What are the psychological elements of art appreciation? How do they work?

As an aesthetic recreation activity, the aesthetic psychology of art appreciation contains extremely complicated aesthetic psychological factors and psychological mechanisms. Aesthetic psychology includes attention, perception, association, imagination, emotion and understanding. They interact, influence and penetrate each other, and there is a subtle and complicated relationship. Sometimes it is done in an instant, but it contains various elements of aesthetic psychology, and various psychological factors play an active role in it. First, attention 1, directivity: selectivity, select things that need to be perceived and recognized from many things. 2. Focus: concentrate all the psychological elements of the subject on the selected things. People put other things aside for a while and concentrate on reflecting a specific thing clearly. (eg) At the beginning of the 20th century, the British psychologist Bloch's "distance theory" believed that the reason for the formation of aesthetic feeling was that the subject and the object kept a moderate "psychological distance", and neither too far nor too close could produce aesthetic pleasure. Too close: The old English woman's loud warning when watching Hamlet was too far away: when appreciating a painting or sculpture, "estimating how much it is worth" failed to enter the aesthetic psychology of artistic appreciation. There are two kinds of psychological attention: intentional attention and unintentional attention. Intentional attention is often used in art appreciation activities to maintain the benign operation of various psychological activities. (For example, the Sichuan opera "Qiu Jiang" depicts a nun Chen Miao who wants to go down the mountain. She often goes down the river in an old man's boat, and no scene actually causes dizziness. Second, perceptual feeling refers to the reflection of individual attributes caused by objective things directly acting on human sensory organs, which is the basis of all cognitive activities and the psychological basis of aesthetic feelings. Feeling and perception are called perception, which is the basis of perception and the depth of perception. In art appreciation, the two are usually intertwined and work together. Perception is a more active psychological activity with the basic characteristics of integrity, selectivity, understanding and constancy. As aesthetic senses, human senses are mainly vision and hearing. The research results of modern psychology show that more than 85% of all information obtained by human perception comes from audio-visual senses. If the appreciation subject wants to improve his artistic appreciation level, he should first gradually train and cultivate his keen artistic perception. Through a large number of excellent works of art at home and abroad, I really improve my artistic appreciation ability through repeated feelings, experiences and tasting. 3. Association in association psychology refers to "the psychological process of thinking from one thing to another." Including, 1, think of another related thing from what is currently perceived. When glaciers melt, I think of winter and spring. Think of another thing from one thing I have already thought of. Association classification: close association, similar association, comparative association, causal association, free association and controlled association. German psychologist Ebbinghaus studied people's advanced psychological activities by experimental methods and founded modern associative psychology. Association plays an important role in aesthetic psychology. Through association, not only the artistic image is more vivid, but also the perceived image content is richer and deeper, so that art appreciation activities not only stay on the direct feeling of the perceptual form of artistic works, but also can deeply feel the richer internal meaning contained in the perceptual form. (such as music, landscape painting, ancient poetry (figurative and dramatic techniques), and film (montage) montage: by influencing the audience's emotions, stimulating the audience's association and inspiring the audience's thinking, the film has magical artistic charm. The classification is as follows: equality montage, psychological basis is similar association. Contrast montage, contrast association, opposition or contrast of different images to strengthen the psychological impact of the new film. Lenovo has similar association and comparative association. As a positive psychological factor, association is influenced by subjective conditions such as life experience, cognitive ability and emotion of the appreciation subject. 4. As an aesthetic recreation activity, the subject of appreciation does not passively accept it, but actively recreates the artistic image by using psychological functions such as imagination. Imagination refers to the process that the human brain processes and transforms the existing images and creates new images. The basic material of imagination is representation, but the representation of imagination is different from that of memory. The fundamental difference between human labor and animal instinctive behavior lies in the appearance of producing expected results by imagination. Any labor process must include imagination. It is an important aspect of art, design, science, literature, music and any creative activity. There are both connections and differences between imagination in art appreciation activities and imagination in art creation activities. The reasons are as follows: as imagination, both of them are leap-forward, not limited by time and space, with endless changes, initiative and creativity. However, the imagination of the appreciator must be based on the imagination of the artist, and the imagination of the subject of appreciation must be based on the artistic works, which can only gallop in the scope and situation stipulated by the works, and the artistic works play a role in regulating, guiding and restricting the imagination of appreciation activities. Psychology divides imagination into: the process of recreating imagination, and recreating corresponding new images in the mind according to language descriptions or audio signals. The process of creating imagination and creating new images independent of ready-made descriptions. Art appreciation activities mainly focus on recreating imagination, but also contain some creative imagination. (such as Li Bai's poems; Painting, sculpture and other plastic arts, using the imagination of turning static into dynamic; Qi Baishi's shrimp, Xu Beihong's horse; Drama art, stage art, China traditional drama and virtual imagination show whipping and paddling. Film and television art: the Soviet Union directed thirteen men from Rome to cross the desert in search of reinforcements. Although the image of music art is unique, it is uncertain and abstract. World famous songs provide the audience with the basic content of music and the basic direction of imagination, and give the audience tips and guidance. Literature and art, Wang Guowei's "Lonely smoke in the desert, the long river sets the yen" V. Emotional experience with strong emotions is the most striking feature that distinguishes aesthetic activities from scientific activities and moral awareness activities. Psychologists call people's unique complex social emotions advanced emotions, which can be divided into three types: moral sense, aesthetic feeling and rational sex appeal. Emotion is a special form of people's reaction to objective reality, a complex psychological reflection of whether objective things meet people's needs, and an attitude of the subject to the object. The root of human emotions lies in extremely diverse natural and cultural needs. Many aestheticians at home and abroad believe that aesthetic psychology is the synthesis of psychological factors such as attention, perception, association, imagination, emotion and understanding. They are not mechanical additions or simple regulations, but form an organic and unified aesthetic psychology through emotion as an intermediary. Emotional activities in art appreciation are based on attention and perception, and cannot be separated from association and imagination. By understanding factors, we can express our hair cuts in sensibility and accumulate sensibility in rationality. 1. In art appreciation, emotion is always based on attention and perception. Psychology believes that people's emotions are always aimed at specific objects. There is no emotion without reason in the world. People often "touch the scene" in their daily life, and so does art appreciation. (such as (from the south) Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long" "Climbing high is full of affection and watching the sea is full of meaning. ) "。 In fact, any reader, audience or listener's perception and acceptance of artistic images in artistic appreciation will be influenced by emotions. At the same time, the artistic perception under the influence of specific feelings will act on emotions and cause deeper emotional activities. 2. Secondly, emotion in art appreciation is inseparable from association and imagination. On the one hand, association and imagination are often influenced by the emotions of the appreciating subject. On the other hand, this association and imagination will further strengthen and deepen emotions. Therefore, association and imagination in appreciation are always mediated by emotion. Butterfly lovers Violin Concerto) (3) In addition, in the psychology of art appreciation, emotion and understanding are also closely related. Psychology believes that people's emotions are directly related to people's understanding and hardness of things, especially for advanced emotions such as aesthetic feeling and moral sense, "evaluation, judgment and opinions must be included in feelings as necessary factors", so these emotions are permeated with rational factors. Tess of the D 'Urbervilles will have a deeper understanding of the feelings conveyed by the work only when the appreciation subject has a deeper understanding of the content and implication of the work, thus reaching the level of emotional peak experience in artistic appreciation. Obviously, emotion plays a very important role in aesthetic and artistic psychology, especially it interacts with other psychological factors, permeates each other and plays a leading role in it. Sixth, the cognitive factors in the psychology of understanding art appreciation do not exist alone, but are widely permeated in psychological activities such as perception, emotion and imagination, which together with * * * constitute a complete aesthetic psychological process. Therefore, the understanding factors in aesthetic psychology are different from the usual logical thinking, and often appear as if they directly reach the understanding of artistic works without thinking. Cognition is a kind of thinking activity that gradually realizes the connection and relationship of things until it knows its essence and law. Understanding includes direct understanding and indirect understanding. Direct understanding: there is no intermediary thinking participation, but the individual's understanding through current personal experience; Indirect understanding: the understanding achieved through a series of intermediate thinking, such as analysis, synthesis and abstract generalization, by borrowing the past experience of predecessors and individuals. Understanding in aesthetic and artistic activities often has the characteristics of direct comprehension, which is manifested as an unspeakable experience. Therefore, understanding in art appreciation is mainly based on direct understanding, and to some extent, indirect understanding is also involved. In art appreciation, it must be the combination of emotional experience and appreciation judgment, and the combination of perceptual factors and rational factors. The understanding factor in artistic aesthetic psychology has three meanings: first, the appreciation of the content of artistic works cannot be separated from the understanding factor. (Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper) People must use their own life experience and cultural knowledge to understand the content of the work. "A Dream of Red Mansions" Secondly, the form of appreciation of works of art can not be separated from understanding factors. Finally, and most importantly, the understanding of the inner meaning and profound philosophy of every work of art is inseparable from the understanding factors. In China's aesthetics, works of art often pursue a kind of implication, suggestion or implication. In western aesthetics, works of art often pursue "implication, implication and philosophy"