Related Words Papers in Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties
The source reprints 1 all articles by the author young-fly-wang.
Royal women in ancient China belong to a special group among all women, and their higher legal status is beyond the reach of ordinary women. Its brand of maternal rights is a topic that we can't miss when we study ancient maternal rights. The so-called "female ruling" is the inevitable product of the combination of centralization and patriarchal clan system in China feudal society, which means that empresses hold state power, take charge of state affairs, listen to politics with the emperor, and sometimes even become the actual supreme ruler of the country. There are two reasons for this phenomenon. One is that national politics needs a woman host, and the other is that she has made due contributions to the national economy and people's livelihood during her administration. For example, Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Renzong and Zhe Zong's lofty ideals not only saved national politics in time, but also made great achievements during their administration. The reason why the Song Dynasty is called "Empress in Politics" is that all the people involved in politics in the Song Dynasty are empresses, including their mothers and grandmothers. The way of empresses in politics has been generally recognized by history and law. On the contrary, people who participate in government affairs as wives, despite their achievements in history, are strongly opposed by the secular, because it is not generally accepted by the world to participate in government affairs as wives, which is illustrated by Wu Zetian's administration.
The "story" of the first woman in power became the legal basis for the later mother in power. Ever since Xia Qi initiated the lineage of God in history, every regime in every dynasty has regarded it as the right path and usurped it. However, the development of history is not carefully described by designers. Although there is no national written law to establish that political power can be controlled by women, and at the same time, as an early public opinion, it also opposes women's participation in politics, but in fact, the needs of political life make women's participation in state power have a conventional basis. This kind of customary law exists widely in the form of "stories" in history. In fact, the Queen Mother Song's administration was based on "stories". Hui Zong faced Empress Dowager Cixi, and Hui Zong stood, "Please have the right to handle military affairs and state affairs together." Meng Mu's two hearings in the period were based on the story of the previous dynasty. At the end of the Song Dynasty, ministers appointed the empress dowager according to historical stories. The "story" of mother's coming to the DPRK widely exists in the process of the woman's coming to the DPRK to handle government affairs in the form of customary law. When the story in the form of customary law conflicts with the imperial edict issued by the emperor, in general, the story obeys the imperial edict. In the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Hui Dian finally wrote the mother's "listening to politics behind the curtain" into the statute, which became a grand ceremony for a generation, showing the rulers' recognition of mother's administration. As a national political system, the mother's rule was enshrined in laws and regulations, and the development process from customary law to national written code was completed. At the same time, it shows that although women's participation in politics has brought negative effects, with the improvement of the national political system and institutions, the root of its negative effects will be eliminated and women's participation in politics will eventually become an inseparable part of the national political system. The result of this development is directly related to the successful administration of the Empress Dowager Song and the successful solution of the negative factors brought by the Empress Dowager's temporary administration in the bureaucratic mechanism. In Song Dynasty, the Empress Dowager had customary laws and imperial edicts as the basis for her administration, and the latter three systems were given the right of governance by law, which ensured her smooth administration.
This is the best form of women's participation in politics in feudal society. Nine ruling mothers can consciously restrain their consorts; The ruling clique strengthened the management and supervision of consorts' forces from the management mechanism, which enabled the situation that consorts did not participate in politics when the Empress Dowager Song was in power to be formed, and successfully solved the negative influence brought by consorts' participation in politics. Song mother set foot in politics according to her own identity, relied on the cooperation of the bureaucratic system established by a group of high-quality scholar-officials, relied on her own knowledge of literature and history, as well as her wise observation of political affairs and the accumulation of political experience over the years, grasped the emperor's policy of handling political affairs and understood the current situation, thus saving the day and making the Song regime smoothly handed over, without the danger of political subversion.
Editor: Liu Xin
The Status of Women in Song Dynasty
Quite a few people are self-righteous or convinced that Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties is the beginning and model of persecuting women. It is considered that the status of women in the Song Dynasty is extremely humble, and such derogatory terms as "men are superior to women", "three obedience and four virtues" and "monogamy program" and "men and women don't teach and receive relatives, laugh without revealing their shame, can't go out of the door, can't go out of the second door, starve to death is a trivial matter, but it is a major event, and chastity archways, foot-binding cloth and Song Dynasty are all small-footed old ladies" were given to women in the Song Dynasty. Some people criticize Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties without reading a book at all, and show their cleverness with Zhu's scolding. These people don't understand the historical background of the Song Dynasty at all. I haven't even read a book of the Song Dynasty.
First of all, Zhu's influence is limited, and his theory has not been taken seriously by the Song authorities. He was depressed all his life, so he gave lectures. He is just a scholar who gives lectures at Bailudong Academy. At that time, there were no radios or televisions, and only a few people could hear and see his theory. In the era of rapid information development, how many people can be influenced by the theory of one of the most famous scholars? He doesn't even have that many people who support the opposition party. Even the theory that China's leaders are now vigorously promoting has limited influence. How could Zhu Can Xi have such a great ability to influence the fate of women in the Song Dynasty? Secondly, what scholars of an era strongly advocate, then the reality of this era is exactly the opposite of what they advocate. If scholars advocate family planning, it is because there are too many of us. What were women like in the Song Dynasty? In fact, women in the Song Dynasty were quite open and had great status. It can be seen from the books and poems in the Song Dynasty that women in the Song Dynasty have a considerable position. The stories of Rouge Tiger and Hedong Roar both come from the Song Dynasty. Beating my husband scared me to run all over the street Of course, such a powerful woman belongs to a minority after all. But I also caught a glimpse of women in the Song Dynasty.
Dream of Liang Lu: "Sitting on the tile shop in front of Wujianlou Street, a mother-in-law made a decision with three flowers and tea, and the tourists in the street laughed." This shows that the old lady in Song Dynasty is open-minded, loves beauty, has a lively mind and dares to show off. The old lady in the Song Dynasty was very good at doing business. This is true for old ladies, especially young women. "The old man with a white head wears red flowers, and the girl with a black head wears a bun." There are also flowers on the head of the old lady in the Song Dynasty, which shows that the old lady in the Song Dynasty loves beauty and dares to pursue beauty. The black-headed girl's elegant three-bun also shows that the little girl in Song Dynasty is lovely by nature. The ethics of Song and Ming Dynasties did not bind women's nature, and women's thoughts in Song Dynasty were not conservative. "The wild woman who arranged flowers held the child in her arms and dragged the old man with a stick to help him back. I don't know which night I was drunk, but when I was naked, I would fight happily. "After having children, rural women in Song Dynasty also wore flowers and loved beauty, and they also ate, drank and had fun with men. How can there be so many ethical constraints? "The big woman came out with a sickle and the little woman with a basket." In Song Dynasty, rural women also did farm work like rural men in Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, rural women also held up half the sky.
"On the shore, in twos and threes, I wandered around the beach, avoiding pedestrians and smiling shyly." The young women of the Song Dynasty also came out, laughing and laughing. "LangYi thick, my meaning. The tanker is arrogant and arrogant, and it encounters nine miles of pine. " Who said that women in Song Dynasty were too conservative to go out? Women in Song Dynasty also dared to date and pursue love. "On the willow branches, people meet after dusk." Not only during the day, but also at night. "The rhyme of self-made new words is the most charming. Xiaohong sings and I blow." Men and women are in perfect harmony, and talented people and beautiful women are wonderful. "I don't know what that means. Be sure to ask the Weaver Girl to get the golden shuttle. Every year I am smart with the world, but I don't know that there are many smart people. " It is common for young women to miss each other and want to find a good husband. "Who fell in love first?" I don't know who moved first in this love between men and women. Love between men and women is equal.
A large number of outstanding women emerged in the Song Dynasty, such as Li Qingzhao and Zhu. Li Qingzhao, a famous poetess in Song Dynasty, not only has the delicate feelings of a little girl who "only thinks with a frown" and "people are thinner than yellow flowers", but also: "Life should be outstanding. Death is a ghost, and I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. " A heroic poem that shames men. A good education is soft and powerful. This is the woman of the Song Dynasty! At the moment of national peril, Liang Hongyu personally beat gongs and drums on the battlefield to cheer for the soldiers who fought bloody battles. This is the woman of the Song Dynasty!
Nie Shengqiong, a famous prostitute in Song Dynasty, fell in love with an official named Li Zhiwen. And wrote a love poem "Partridge Sky" for him: "Jade flowers are sad out of Fengcheng, and lotus flowers are green downstairs. Honor the sun before, and then take the fifth journey. It is difficult to find a beautiful dream, but who knows my mood at this time. Tears in front of the pillow, rain in front of the curtain, a window drop. " When Li Zhiwen came home, the poem was read by his wife. She took out a dowry and asked her husband to marry Nie Shengqiong back. What a kind, compassionate, caring and reasonable woman! Women sympathize with women and love to overcome their selfishness. This is the woman of the Song Dynasty!
Su Shi remembers his wife's dream "Jiangchengzi" on the twentieth night of the first month: "Ten years of life and death are boundless, and I won't forget it without thinking about it. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed. I am speechless, only a thousand lines of tears are expected to be broken tomorrow night, short Matsuoka. " It has become a masterpiece through the ages and has moved people to read it thousands of years later. This is the deep nostalgia of outstanding men in the Song Dynasty for women in the Song Dynasty, which shows that women in the Song Dynasty have lasting charm and value, and they are quite happy as women in the Song Dynasty.
"I won't regret that my belt is getting wider, and I will be haggard for Iraq. Qian Guan, who are you talking to? " This is the love of outstanding men in the Song Dynasty for women in the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that this woman in Song Dynasty is extremely charming and beautiful.
Only women and men in China became perverts under the high pressure of Qing Dynasty. It was only in the Qing Dynasty that Jin Ping Mei became a banned book. China women were bound by the Qing Dynasty, not the Song Dynasty.