1890 65438+1On October 9th, Tuhovschi was born at home at Lubeck Street 13 in Berlin. He and his father spent their childhood in Sti Ding Du. Father Alex Tuhovschi is a professional banker. On 1887, he married Kirchner Doris Tuhovschi and had two sons and one daughter: Kurt, the eldest son, Fritz, the second son, and Ellen. 1899, the whole family moved back to Berlin.
Tuhovschi has a bad impression on his mother, but he respects and loves his father very much. Alex Tuhovs died of syphilis in 1905, leaving a large legacy to his widow and children. Since then, Kurt, the eldest son, has no worries about expenses in life and study.
Kurt Tukhoff entered French high school on 1899, transferred to Royal William High School on 1903, dropped out of school on 1907, and got a high school diploma under the guidance of a private tutor. 19 10 studied law at the University of Berlin.
In college, Tuhovschi has always been interested in literature. In September, he traveled to Prague with his good friend Kurt Savranski and asked to meet his admired writer max brod. Max Bunod is a good friend of Franz Kafka. Tuhovschi met Kafka in this way.
Although his career was smooth, Tuhovschi didn't become a lawyer in the end, but his interest in literature and news became stronger and stronger.
Junior writer
As early as middle school, Tuhovschi had begun to try news writing. 1907, he published a short story Fairy Tales in the satirical weekly Ulk, in which he mocked the artistic taste of Emperor William II. After going to college, Tuhovschi paid more attention to the practice of press and publication and joined the "front line" of social democratic parties. 19 1 1 year to participate in the social democratic party election campaign.
19 12, Tuhovschi published "Rheinburg: A Picture Book for Lovers", attacking the current situation with a fresh and humorous style. He is famous for this book. In order to stimulate sales, he and Szafransky opened a bookstore bar with pictures in Kudang Street in Berlin. Readers who buy books will get a glass of hard liquor. A few weeks later, the student's angry jokes were banned.
From 19 13, Tuhovschi devoted himself to the cause for which he devoted his whole life. 191365438+1On October 9th, he published his first drama in the drama magazine Die Schaubühne. Drama Magazine was later renamed World Stage by Siegfried jakobsson, the publisher. Jakobsson and Tuhovschi have been friends and teachers all their lives. Two years before suicide in Sweden, Tuhovschi wrote: "1926, the publisher Fred Jacobson died. Tuhovschi is completely grateful for everything he has. "
Joined the army during World War I.
World War I interrupted Tuhovschi's career as a professional journalist. For more than two years, he has not published his works. He also completed his studies at the University of Jena and was awarded a doctorate in mortgage law. In April of the same year, Tuhovschi joined the army, and immediately went to the Eastern Front to participate in positional warfare as an equipment soldier, and later became a company secretary. 1916165438+10, and published its position in Pilot. At the Artillery Pilot School in Kurland, he met Mary Nord, who later became his second wife.
After 19 18 got to know the jurist Erich Danehl, he was able to become a field police officer stationed in Romania. This friend named Daniel later appeared in his article many times under the pseudonym "Little Carl". 19 18 summer, Tuhovschi was baptized by Protestantism in Romania. As early as 1 965438+July 20041day, he had already declared his separation from Judaism.
By August of 19 18, Tuhovschi was still buying lottery tickets for the 9th World War. In the autumn of that year, he became an anti-war pacifist.
Fight for the Republic of China
From 19 18 to 12, Tuhovschi became the editor-in-chief of pranks until 1920. Pranks is a weekly magazine with satirical works, which belongs to Berliner Tageblatt, a leftist independent newspaper published by Rudolf Moss.
He also regularly re-creates for the world stage. In order to make this leftist democratic weekly less like Tuhovschi, in 19 13, he began to use three pseudonyms: Ignace and Jobert, Theodore Tiger and Peter Pant. The manuscript published in "Pranks" also uses the tiger Theobat. 19 18 12 He published a poem on the world stage and used his fourth pen name: Jasper House for the first time. All columns have his articles: from political comments to court reports, from essays to satirical sketches to poems and book reviews. He also wrote lines, lyrics and plays for the Sound and Smoke Theatre and female artists Claire waldorf and Trude Hurstberg.
A few years after the war, a disgraceful thing happened. He once worked for Pieron, a political propaganda magazine, and enjoyed a high salary. Before Poland held a referendum on the ownership of Upper Silesia, the imperial government instructed the magazine to publish anti-Polish remarks. Tuhovschi was severely criticized by other newspapers and banned from publishing articles in newspapers of the German Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD). Because of cash flow difficulties, he still stayed in Pieron magazine and later resigned.
Nevertheless, in the left-wing newspapers produced after the November Revolution, Tuhovschi still made unremitting efforts, waving flags and shouting for the Weimar Republic, analyzing the situation in the military, legal and political circles, and attacking the old elite and the new tendency of anti-democracy. 1919 65438+10, he began to serialize the anti-war work "Military Materials" on the world stage, aiming at the "William Spirit" of the government. Although he fought and worked for the government, he never hesitated to sharply criticize German bureaucracy. Biographer Hope believes that military materials are actually "a kind of self-analysis".
Tuhovschi's rhetoric is fierce, and under numerous political persecutions, Weimar * * * and the country are in jeopardy. Left-leaning, anti-war and even liberal politicians and journalists have been threatened repeatedly, such as karl liebknecht, rosa luxemburg, Walter Laseno, Matthias ellsberg, Philipp Scheidemann and even maximilian Harden. In court, when trying the ultra-right elements on charges of political murder, Tuhovschi thought that the judge was obviously partial to the defendants who advocated absolutism and nationalism.
Tuhovschi also criticized politicians in the Democratic camp. 1922, Foreign Minister Rathenau was assassinated, and he immediately wrote a poem on the world stage, warning * * * and China to mind their own discretion.
Weimar and China insisted on 1 1 year, and Tuhovschi saw the clue of failure early. He stopped watching as a reporter and devoted himself directly to politics. As early as 1920, he had already joined the German Independent Social Democratic Party, and now he has founded the "Peace Alliance of Fighters". Although he is party member, he has not stopped criticizing his own party.
At the peak of inflation, Tuhovschi was also in trouble. Not only because of financial difficulties, but also because from the autumn of 1922, he was troubled by severe depression, doubted the meaning of writing, and even tried to commit suicide for the first time. In March 1923, he was finally hired by Bert and Westgate Bank in Berlin. In February 1924, he signed a work contract with Siegfried Jacobson. 1in the spring of 924, he came to Paris with the mission of being a reporter for the World Stage and the Oriental Daily in preparation.
1924 is also a turning point in Tuhovschi's private life. /kloc-0 married Dr. Elsewell in May, 920, and divorced in February, 924. On August 30th of the same year, he married Mary Nold, and they have kept in touch with each other by letter since they met in Culan. 1920 At the beginning of the year, they met again in Berlin and didn't get married until they came to Paris.
Between France and Germany
Like Heine, Tuhovschi lived abroad for a long time, only occasionally returning to Germany. He also used this to examine Germany and Germans. On the world stage, he continued to fight for political ideas. He also followed Heine's example and studied the behavioral differences between Germans and French.
Siegfried Jacob died in1926 65438+February, and Tuhovschi took over the world stage, but he didn't want to move back to Berlin, so he will soon hand over the editing work to his colleague and friend Karl von Ausier. As an assistant publisher, he still opens up publishing space for the radical speeches of Kurt Shearer, "new socialist" and others.
From 1927 to 1928, he published a collection of travel essays, The Pyrenees (Ein Pyren &; AumlEnbuch), the anthology "Using Five Pen Names" (Mit 5 PS, that is, his real name and four pen names) and "Mona Lisa's Smile" (das L&; Auml Mona Lisa's smile. He borrowed literary figures Mr. Winterlira and Little Lott to describe the character and image of Berlin at that time.
Although he has lived abroad for a long time, he still mingles with his political opponents. 1928, he was accused of "blasphemy" for publishing the poem "Ge Sang de Englison Chocknaben".
In the same year, he broke up with Mary. He met Lisa Matthias in 1927 and went to Sweden for a holiday in 1929. He wrote this holiday experience into the short story Colmo Castle (Schlo &; SzligGripsholm), 1937, published by Rowohlt publishing house.
1929, together with the painter john heartfield, he published a collection of social criticism "Germany, All About Germany", with a sharp pen, expressing his love and hate for Germany at that time.
silent
In the early 1930s1965-1938+1930, Tuhovschi realized that his suggestions and criticisms of the Republic of China had not been heard, and that democracy and human rights in the motherland had not been improved because of his appeal. He foresaw the danger of Hitler coming to power. "They have set foot on the road to the Third Reich," he wrote a year before Hitler came to power, with no illusions about the future. Erich K?stner (Erich K&; AumlStner) recalled in 1946 that the author was a "short and fat Berliner" and tried to "... stop the disaster with a typewriter".
1930, Tuhovschi moved to Gothenburg, Sweden, and lived there permanently. His publishing career in Germany was blocked everywhere, especially the famous "World Stage" case. 1929 "World Stage" published an article "Windige Esaus der Deutschen Luftfahrt", which revealed that the National Defence Force was strengthening its air force armament. Karl von Ausietzky and journalist Walter Kreiser were accused by the local court of "leaking military secrets". 193 1 At the end of the year, the former was imprisoned for "espionage" 18 months. After going to prison, Von Ausitz Jean Tuhovschi's poem Soldat en Sind M & amp； OumlRder) was charged again. 1932 In July, the court ruled that this poem did not constitute a slander against the National Defence Force. Considering von Ausier, still in prison, Tuhovschi once planned to return to China for hearing. However, the situation is dangerous, and I am afraid that he will fall into the hands of the Nazis.
Since 193 1, Tuhovschi has gradually reduced its appearance in the publishing face. The breakup with Lisa Matthias, the death of his best friend and the suffering of chronic rhinitis aggravated his depression. 1932165438+1October 8, he published "Schnipsell" on the world stage, which recorded scattered proverbs, and this was his last public publication. 193365438+1October 17 He wrote a short message to the world stage in Basel. He can't write novellas and novels any more. The political situation in Germany is becoming more and more sinister. 1933, the Nazi government banned World Stage magazine, burned Tuhovschi's works and deprived him of his nationality.
We can only study Tuhovschi's thoughts in his last few years through his personal letters, most of which were addressed to his friend Walter Hasenclever or his last lover, the Zurich doctor Hedwig Müller, which were published in the 1960s. The letter to Hedwig (nicknamed "Nuna") also contains his diary, which was compiled into Q-tage bucher today, in which Tuhovschi ridiculed himself as "non-German" and "non-poet".
He foresaw that Hitler would not fall in a short time. What saddens him even more is that most Germans are willing to cheer for the dictator, and even neighboring countries have made friends with Hitler. Tuhovschi saw signs of war.
Despite living in Sweden for many years, Tuhovschi never applied for Swedish citizenship. Instead of standing by, he observed the political situation in Germany and Europe. In order to cheer up Von OsZeitz in prison, he had planned to publish his article again. A few days before he committed suicide, he prepared a pungent work criticizing the Norwegian poet Knut Hamsun, whom he once loved deeply. Hamson openly supported Hitler's regime and did not even stop the Nazi government from sending Ausier Tsky to a concentration camp. Tuhovschi nominated the Nobel Peace Prize for his friends in prison. 1936, von Ausier tsky was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize posthumously, but Tuhovschi had already passed away.
Photo: Catch Tucholsky.jpg.
Tuhovschi's epitaph: "All impermanence is nothing more than a metaphor." 1935 65438+On the night of February 20th, Tuhovschi committed suicide by swallowing an overdose of sleeping pills at his residence. The next day, he was taken to the hospital in Gothenburg. On the evening of February 2, 65438, Kurt Tucholsky died in the hospital.
1936 In the summer, Tuhovschi's ashes were buried under an oak tree near Kolmore Castle in Grips, Marifield, Sweden. After World War II, people set up a tombstone for him, and the epitaph took the end of Goethe's Faust:
"All impermanence is just a metaphor." (Alles Verg & Ampaumlnglicheist Nurein Gleichnis, this sentence refers to Faust translated by Mr. Dong Wenqiao. )
However, as early as 1923, Tuhovschi wrote an ironic requiem for himself in his works published under the pen names Ignacio and Jobert:
"Conscience sleeps here,
And a pair of hard facial features,
Good night-! "