(1) Briefly analyze the background of romantic literature and the reasons for the emergence of a large number of romantic works in Europe. (2) romantic literature are

Romanticism, like realism, as a literary concept and literary expression, has appeared in the early stage of the development of literature of all nationalities in the world. However, as a literary trend of thought, a literary expression and a clear concept of literary theory, it was gradually formed later; The development of romantic literature has also gone through a long historical process. Romantic literature If the most basic feature of romantic literature is to express ideals and wishes in a passionate and exaggerated way, then it can be said that this literary form has already existed in the initial literary activities of all nationalities in the world. For example, the ancient myths and Chu Ci of all ethnic groups in China's pre-Qin literature all have such characteristics. The expression of ideals and fantasies is one of the important reasons for the emergence of literature and one of the basic elements of literature. In this sense, the romantic spirit is an important source of literature, and literature has a very close relationship with romanticism from the beginning. However, romanticism, as a literary spirit, was clearly advocated, thus forming a magnificent literary movement and literary trend of thought, which began in the west from the end of 18 to 19 in the thirties and forties. It was first formed in Germany and then spread to Britain, France and Russia. In a short period of more than ten years, it has rapidly developed into a literary movement sweeping across Europe, producing many influential writers and works. Romanticism in literary theory mainly refers to romanticism in this period, and romanticism, as a literary type, was also formed in this period. Judging from the development of literature itself, the prevalence of romantic literary thoughts is the product of opposing classical literature. Therefore, in the history of western literary criticism, people often describe the relationship between them in the mode of classical/romantic opposition, so as to explain the reasons for the emergence of romantic literary thoughts and movements. Wellek pointed out that "Romanticism simply includes all poems that are not written according to the classical tradition." It is pointed out that this is a "genre theory based on the opposition between' classical' and' romantic'." The specific meaning of this opposition or difference is "refers to the kind of poetry that is opposite to neoclassical poetry, inspired by the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and takes it as an example". From this, we can see the basic characteristics of romantic literature types: compared with "neoclassicism", it means that romanticism focuses on expressing individuality and sensibility, unlike classical literature, which emphasizes rationality and obedience to society and the whole country; "Enlightenment in the Middle Ages and Renaissance" means that romanticism is legendary and peculiar in the expression of themes and themes. All these characteristics make romantic literature have a completely different look from western traditional literature. Romantic literature has the characteristics of advocating nature, emphasizing nature as the object and expressing the natural essence of human nature. We have already mentioned romantic literature, which pays special attention to nature. This "nature" not only refers to the nature completely different from social life, but also refers to the nature that highlights human nature. Romantic literature pays attention to nature and puts forward the slogan of "returning to nature" because it is disappointed with the inhuman urban civilization and industrial culture brought about by the development of capitalism. Romanticism believes that due to the development of modern industry and the spread of material desires, the original simplicity and nature of human nature, the harmony between man and nature gradually lost. Therefore, the yearning for nature and the praise of natural humanity have become the theme and object of romantic literature, thus opening up a new field for European literature. As the aesthetician Li said, "It was not until the Romantic Movement in the 9th century/KLOC that people explored nature comprehensively and meticulously. Byron, Shelley, Wordsworth and Goethe, it was the first time that they brought the sea, rivers and mountains into their works. " On the other hand, romantic literature often shows people's independent ability and spirit of struggle in the natural environment. In order to create an ideal hero. Romantic literature has the characteristics of bold fantasy, strange conception and exaggerated technique in expression. Romanticism does not seek "likeness" in artistic expression, and does not pursue the truth of details like realism. Instead, according to the logic of subjective feelings and the need to express ideals, we give full play to non-recurring artistic means such as imagination, exaggeration, fiction, deformation, metaphor and symbol, and strive to create an ideal artistic world, thus embodying the characteristics of romantic literature in artistic form and expression. Romantic literature often uses exaggerated artistic expression techniques, combines historical legends, fairy tales, natural wonders and exotic customs with legendary story plots and gorgeous language forms to express the ideal world and life, showing a magnificent romantic momentum. The calm description and the truth of details in realistic creation are rare in romantic works. Even in the real scene, romanticism is to express novelty with pen and ink, and try to express subjective feelings and thoughts and feelings. Paying attention to subjective feelings and ideals is the fundamental feature of romanticism. Therefore, because of the different nature and orientation of ideals, romanticism can be divided into so-called "positive" and "negative". The so-called positive romanticism refers to literature that shows ideals and feelings in line with the social and historical development trend; This romanticism is characterized by being active and enterprising, and its ideal is full of longing for the future, and criticizes all ugly realities with this ideal. The so-called negative romanticism refers to literature that regards dead or dying life as an ideal. This romanticism looks up to the past because of its dissatisfaction with reality, and the life abandoned by history has become its ideal destination. Therefore, negative romanticism often reveals sentimental emotions, and its artistic interest also reveals gloomy and even morbid atmosphere. However, it should be noted that this does not mean that negative romanticism must be bad or even reactionary. Because the lifestyle and ethics abandoned by historical development are not all undesirable, and historical development sometimes comes at the expense of the loss of good things. Britain is one of the earliest countries where romantic literature appeared. British romantic writers are dissatisfied with the development of capitalist urban civilization and tend to be cynical and reclusive. Robert burns (1759- 1796) and william blake (1757- 1827 7),1poets in the middle and late 8th century, pioneers of romantic literature. They have made many valuable attempts in the style and language of English poetry. Burns draws nutrition from Scottish folk songs, and the poems written in Scottish dialect are good at lyricism and satire, and the language is popular. Blake's Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience are symbolic and mysterious, which made great contributions in the 20th century and influenced the whole modern English poetry. However, the first real masters of English romanticism were three poets called "Lake Poets". William wordsworth (1770- 1850) is the most accomplished poet in Hunan. He and Samuel Coleridge, another poet of "lake poets" (1772- 1834) * * *, published The Collection of Lyric Ballads, which became a legend in Britain. Wordsworth wrote most of the poems in the anthology, and Coleridge's famous poems Ode to the Ancient Ship and Kublai Khan were also included, which were full of fantasy and absurd images. However, Wordsworth's most important work in this period is the long poem "Overture". Southey's poems are full of ancient feelings and are out of tune with the secular world. The three poets of the Lake Poetry School, all living in the northwest lake area of England, are the representatives of gentle and beautiful romantic literature with memories of medieval and patriarchal rural life. George byron (1788- 1824) and Shelley (1792- 1822) pushed English romantic literature to its peak. The difference between them and Huxiang poets is that their works have more fighting consciousness and political inclination. Shelley's masterpiece Prometheus Liberated describes the sufferings of the oppressed people and the inevitable outcome of tyrants through myths, and predicts that revolution will surely come. His short poems "ode to the west wind" and "To the Lark" are powerful, and even more, "If winter comes, can spring be far behind?" Waiting for famous sentences to be handed down from generation to generation. Byron was the most famous romantic poet in the first half of the19th century. He has traveled around the world all his life, and his poems are full of exotic feelings. The representative work Don Juan is an in-depth review of the capitalist system, which is thought-provoking. Byron became a cultural phenomenon in Europe. People call the image of a romantic who is lonely, tragic and advocates individual resistance "Byronic hero". Byron devoted himself to the national liberation movement in Greece in his later years and eventually died of typhoid fever in the Greek battlefield. The representative figure of English romantic literature is john keats (1795- 182 1). His creative career was only five years, but he wrote famous lyric poems Ode to a Nightingale and Ode to an Ancient Greek Urn, indulging in the beautiful rural scenery of the ancient world. Walter scott (177 1- 1823) mainly writes novels. Ivanhoe described Robin Hood as a fugitive hero in England in the12nd century. He is the founder of European historical novels. Germany Germany is the birthplace of romanticism. The backwardness of politics and economy, the weakness of the bourgeoisie and the prevalence of idealistic philosophy determine that the early romanticism in Germany has a strong mysticism and religious color. Schlegel brothers are the theoretical founders of German romanticism. They took the temple of Athena as their position, expounding the romantic thoughts of personality liberation and artistic aimlessness. Under the influence of schlegel Brothers, a number of early romantic poets including Novalis (1772- 180 1 year) and Tick (1773- 1853) appeared in Germany. Novalis's Ode to the Night praises the "sacred, unspeakable and mysterious" night and the wonderful feeling of death. Tick-tock wrote three volumes of folk fairy tales, creating a new theme of fairy tale novels. After 1805, Heidelberg Romanticism appeared in Germany, with Clemens brentano (1778- 1842) and Achim von Anim (178 1-65438) as the representatives. The former lyric poem "Hypnotia" has the flavor of folk songs and is full of poetry. They jointly published a collection of folk songs, The Boy's Magic Horn, which collected and included German folk songs for nearly 300 years. Jacob green (1785- 1863) and william green (1786- 1859) are linguists and folklorists. Their collection of children's and family's fairy tales is called the world's fairy tales.