no resentment, sang songs and spread wicker according to the rhythm and tone of music. This situation is another taste in their hearts.
The ancients used the harmony of phonology to describe the profound friendship when playing silk stringed instruments. Although it is difficult for us to count other songs at that time, we can get a glimpse of the popularity of other songs from the frequency of "Weicheng" and "Liu Zhe" in Tang poetry.
"Three Stories of Yangguan" is a famous artistic song in the Tang Dynasty. The lyrics were originally a seven-character quatrain by the famous poet Wang Wei in the Tang Dynasty-"An Xi poem to Yuan Er". Because there are two place names "Weicheng" and "Yangguan" in the poem, it is also called "Yangguan Qu" and "Weicheng Qu", and because its musical form has a "three folds" structure, it is also called "Yangguan Sanfolds".
"Love Jun for a long time, please sing the sunset again" (Bai Juyi); "I have never heard of Yang Guanjun. If I have heard of him, I should worry about others" (Bai Juyi). In Liu Yuxi's "What is a singer? He also sang, "The old man only has what there is, and the guests sing Weicheng."
Xu Hun's favorite Xie Ting Farewell is also an example:
"Brother misinterpreted the boat, and the red leaves and green hills galloped. It's still far from waking up at sunset, and it's raining down the west building. " Xie Ting, also known as Xie Gongting, was built by Xie Tiao. He once bid farewell to his friend Fan Yun here, and later Xie Ting became a famous farewell place. In addition, the poet kept singing here, which made the beautiful scenery of Xie Ting infected with a layer of sadness. Old songs originally refer to songs sung at the old pavilion to see off guests, and later became synonymous with farewell songs.
(5) drinking alcohol to persuade others not to.
Drinking farewell is an early custom with great universality and coverage. The so-called "ancestral ceremony", "ancestral banquet", "ancestral account", "ancestral banquet" and "ancestral dishes" often mentioned in ancient books are just elegant synonyms of this custom. Because of this, wine and parting literature have formed an indissoluble bond and become another image from the theme of parting.
Xin Qiji's "Man Jiang Hong" "Ask the world, who cares about leaving sorrow?" What's in the cup? "In the author's eyes, wine seems to be the god of parting sorrow, and its relationship with parting sorrow is so direct and close!
"Send Xuan Yin" has a cloud: "I can't bear to look at each other, but I am in my hands." Because I can't bear to be apart, I drink again to cover up my sad state.
Guan Xiu's "Ancient Parting" says: "If you hate wine, you will be drunk at all times." Simply compare hate to wine, saying that both can make anyone drunk through the ages.
Among the poems expressing feelings by drinking wine, Wang Wei's ingenious, fresh and natural seven-line poem "Sending Yuan to Twenty Shores" (also known as Yangguan Qu, Weicheng Qu and Yangguan Sanlian) has the widest spread and the greatest influence.
The rain in the early morning moistened the dust of the land, the inn of the inn, the branches and leaves of the inn, and a new leaf Sincerely advise friends to drink a glass of wine, and it is difficult to meet their relatives when they go out to the sun.
Two seemingly blurted-out words to persuade wine are the concentrated expression of the author's strong and profound farewell feelings. The author's intention of "advising you to have a glass of wine" is extremely profound, which includes both reluctant parting feelings, profound observation of friends' situation and mentality, and sincere wishes for a better future. In the author's opinion, if a friend drinks one more glass of wine, he will take away one more friendship-this wine is saturated with his own feelings of lovesickness, concern and wishes! Not only that, one more glass of wine can prolong the time together by one more minute. How rich and profound the meaning of this common word of persuasion is! It seems that wine is repeatedly regarded as one of the images of parting poems by later writers because Wang Wei has made great contributions to this sentence!