Pastoral poetry, in particular, is a school of its own, which has always influenced the development of later poets' creation. Most of Tao Yuanming's poems are based on rural life, which comes from his deep feelings for rural life. Some are close to spoken English, some are similar to folk songs: some are straightforward, which directly shows the author's love for farming life. Language is plain and natural, unpretentious without any color, giving people a fresh, pure, beautiful feeling and poetic feeling.
In the history of China literature, Tao Yuanming was the first person who wrote a large number of poems on the theme of rural scenery and rural life. His pastoral poems created a new school of classical poetry in China-the school of pastoral poetry, which was highly praised by poets in past dynasties.
From the literal point of view of his pastoral poems, the poet's detachment from things, from things to things, really has a fairy-like infinite charm. However, this is far from the truth. Although Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are based on rural areas, they look like rural areas, and their practical significance has already exceeded rural areas. Only in this sense can we understand and explore the ideological content and artistic characteristics in human nature.
Zhong Rong, a scholar in the Liang Dynasty, admired Tao Yuanming and thought that he was a master of pastoral poetry. Since then, famous poets such as Li Bai, Bai Juyi and Su Dongpo have worshipped him.
Tao Yuanming is not only deeply loved by later generations in China for thousands of years, but also has great influence in the world. Korea, Japan, the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States, France, Germany and many other countries regard pottery research as human culture and world literature, so Tao Yuanming's poetry and academic thoughts occupy an important position in the history of China literature and world literature.
In the era when metaphysics prevailed and aestheticism dominated the whole literary world, the pastoral school showed great innovative spirit with Li Zhuo, a poem with brand-new ideological content.
Tao Yuanming is an important poet in the history of China literature. He lived in an era when formalism prevailed, and the poetry world was full of works of Xuanwu Zen and Moshan flooding, deliberately pursuing gorgeous words and paving the way for the rust of form.
Tao Yuanming, on the other hand, has an idyllic life experience that ordinary literati have never had, and has many contacts with working people. It can be said that life has given him great love, which made him show great innovative spirit in the poetry world with the help of Li Zhuo, a poem with brand-new ideological content, in an era when metaphysics prevailed and aestheticism dominated the whole literary world.
Specifically, the ideological content of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems can be roughly summarized as follows:
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Lofty ideals and interests
In an extremely dark society, the pastoral school adheres to lofty ideals and interests. The taste and character of the pastoral school finally made him break away from the ruling class and the upper class and return to the countryside. The pastoral school wrote many pastoral poems. His pastoral poems are full of hatred for dirty society and love for pure countryside. For example, the first song of "Return to the Garden":
Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today.
The poet dismissed the upper class of the ruling class as a "dust net", regarded those who devoted themselves to it as "birds in a cage" and "fish in a pond", and said that retiring from the countryside broke out of the "cage" and returned to "nature", which showed his contempt for ugly society. The poet described the pure and beautiful rural scenery in detail, revealing the author's heartfelt love between the lines. Here, the simple and quiet rural life is in sharp contrast with the hypocrisy, fraud and mutual struggle of the upper class, which has a particularly attractive force.
When the poet has not left his official career, there is always a feeling of "being held for a while", and his mood cannot be calmed down. He "looks at the clouds and is ashamed to swim in the water." But when he left the dirty reality and returned to the countryside, he felt that he had a home. Such as "drinking" the fifth song:
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely see Nanshan; The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.
The poet avoided the noise of powerful horses and chariots, and gained a free and quiet mind in his leisurely life.
Although the poet's pastoral life is far from the ruling class, it is closer to the lower literati and farmers. Here are like-minded friends who talk about the article and admire: "The neighboring songs come from time to time, and the words have passed; Wonder * * * appreciation, doubt, analysis "; There is a simple peasant saying called Sang Ma: "When the market is revived, the grass is full." There is no miscellaneous words when you meet, and the road in Sang Ma is long "; There is a banquet in the neighborhood: "I am a newly cooked wine, and the local government only invites chickens"; There is also family happiness: "relatives are in the same place, and children and grandchildren still protect each other. "
Therefore, his pastoral poems not only show rich real life content, but also fully show the poet's lofty interest and noble moral integrity. It fully shows the poet's extreme hatred and complete break with the dark officialdom; It fully shows the poet's love for simple pastoral life, his understanding of labor and his friendly feelings for working people. It fully shows the poet's pursuit and yearning for the ideal world, which is one of the reasons why his pastoral poems are moving.
Back to the garden house
The reflection of work and life content
What is particularly commendable is that his pastoral poems also reflect the content of working life. For example, the third song of "Return to the Garden":
I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
We can clearly see the image of a laborer coming back from a grassy path in the moonlight. The poem "Nostalgia for Tian She" said: "Even the plains are far away from the wind, and good seedlings are new; Although I have not measured my service years, I am happy with many things. " There is a feeling of joy in the description of field scenery and farming activities. Because the poet personally participated in agricultural labor and sincerely loved it, labor was fully praised in literary creation for the first time. Some of his pastoral poems also show thoughts and feelings that only laborers can understand.
For example, the second song of "Returning to the Garden" says: "Sang Ma is getting longer, and my territory is getting wider. I am always afraid that the frost will come, and so will the grass. " Showing his close attention to the crop harvest. The poem "Harvest Early Rice in the Western Heaven" says: "Life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid.
Don't camp at all, for safety? In spring, I try to do business, and my working years are considerable. Be a little diligent in the morning, but still be negative during the day. There are two buildings in the mountains, and the atmosphere is cold first and then hot. Tian Jia is not bitter, Fu is hard to quit. It not only shows the idea of relying on labor life, but also forms a sharp contrast with the parasitic view of the exploiting class; But also shows a tenacious attitude of not being afraid of difficulties and persisting in cultivation. These are beyond the ideology of ordinary literati, which makes his pastoral poems shine with progressive ideas.
Description of rural poverty
Tao Yuanming also has some pastoral poems describing his rural poverty.
The fourth song of "Returning to the Garden" says: "Wandering between mountains and ridges, I don't want to live in the past. There are remnants in the well, and the mulberry and bamboo rot. Ask people who get paid, this person is different. The wage earners told me that there was no way to die. " "Master Pang Dengzhizhong" said: "The weak crown meets the obstacles of the world, and the first room is out of balance. The fire burns repeatedly, and the moth roars at nakata; Wind and rain come and go, and the convergence is not full. Hungry in summer, sleepless in cold nights; Cocks crow at night and move in the morning. " "Meeting Work" said: "When you are weak, you will be hungry for a long time; How dare you be greedy? " "The End of the Year and Zhang Changshi" said: "People's livelihood is fresh, and Iraq is worrying. I have never been able to enjoy life again and again.
The poor are worried and haggard. "Begging for food" said: "Hunger drove me away, somehow; Go to Sri Lanka and knock on the door. " Rural life has always been so difficult, and pastoral poetry is so bitter. Tao Yuanming is the only one in ancient and modern times.
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Although most of these poems only describe his own hunger and cold situation in natural disasters in his later years, we can also imagine the more tragic life scenes of farmers in wars and disasters at that time.
Reflect social life and express your social thoughts.
The pastoral poems of the pastoral school profoundly reflected the social life at that time, and entrusted the social life through these pastoral poems.
My own social thoughts. This is the condensation and generalization of the ideal factors in the poet's pastoral life. This is a protest on behalf of small private producers against the feudal society that caused war and poverty. It reflects that farmers want to use their own labor.
The strong desire to create a peaceful and happy life inspires people to understand the darkness of feudal society and encourages people to fight against unreasonable reality.
Tao Yuanming is a poet in feudal society. To measure whether a writer in feudal society reflected some essential aspects of social life at that time, we should first see whether his works reflected the main contradiction in feudal society-the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasants. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden is a tortuous reflection of the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class at that time.
Pastoral school put forward the social ideal of "Peach Blossom Garden" here. What kind of society is this? Life here is rich, harmonious and peaceful: "The land is flat and spacious, the houses are just like it, and there are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees and bamboo;" In the bustling traffic, chickens and dogs heard each other ... yellow hair hung down, and I was very happy. "Everyone here takes part in labor:" I am destined to farm, and I will rest from where I am. "The income from labor also belongs to oneself, without feudal exploitation:" Spring silkworms collect silk and pay taxes in autumn. " The poet pointed out that this is a "desperate situation" of "isolation from outsiders" and a new world opened up by the predecessors of the people in the Peach Blossom Garden in order to escape the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. They "don't know that there are Han people", or even "regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties", which actually shows that this is an ideal world opposite to feudal societies such as Qin, Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties.
We are sure that Peach Blossom Spring is mainly because it is crucial. Here, "Peach Blossom Garden is not only a paradise for hermits, but also a paradise for millions of farmers in Qian Qian, Qian Qian at that time". The utopian society in Peach Blossom Garden itself is a complete denial of the social politics of the Jin Dynasty at that time. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden has a strong and positive influence on later generations. His bold idea of "king's tax on autumn harvest" is very enlightening for literati in past dynasties to create works that expose feudal exploitation and tax collection. In the early Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi put forward: "It is a great harm to the world, but you are just a gentleman!" Without a monarch, everyone will be selfish, and everyone will be selfish. "(The former king) advocated abolishing the throne for the benefit of the whole people, which was similar to Tao Yuanming's thought.
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To sum up, the pastoral poetry of the pastoral school is a true reflection of the poet's rural life. However, this is the rural life seen through the prism of the poet's thought and the externalization of the poet's artistic soul. Tao Yuanming criticized the irrationality of the real society not simply by describing the daily painful life of farmers, but by describing the beautiful pastoral scenery and even the ideal society of "Peach Blossom Garden" opposite to the dark reality to deny and criticize the dark social reality at that time. In other words, he criticized ugliness mainly by describing ugliness in reality, but by describing beauty in the ideal. The poet's unique way of grasping reality is determined by his specific social thought.
Excerpted from Baidu netizens, thank you.