The name quatrains came into being during the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. At that time, a poem of five words and four sentences was called quatrains. In the process of popularity, after the use and perfection of some poets, it gradually matured. In the hands of the Tang Dynasty, a complete set of metrical rules was formulated, which formally set the pattern for quatrains. Every capital letter is five words or seven words and four sentences, which has its specific strict requirements in phonology and meter. Therefore, this kind of quatrains is also called quatrains.
The rhyme of quatrains is to rhyme with the same rhyme at the end of the first, second and fourth sentences of each poem; Except the first sentence can rhyme, the last word of the second sentence and the fourth sentence should rhyme with the words that belong to the same rhyme and are all flat (first or second sound).
In word arrangement, the words where each beat is located in each sentence (excluding the words at the end of the sentence) should be flat and staggered, the first, second, third and fourth sentences should be flat and opposite to the beat words, and the beat words between the second and third sentences should be flat and sticky. The first sentence of a quatrain (excluding the last word of this blank sentence) and the fourth sentence have the same level arrangement in rhythm; Except for the rhyme, the second sentence and the third sentence are arranged in the same level.
Four lines and five words of ancient poetry
Every five-character quatrain is called a five-character quatrain. Five-character quatrains are divided into two formats: flat and flat. There are two differences in each format: the first sentence uses rhyme, and the first sentence does not use rhyme.
The so-called flat-rising type means using flat-voiced characters in the first beat (second word) of the first sentence; The first beat (the second word) of the first sentence uses the word "Xu". The following is the standard format of the first blank sentence:
┌ (Ping) Ping
Horizontal opposition ...
├ (??????)
Flat and sticky.
├ (??????)
Horizontal opposition ...
└ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
⊙
Take the following poem as an example:
My friend, I watched you go down the mountain,
Level and level opposition-|||
Until now, in the dark, I closed the thatched door.
Flat and flat stick together ┤|||-
The grass in spring is green every year.
First-class and first-class opposites ┤ (-) | |
But my friend prince, will you? ?
- (-)|⊙
If the first sentence rhymes, just change the flat arrangement of the first sentence to "(flat) flat (flat)", and the flat arrangement of the other three sentences does not need to be changed.
Look at the rhyming five-line format:
┌ (Ping) Pingping Ping.
Horizontal opposition ...
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Flat and sticky
├ (Ping) Ping
Horizontal opposition ...
└ (???????)
⊙
Take the following poem as an example:
A thousand miles away from her home,
The opposition between equality and equality ┤||-|
A maid-in-waiting has lived here for twenty years.
Flat and flat stick together-||
├ is a river full of children,
First-class and first-class opposition ┤ (|)-||
See how hard she tries to hold back her tears.
(-)||-⊙
If the first sentence rhymes, change the first sentence to "(even) even", and the other three sentences remain unchanged.
Seven-syllable/seven-syllable quatrain
Every seven-character quatrain is called a seven-character quatrain. Seven-character quatrains, like five-character quatrains, can also be divided into four types, namely, beginning with rhyme, ending with rhyme and ending with rhyme, among which the first sentence is more common. The following is the format of horizontal rhyme:
┌ (flat) flat (flat)
Counter the opposition/opposition
├ (Ш) (Ш) (Ш)
Flat and sticky
├ (Ping) Ping
Horizontal opposition ...
└ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
⊙
Take the following poem as an example:
┌ Bai Di's resignation,
The opposition between peace and equality ┤-|||-
├ Thousands of miles in Jiangling, one day.
Flat and flat adhesion ┤ (-) | ||
├ Apes on both sides of the Taiwan Strait can't stop crying,
The opposition between equality and equality ┤||-||
└ The canoe has passed Zhongshan people.
- |||-⊙
The leveling arrangement in the first sentence is changed to "(flat) flat."
(Xu) Pingping Ping ",the other three sentences remain unchanged. Look at the rhyme format again:
┌ (仄) 仄 (仄) 仄
Counter the opposition/opposition
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Flat and sticky
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Horizontal opposition ...
└ (仄) 仄 (仄) 仄
⊙
Take the following poem as an example:
┌ Zeguo Jiangshan entered the war map
The opposition between equality and equality ┤||-||||
How can a stranger be happy?
Flat, flat, sticky ┤-(-) ||-
├ In your words,
The opposition between peace and equality ┤ || | |
└ One general will succeed and ten thousand bones will dry up!
|| - ||⊙
If it doesn't rhyme, change the first sentence to "(even) even".
Lvshi
Rhyme is also divided into five words and seven words, each word is limited to eight sentences, and more than eight sentences are called "excluded rhythm" or "long rhyme" Rhyme, like quatrains, appeared in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, but the meter was incomplete. It was not until the period of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty that the seven laws were formed. Rhyme is usually rhymed in a flat tone. The first sentence, the second sentence, the fourth sentence, the sixth sentence and the last sentence all rhyme. The first sentence can rhyme or not; If you don't use rhyme, the last word of a sentence is usually ambiguous. Like quatrains, the even arrangement between metrical poems requires that the beat be even and staggered in one sentence; The first and second sentences, the third and fourth sentences, the fifth and sixth sentences, and the seventh and eighth sentences are evenly matched; Between the third sentence and the second sentence, between the fifth sentence and the fourth sentence, and between the seventh sentence and the sixth sentence, it is flat and flat.
Rhyme must also talk about antithesis, and every two sentences are called couplet: the first two sentences are called first couplet or opening couplet, the third and fourth sentences are called parallel couplet, the fifth and sixth sentences are called neck couplet (also called abdominal couplet), and the seventh and eighth sentences are called tail couplet. Among them, antithesis must be used in couplets and necklaces, that is, the phrase structure and part of speech in the two sentences should be the same, paired with each other, and opposite to each other like the ancient guard of honor. The couplets and necklaces of regular poems are two couplets.
For example, Wei Zhuang, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, wrote two sentences in the middle of the seven laws, "boating in Nanxi on a snowy night":
┌ There is a strong wind blowing in Yushu on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
┤||-|||
└ A pool of bright moon bathed in the silver beach.
(-)-(-)||-⊙
┌ I met a fisherman because I sought a field trip.
Necklace ┤-||-|
Gengwanshang restaurant
|| - ||⊙
Among them, the phrase structure of the antithesis sentence is that the two sides of the strait and the strong wind blow the Yushu, and the phrase structure of the antithesis sentence is that the beach, the bright moon and the silver sand are all three phrases composed of two words, two words and three words, which are very neat. Let's look at its part of speech: "two banks" is a phrase composed of the numeral "two" and the sentence "shore", and "one beach" in the next sentence is also composed of the numeral "one" and the noun "beach". "Yan Feng" and "Yue Ming" are phrases composed of adjectives that modify nouns. The verb-object structure of "blowing Yushu" and "basking in silver sand" is also composed of words of the same part of speech.
There are 40 words in five-character poems and 56 words in seven-character poems, and there are basically no duplicate words. This is the general rule of metrical poetry, but the overlapping sentences such as "Leaves fall like waterfall foam, but I think the long river always rolls forward" in Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain are in the same strain as those in Li Shangyin's works, such as "The pool is full of flowers, and the sun is full of gas at the beginning".
Eight-sentence five-character verse
Every five-character rhyme is called five-character rhyme. Five-character rhymes can also be divided into four forms: flat and even rhymes, flat and even rhymes, flat and even rhymes, overlapping rhymes and overlapping rhymes. The format of flat rhyme is as follows:
┌ (Ping) Ping
Horizontal opposition ...
├ (??????)
Flat and sticky
├ (??????)
Part of speech is opposite to level. ...
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Flat and sticky
├ (Ping) Ping
Part of speech is opposite to level. ...
├ (??????)
Flat and sticky
├ (??????)
Horizontal opposition ...
└ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
⊙
Take the following poem as an example:
┌ Deep mountains and old forests, with many gullies,
Level and level opposition-|||
├ show weakness and cultivate mulberry.
Flat and flat stick together ┤ (-) ||-
├: This is not a bad business.
Part of speech and level tone are relative ┤||-|
├: It's all about finding a busy sentence.
Flat and flat stick together-||
├ Break windows, wind and candles,
Part of speech and equality are relative ┤ (|)-||
├ Invade the bed through the house.
Flat and flat stick together ┤ (-) ||-
My friend should smile,
First-class and first-class opposition ┤ (-) | |
└ efforts are not light.
- ||⊙
In the case of entering rhyme from the same level, only the arrangement of the first sentence is changed to "(Ping) Ping (Yi) Ping", and the other sentences remain unchanged.
The following is the rhyme format:
┌ (丮丮) Pingping Ping.
Horizontal opposition ...
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Flat and sticky
├ (Ping) Ping
Part of speech is opposite to level. ...
├ (??????)
Flat and sticky
├ (??????)
Part of speech is opposite to level. ...
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Flat and sticky
├ (Ping) Ping
Horizontal opposition ...
└ (???????)
⊙
Take the following poem as an example:
Although a country is divided, mountains and rivers still exist.
The opposition between equality and equality ┤||-|
Spring grass grows in the depths of the city.
Flat and flat stick together-||
Petals shed like tears,
Part of speech and equality are relative ┤ (|)-||
Lonely birds sang their sorrows.
Flat and flat stick together ┤|||-
After three months of fighting,
Part of speech is relative to flat tone ┤ (-) | |.
A message from home is worth a ton of gold.
Flat and flat stick together-||
I stroke my white hair. It became too thin,
First-level and first-level opposition ┤ (-)-||
I can't hold the hairpin anymore.
(-)||-⊙
In this case, only the flat arrangement of the first sentence is changed to "(flat) flat", and the other seven sentences remain unchanged.
It doesn't rhyme, but the arrangement of the first sentence is changed to "(Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping", and the other seven sentences remain unchanged.
The following is the rhyme format:
┌ (仄) 仄 (仄) 仄
Counter the opposition/opposition
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Flat and sticky
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Part of speech is opposite to level. ...
├ (Ш) (Ш) (Ш)
Flat and sticky
├ (Ping) Ping
Part of speech is opposite to level. ...
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Flat and sticky
├ (Ping) Ping (Ping)
Horizontal opposition ...
└ (仄) 仄 (仄) 仄
⊙
The following is a poem:
There is no freedom in all feelings,
The opposition between equality and equality ┤||-||||
The sound of the horn rises from the sunset tower alone.
Flat and flat adhesion ┤ (|)-(-) ||-
├ Bi Shan thinks endlessly all day,
Part of speech and equality are relative ┤ (|) | (-) |-|
When did you hate grass?
Flat and flat adhesion ┤ (-) | ||
├ Cilia grow out of sight,
Part of speech and level tone are relative ┤|| (|)-||||
├ If you are not outside, what do you want to do?
Flat and flat adhesion ┤ (|)-(-) ||-
├ Like a son,
The opposition between peace and equality ┤ || | |
└ One thousand poems despise Wan Huhou.
(-)| - ||⊙