(1) main features: single-voice melody, simple and generous, with simple musical instruments; Mostly improvisation, forming a "trinity" of music, dance and poetry; Emphasizing secularity and reality, most of the works directly reflect the rich social life and national history of the ancient Greeks.
Although few ancient Greek music chapters have been preserved, their significance lies not in the spread of specific works, but in inspiring the prosperity of music in the next century.
(2) Musical phenomena: mythical music, Homer's epic and ancient Greek drama.
2. Briefly describe the ancient Greek understanding of the social function of music.
Ancient Greek theorists believe that "music can have a great influence on will in three aspects": it can stimulate action; It can strengthen the body and mind, just as it destroys the balance of the mind. Finally, it can interrupt the will power of political parties and make people unable to clearly realize their actions.
Therefore, we should not only establish formal and supervised music education in the educational subjects of teenagers and the general public, but also advocate order, dignity, courage and vitality in the usual music performances.
The purpose of music is not only entertainment, but, as Plato said, "harmonious education, the perfection of the soul and the neutralization of * * *".
Ancient Greek theorists emphasized the theoretical value orientation of music and believed that music directly affected people's personality.
With the prosperity and development of music life, facing the new situation, some people think that music should be innovative and keep moving forward. At that time, the dominant thought was the "spiritual purification theory" of philosophers represented by Plato, who believed that music should not be too complicated and pursue innovation, but should be simple to purify the soul.
However, the concept of music in ancient Greece emphasized the social function of music, and the evaluation of music was not a pure aesthetic experience, but had a certain utilitarian purpose.
But they think that music should conform to the rules and provide balanced, solemn and simple music, which undoubtedly has a great influence on later western music.
3. Briefly describe the usage and basic characteristics of Gregorian chant.
A: Gregorian chant was formed in the 8th and 9th centuries, named after Pope Gregory I, and became the agreed standard and the highest authority of Roman Catholic chant etiquette.
Basic characteristics: ① Single-part music form of unaccompanied pure human voice (male voice) singing.
② Take Latin as the lyrics.
③ Improvisation has no obvious beat characteristics.
④ Based on simple natural scale.
⑤ Lyrics mainly come from the Bible and poetry.
⑥ Melody tone is gentle, mainly progressive and three degrees.
⑦ narrow range.
4. Talk about the characteristics and significance of Wen Jing's songs.
The appearance of classic songs can be traced back to Desant's polyphonic writing technique.
To a certain extent, the lyrics characteristics of classic songs have also become its most important characteristics, indicating its development direction. /kloc-the most classic classic song in the 0/3rd century has three parts, and the lyrics attached to the first half are Latin at first, which is related to religion.
Later, the lyrics of the upper voice began to be dialectalized, and French classic songs appeared (the lyrics of the upper two voices were written in French), which formed the unique phenomenon of "complicated lyrics" of the classic songs, and different voices sang different lyrics.
Two French lyrics are usually dance music and love songs.
Because the lyrics have their own characteristics, each part of the classic songs has maintained a certain degree of independence in rhythm and mode, and the rhythm movement has unprecedented tension in polyphonic music. Only when all parts make a harmonious interval can we feel a certain unity.
The polyphonic structure of classic songs is highly rational.
Classical songs reflect the interaction between religious music and secular music, and the lyrics are often mixed with religious and secular content or even completely secular.
5. What are the important features of Art Nouveau music? Briefly describe the creation and characteristics of Ma Xiao, a representative figure of French new music.
Features:/kloc-the new style of French music in the 4th century represents the new trend of new age music's creation (1), the new notation system (2), the application of rhythm techniques (3) the termination of tone change.
Ma Xiao: (1300— 1377), the first musician whose music works are completely preserved in the history of western music.
His creation covers almost all the important music schools in the14th century, including classic songs, mass and a large number of secular songs.
* * * Composed 23 classic songs, mainly with 3 voices; In the mass ceremony, the Sutra of Compassion, the Sutra of Glory, the Sutra of Belief, the Sutra of Sage and the Sutra of Lamb are often regarded as a set of music, which was later formed independently from worship.
6./kloc-what are the important secular music schools in Italy in the 0/4th century? Who is the representative?
Pastoral songs, hunting songs, balata.
Representative: Francesco Landini.
7. What are the characteristics of early English Renaissance music? Who is the representative? Who is the most important representative of the Burgundy School? Briefly describe his creative characteristics.
1 Features: less teaching of abstract theory, keeping natural connection with folk music, inclined to tonality and tonality, often freely using intervals of third and sixth degrees, thus producing harmonious and full sound.
Representative figures: Lionel Paul, John Dunstable, Farburton.
The representatives of Burgundy School are Defoe and Ben Joyce.
The musical works in Burgundy are mainly Mass, Confucian classics and Buddhist songs, which are mainly composed of three parts, among which the timbre is in contrast.
Under the influence of English music, the main theme of Burgundy music is strengthened, and the high notes are prominent, and the three * * * are used more, but each voice still maintains the independence of counterpoint.
Most of the works use big tonality, mainly three beats, and the contrast part of large-scale works uses two beats.
8. What are the characteristics of the choir and what is its significance to the development of German music?
/kloc-The most important musical achievement of German Reformation in the 6th century-Lutheran hymn, a musical form of Protestant church.
At first, it was a single-part song.
Later, harmony and counterpoint were gradually added and expanded into four choruses.
Significance: It enriches the formation of oratorios, Christmas music, passionate music and oratorios. , making Protestant music mature and powerful, and opening the way for large-scale vocal or instrumental music creation in Baroque period.
9. The creative characteristics of Pat Strina.
Pat Strina (1529-1594): Born in a small town near Rome, people used to call him by his birthplace.
He devoted himself to religious music all his life, and his music has a certain conservative tendency. However, under the restriction of the spirit of anti-religious reform, he was able to adapt to the development direction of Renaissance music and creatively develop polyphonic music.
The creation is mainly religious music works, including 104 mass songs and 250 classic songs.
More than 50 religious pastoral songs, 100 secular pastoral songs.
His musical style is polyphonic cappella style.
10.1What are the characteristics of French champions in the 6th century? Who is the representative?
Features: In writing methods, there are both harmony style and tonic style with polyphonic factors.
Representatives: Semisi, Janakan
1 1. Briefly describe the development of Italian opera in Baroque period.
(1) The first opera in the history of music:1At the end of June, a group of scholars often gathered at the home of Count Baldi in Flora, Italy, trying to restore the original features of ancient Greek drama music, so composer Perry and poet Nucher collaborated to write the first opera "Daphne", but the music score has long been lost, and now only their opera "Julie Dixie" is left.
Accompanied by the clavichord, with simple harmony.
(2) Roman opera: Under the influence of Flora's opera, Rome produced opera in the first half of the17th century, which used religious themes and often joined chorus. Lyric and recitative paragraphs are clear, and operas often insert the role of comedy servants.
(3) Venice Opera:1The appearance of the first opera garden in the first half of the 7th century-San Casino quickly strengthened the development of Venice Opera.
As a representative composer, Monteverdi used a lot of solo arias and duets in his opera Ophir, and the chorus was vigorous and powerful. He was the first person to use an orchestra to accompany him, and pioneered techniques such as vibrato and plucking strings, which enhanced the drama of music.
His opera overcame the dullness of melody and used pastoral and singing intonation.
Representative works include arianna, etc.
(4) Napoli Opera: A. scarlatti, as the representative of/kloc-0 in the early 8th century, paid attention to the beauty of human voice in opera, improved the level of vocal solo and strengthened the difference between aria and recitation.
He composed more than 100 operas, initiated the Italian overture with three speeds of "fast-slow-fast", and made four strings the center of the orchestra.
12. Overview of French classical piano music in Baroque period.
There are two types of gupianos: one is plucking gupianos, and the other is percussion gupianos.
The plucked clavichord existed in 14 or 15 century, and it has various styles, but it is all made by plucking the tongue of feathers or leather fixed on the device with keyboard, so this instrument is also called mud keyboard.
This clavichord is even older, recorded in the 2nd century.
The shape is rectangular. When you press the keyboard, you can tap the strings with a fixed blade fixed at the other end to make a sound. This is also called Muqimu Zhuiqin, with soft tone and low volume, which is more suitable for playing at home.
From the end of 17 to the beginning of 18, the genres of classical piano music are mainly as follows: tuokata, fantasia, prelude, fugue, variation, theme and, sonata, suite, etc.
The most important things are theme, variation and suite.
13.j .
S Bach, what is his most important creative field? Briefly describe his creation.
Bach, German composer, master of polyphony.
His most important creative fields are vocal music and instrumental music.
Vocal music: (mainly religious works) oratorios, passionate music, mass, oratorios, classic songs, etc.
Instrumental music: organ, piano, violin, cello and orchestral works.
Creative situation:
(1) His vocal music works are mainly religious, with rich images and rich emotional experiences, and his writing tends to be instrumental.
His masterpieces include the oratorio Passion of Matthew, Passion of John, Mass in B minor and more than 200 oratorios.
(2) Organ music is the foundation and core of his creation.
It has formed its own unique musical language in polyphonic music Pascal Leah, Fantasia and Fugue in G minor and Tokada and Fugue in D minor, which is magnificent and unprecedented in dramatic style.
(3) Piano Music Collection with Equal Rhythm occupies the main position, in which each work is in the form of a combination of prelude and fugue, and arranged in order of magnitude and semitone.
(4) He absorbed the musical factors of France, Italy and Germany, and wrote six French suites, six Patata suites and six English suites. The fugue art in his later years made a comprehensive summary of polyphonic music.
(5) Chamber music works include Dedication of Music and Brandenburg Concerto.
14. Briefly describe the creation of Handel's oratorios.
Cantata is Handel's most important creative field.
It is a large-scale vocal genre similar to opera, including solo, duet and chorus, accompanied by orchestra.
Handel's oratorios are mostly based on the heroic stories in the Bible, mostly musical and dramatic works, which are mainly used for concert stage performances. It is an important choice for Handel to follow the historical trend from creating Italian separatist regime to creating popular oratorios.
His oratorios have a strong epic style, which is mainly manifested in strong collective feelings and epic grand scenes. The most noteworthy method of expression is the use of chorus.
He wrote 25 oratorios in his life, the most famous of which are Israelites in Egypt, Messiah, and Judea Maccabees.
15. Brief introduction of Gluck's opera reform.
He is a composer of German plays.
In the face of the increasingly rigid and declining opera, he was alert to the separatist reform in the middle of18th century.
The main purpose of the reform is:
Simplicity and truth are the great principles of all works of art.
(2) Music in opera should be coordinated with poetry to strengthen emotion.
The means of reform are:
(1) recitation plays an important role and strengthens the melody.
(2) Refine the drama structure, delete the mysterious passages in the aria, and pursue the true feelings of nature.
Overture becomes an integral part of the plot.
④ Abandon the digital bass and replace it with a modern writing method with clear sound.
The product of reform: Alceste 16. How did Xi Opera rise, and how was it in Italy, France and other regions?
65438+In the 1920s and 1930s, with the decline of Italian opera, some new operas with dramatic style appeared in European countries.
There are many names for these separatist regimes, including "happy drama", "harmonious drama", "burlesque", "humorous drama" and "operetta".
1 Italian Opera: Since the middle of17th century, small performances and singing are often interspersed in the three-act performance of Italian opera.
These intermissions are called intermissions.
2 French Opera:/kloc-At the end of 0/7, a dramatic form accompanied by singing, dancing, speaking and instrumental music was popular in the Paris market.
Its music is mostly composed of new words in popular folk tunes, and its plays are full of citizens' descriptions and criticisms of social life.
3 German-Austrian singing opera:1In the middle of the 8th century, the popular "singing opera" in Germany and Austria gradually flourished.
Most of its plays are transplanted from English folk dramas.
British folk drama: it is a combination of English dialogue and popular tunes.
Most of the tunes of folk dramas come from folk songs, urban minor, and even from Italian or French operas.
17. In what fields did pre-classical instrumental music mainly contribute to history? Introduce its main schools and representatives.
(1) Classical Piano Sonata: Early keyboard composers Sapar Tuo and Kuo; The more important composers are Dominic scarlatti, CPE Bach, alberti and others.
(2) classical symphony:
"Mannheim School": Conducted by John Stamitz.
"Northern German Music School": 18 headed by CPE Bach. This paper summarizes Haydn's contribution to the symphony quartet.
Haydn, Austrian composer and father of symphony.
Achievements: (1) He composed 108 symphonies, among which12lt is famous for Surprise, Army and Clock. lt； London Symphony Orchestra; ; Reach the peak of art.
(2) Determine the structural form of the classical symphony and adopt four movements: the first movement is the Allegro Sonata; The second movement is trilogy or adagio lyric variation; The third movement is minuet; The fourth movement is a Rondo in Allegro style.
(3) Composed 68 pieces of instrumental music, such as string quartet, established the musical form of string quartet, and defined the structure of four movements with the same four parts as symphony.
His works include Lark and Emperor.
There are two oratorios, Genesis and Four Seasons.
19. Brief introduction of Mozart's music creation.
Austrian composer Mozart.
Opera is his most important achievement.
His operas take different forms and often absorb the elements of Italian opera, comedy opera and German folk opera.
The four most outstanding operas are The Marriage of Figaro, Don Juan, Woman's Heart and The Magic Flute, especially The Marriage of Figaro is the most important.
In this work, Mozart combines comic characters who like opera with serious characters in opera and plots and scenes that reveal social contradictions and moral problems.
The work mercilessly exposes and satirizes the incompetence and depravity of the nobility, and enthusiastically praises the third-rate wit.
The Magic Flute, in German dialogue, contains the philosophy of German cultural tradition and becomes the first opera in Germany.
He advocates that "poetry should obey music", so his operas are good at creating different characters with different music, which has a strong musical appeal and is very vocal when recited.
He regards the form of duet as an important means of dramatic conflict and * * *.
It strengthens the foreshadowing and rendering function of overture to the drama atmosphere and plot.
Mozart composed more than 40 symphonies, and pursued clear, concise and rigorous logic, balance and harmony in structural form, harmony and orchestration, forming a typical classical music style.
Symphony no.39 in e flat major is lively and poetic. Symphony no.40 in g minor reveals a kind of sadness in the lyric sound stream; Symphony no 4 1 in c major is magnificent.
These three symphonies are classified as the most outstanding symphonies in classicism.
③ Among the indoor works, six string quartets dedicated to Haydn are famous, and the stretching melody combined with multi-level polyphony consolidates the dominant position of the main melody music at a high level.
④ In the aspect of piano concerto, he developed the Baroque three-movement concerto by using the principle of classical music form, fixed the structure of double presentation part and cadenza, and established the formal principle of classical concerto.
Noun explanation:
1. Organon: It's an improvisation method of chanting, that is, singing two different voices at the same time.
2. Burgundy:/kloc-The most important artists in Renaissance music in the 5th century were composers from northern Europe.
Most of them are concentrated in Burgundy, so they are called Burgundy Music School by music historians.
3. French Champion: 16 In the 1920s, French composers developed a kind of ballad with distinctive features, which was typical of French style from words to songs. They are called "French champions" or "Paris champions".
4. Oratorio: It is a large-scale vocal genre produced in17th century.
It is based on lyric poetry or dramatic narrative poetry and consists of recitation, aria, duet and chorus.
Smaller ones often start with overture and end with chorus.
5. Classical songs: a musical genre born with a universal decorative enthusiasm in the Middle Ages, which produced the inevitable substitution of lyrics for ditty and realized the transformation from ritual music to secular music.