Cao Cao (155 ~ 220), born in Mengde and Peiguoqiao (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province), was an outstanding politician and poet, which created a new situation in Jian 'an literature. Most of Cao Cao's poems follow the ancient theme of Han Yuefu, but they do not follow the ancient meaning. Instead, he inherited the spirit of "starting from one point" in Han Yuefu and wrote his own poems with "Yuefu theme". The content of his poems can be roughly divided into two categories. One kind is lyric poetry. He expressed his political ideal and ambition, and showed his ambition of reunifying China. Representative works include Short Song, Although the tortoise has a long life, Watching the Sea, etc. "The mountain is not too high, the sea is not too deep, the Duke of Zhou vomits food, and the world turns to his heart" in "A Short Song" expresses his desire for talents and has always been told. In "Although Returning to Life", "An old horse lurks and aims at a thousand miles. These four sentences, "Martyrs in their twilight years are full of courage", are also sung through the ages. The poem is full of optimism and enterprising spirit. Although he knew that people's life span was limited, he was not depressed by it. He also believes that "the surplus and contraction period is not just in the sky." "The blessing of raising a good life can last forever." Looking at the Sea describes the magnificence of the sea, symbolizes his omnipotent spirit and is also a masterpiece of landscape writing. The ideological nature of Cao Cao's poems determines the artistic characteristics of his works. His poems are basically born out of Han Yuefu, but they have their own style. In the Song Dynasty, Taosun Ao said in his Poetry Review that he was "like a veteran of Youyan, with strong charm". Indeed, his poems are simple in language and rarely flowery in rhetoric, but vivid in image, often with impassioned tragic artistic conception, which gives people a shocking inspiration. However, he also has works with bad ideology and art, and Cao Cao's poems have a pioneering role in Jian 'an literature. It also has great enlightenment to the later new Yuefu poems.
Cao Pi (187 ~ 226), the second son of Cao Cao, was born in the Han Dynasty in the 1920s. Although he wanted to follow the example of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty and be a wise monarch, he gave up the progressive policy of restraining the mighty. When he acceded to the throne, he adopted Chen Qun's "Nine-grade Right Method" and abandoned Cao Cao's all-inclusive employment policy. Cao Pi's political attitude has a great influence on his literary creation. In his poems, there are some excellent descriptions of the love between men and women, leaving their sadness. Such as Miscellaneous Poems, Qinghe Farewell to Sailors, Ge Yanxing, etc. Can vividly and truly describe the lingering feelings of travelers and homesick women. Among them, Xing is particularly famous. The poem says: "The autumn wind is bleak, the weather is cold, and the vegetation is frosty. Yan's group said "Gu Nanxiang", thinking of gentlemen and guests, thinking of heartbroken. I miss my hometown. Why don't you send it to live for a long time? I keep my room empty, and I'm afraid I won't forget it. " In the poem, a woman misses her husband on a sleepless autumn night. It is an early and complete seven-character poem with beautiful rhyme. Cao Pi made great contributions to the creation of seven-character poems. Cao Pi also wrote an academic literary theory work-Dian Lun. Dian Lun Wen opened the atmosphere of literary criticism, and he emphasized that "literature is dominated by qi, and qi is turbid and weak", which had a great influence on later literary criticism.
Cao Zhi (192 ~ 232), Zi Zijian. Among Jian 'an writers, Cao Zhi has always been the most respected. Judging from the existing works at that time, his works are also the most. * * * There are more than 80 poems and more than 40 complete and relatively complete essays and words. Cao Zhi was appreciated by his father Cao Cao for his talent since he was a child, and once considered making him a prince. After Cao Cao's death, Cao Zhi was persecuted by his brother and finally died of grief and indignation. Cao Zhi was born in the war years and was deeply influenced by Cao Cao, so he was determined to make contributions since he was a teenager. At the same time, he was deeply influenced by the ethos of the times, developed an unrestrained character and held a contemptuous attitude towards secular ethics. This ideal of saving the world and things and his character of relying on talents and being proud of things ran through his life and became the basic spirit of his works.
Most of Cao Zhi's early works reveal his interests and ambitions, including White Horse, Mingdu, Petty Property Fish and Wang Biao for a White Horse. The image of "Ranger" in Prince Charming is the embodiment of Cao Zhi's own political ideal. He described the hero in the poem as a hero with superb martial arts who cares about the country and the people. At the end of the poem, he praised: "You can live in peace with your life." "If you die in a national disaster, you will die." In Fish in Dan, he even directly expressed his ambition: "Lei Yin is fierce with a sword. The boater is embarrassed, who knows that the strong man is worried! " These heroic poems all show the author's enterprising spirit. This cheerful and optimistic mood is the characteristic of his early poems.
After Cao Zhi's death, he was persecuted by Cao Pi and had rich life experiences. Therefore, his works during this period reflected the depth and breadth of life, made a lot of progress than before, became more mature in art, and wrote many excellent works. For example, Wang Biao White Horse, Six Miscellaneous Poems, Fu Liang Taishan Poems, Noda's Huangque Trip, Seven Wounded Poems, etc. Through these poems, he accused Cao Pi, Cao Rui and other cruel crimes of persecuting his own flesh and blood, and also wrote his confidence in yearning for freedom and making contributions. The most representative work of Cao Zhi in this period is White Horse Wang Biao for his brother Cao Biao. In the poem, he angrily protested against Cao Pi's persecution: "The owl barks and the wolf is the way." Flies see white but don't see black, and the clever words of "alienating relatives and friends" are cries of emotional resentment. This poem not only successfully expresses his feelings, but also vividly describes the scenery on the road: "Endless lingering, endless lovesickness. The autumn wind is cool, and cicadas are ringing around me. When vilen was depressed, the sky disappeared. Give the bird back to Qiao Lin and flap its wings. Lonely animals walk in groups. They don't want to eat grass. Feeling things hurts, caressing the heart for a long time! " This section describes the scenery around him when he broke up with Cao Biao, showing a bleak scene in Autumn Night, expressing his grief and indignation, reaching the realm of scene blending, which can deeply impress readers and become a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation. Although the environment in Cao Zhi's later years was harsh, his ambition remained undiminished. "Six Miscellaneous Poems" and others show his desire to join the great cause of reunification: "I wish I could have a canoe, but unfortunately there is no ark. Idling around is not my ambition. I am willing to go to the countryside to worry. " Cao Zhi's poems are also original in artistic techniques and have always been praised by critics. His poems pay attention to artistic form, rhetoric and antithesis, and epigrams are often placed in the middle or at the end of the poem, which makes the whole poem colorful. He seldom uses allusions and strange words, let alone a bunch of words to cover up the lack of content. His poems are full of life and true feelings. Zhong Rong said that his poems were "high-spirited, and his words were taken from Huamao", which meant that his poetic brushwork was vigorous and he could maintain a vigorous atmosphere when he used beautiful words.
Although Cao Zhi's main contribution is in poetry, there are also many excellent works in prose and ci-fu. His Letters to Yang Zude and Wu Ji are full of images, which can quite express his own character. There is a feeling of resentment and yearning for freedom between the lines of "seeking self-test table" and "seeking communication kiss table" Cao Zhi's ci and fu filled the habit of piling up strange words in Han Fu, and expressed his true feelings with colorful but not difficult words. His famous works include Ode to Luoshen and Du Fu.
Among the seven sons of Jian 'an, RoyceWong's literary achievements are the highest. RoyceWong (177 ~ 2 17), word. His representative works include Seven Wounded Poems and Joining the Army Poems. "Seven Wounded Poems" truly describes the situation of the war in Guanzhong: "There are hungry women on the road, holding their children and abandoning grass. Wen Gu wailed and wept alone. If you don't know where you died, how can you finish it? " Such a touching poem expresses the poet's deep sympathy for the people. The Poem of Joining the Army shows the poet's ideal of making contributions, and has always been read by people. In addition to poetry, RoyceWong is also good at composing Fu, and his representative works include Fu on the Tower. Liu Zhen (170? ~ 2 17), the word is correct, and he is also good at poetry. His three representative works, My Brother's Gift, mainly express his personal aspirations and interests, especially two of them: Yashan Pine, Xiaoxiao Valley and Stroke. When the wind is strong, pine branches are strong. First frost is sad, and time is always right. Not cold, pine and cypress have sex. "The language in the poem is concise and good at metaphor. The image of pine trees in the poem is a portrayal of the author's interest and personality. Except RoyceWong, Serina Liu, Xu Gan, the other four writers have few existing works and poor achievements. Chen Lin and Ruan Yu have always been famous for their articles. Kong Rong has his own characteristics among the Seven Sons, and Cao Pi commented that his works are "inspiring". The representative works of prose include "Praise Meter Scale" and so on.
Due to political pressure and the tendency of intellectuals to escape from reality, most of the works in the late Wei and Jin Dynasties were not as realistic as Jian 'an writers. Therefore, "Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Ming" said: "At the beginning of Ming Dow, the poets had mixed hearts. Making peace with the people is superficial. " But there are still excellent writers. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are representative figures. Ji Kang's representative prose works include Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan, and his poems include Four Words and Eighteen Poems for Brothers to Join the Army. Ruan Ji is good at poetry, and his masterpiece is Poem Eighty-two, which has been widely read.
During the more than one hundred years from the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty to the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a number of outstanding poets such as Zuo Si, Liu Kun, Guo Pu and Tao Yuanming emerged. Among them, the highest achievement is Tao Yuanming.
Tao Yuanming (365 ~ 427) had a distinct personality. Xunyang Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) was born. When I was young, my family was poor. At the age of 29, he became a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou, and soon resigned and retired. Ten years later, he became an official again and worked as a Peng for more than 80 days. Because he "didn't want to bow to the children in the village for five buckets of rice", he resigned and retired. Since then, he has been committed to his own capital until his death. Ancient thinkers, especially Confucianism and Taoism, had a great influence on Tao Yuanming. But he is not limited to Confucianism and Taoism. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different ideas of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "loving the mountains".