Ancient Chinese farming methods
1) During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools and cattle farming appeared. Promoted during the Warring States Period. Since then, iron plow and oxen farming have become the main farming method of traditional Chinese agriculture.
2) In the Western Han Dynasty, Zhao Guo promoted the coupling plow.
3) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Quyuan plow appeared.
Ancient Chinese farming technology
4) Spring and Autumn and Warring States, ridge farming method.
5) Western Han Dynasty, Daitian method.
6) In the late Western Han Dynasty, the district field method was adopted.
7) Plowing in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Ancient Chinese water conservancy and irrigation technology
8) Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, Dujiangyan.
9) Cao Wei, overturned.
10) Tang Dynasty, barrel cart.
11) In the Song Dynasty, hydraulic high-rotating drum cars.
12) Wind-powered waterwheels in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
13) Characteristics of the small-scale peasant economy: A self-sufficient natural economy based on the family as a unit, combining agriculture and cottage industry, is the basic model of agricultural production in China's feudal society.
14) Advantages and Disadvantages of the small-scale peasant economy: Advantages: ① Dominate the Chinese feudal economy ② Have high production enthusiasm ③ Be the main bearer of national taxation and corvee. Disadvantages: ① small scale, hindering the development of social division of labor and commodity economy, and hindering the development of modern society ② farmers' operation scale is small, production conditions are simple, and the necessary accumulation and reserve capabilities are lacking ② the ability to resist natural and man-made disasters is weak ③ the ruling group of the feudal dynasty is decadent, Feudal exploitation was serious.
15) The biggest obstacle in the development of ancient China’s commodity economy was the small-scale peasant economy.
16) The Shang and Zhou dynasties entered a prosperous period of bronze casting.
17) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, three business forms coexisted: government-run handicraft industry (directly operated by the government and concentrated large-scale workshop production), private handicraft industry, and household handicraft industry.
Ancient Chinese Iron Smelting Technology
18) In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, iron tools appeared.
19) During the Warring States Period, iron farm tools were promoted. Forged steel sword.
20) During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Shi invented water drainage and improved iron smelting technology.
21) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, steel filling method.
Chinese Porcelain Industry Technology
22) Shang Dynasty, primitive porcelain.
23) In the Eastern Han Dynasty, celadon and white porcelain were produced successively. Celadon reaches maturity.
24) In the Tang Dynasty, the south was green and the north was white.
25) In the Song Dynasty, a number of famous kilns emerged.
26) In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen developed into a national porcelain-making center.
27) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jingdezhen became the "Porcelain Capital".
Ancient China’s Foreign Trade
28) Western Han Dynasty, the beginning of the “Silk Road”.
29) In the Tang Dynasty, China exported porcelain to foreign countries.
30) In the Yuan Dynasty, Quanzhou became the largest port in the world.
31) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, maritime bans and "isolation" policies were implemented.
Sea ban: direct reason - the rulers of the Ming Dynasty were worried that hostile forces would collude with Japanese pirates and endanger their rule.
Reclusion: The direct reason - the Qing rulers' anti-Qing struggle to deal with the people on the southeast coast.
The fundamental reason for implementing these two policies is that the self-sufficient natural economy occupies the main body.
Objective reasons - the colonial expansion of Western colonists to the East.
Subjective reasons - the rulers regard themselves as the heavenly dynasty and are blindly arrogant.
Main impact: It hindered the development of China's budding capitalism, made China fall behind the world trend, and became an important reason for China's backwardness and beatings in modern times.
Business in Ancient China
32) In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the counter bank (the prototype of a bank) and flying money appeared.
33) In the Song Dynasty, the world's earliest paper currency "Jiaozi" appeared.
34) The "city" before the Song Dynasty: was strictly separated from residential areas; had specific trading areas; had strict trading management; and had specialized management officials.
35) The development of cities (markets) and squares (residential areas) in the Song Dynasty: broke the boundaries of time and space; trading activities were no longer directly supervised by the government.
36) Fan Li was respected as the ancestor by later generations of businessmen.
Ancient Chinese land system
37) During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the well-field system appeared.
38) During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang legally abolished the well field system and established private ownership of land.
39) The State of Lu recognized the legalization of private land ownership. Establish the initial tax per mu (agricultural tax).
40) Northern Wei, equal land system.
41) Forms of private land ownership: monarch land private ownership, landlord land ownership, yeoman land ownership.
Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business
42) During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang initiated the reform.
43) In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented a series of policies to suppress business.
44) The purpose of implementing the emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business: to consolidate feudal rule is an inevitable product of the feudal self-sufficient natural economy. Impact: It hinders the development of commodity economy, is not conducive to social and economic development, and hinders the development of modern capitalism.
45) From the 1860s to the 1890s, the Westernization Movement.
(Content: establishment of military industry in the early stage; establishment of civilian industry in the later stage; preparation of coastal defense; establishment of new schools)
The development of Chinese national capitalism
46) In the 1860s and 1970s, the emergence of . Reason: the inducement of Westernization. The export of capital by the great powers further undermines the natural economy.
47) Initial development occurred at the end of the 19th century (after the Sino-Japanese War). Reason: The Qing government relaxed restrictions on private factories. The export of capital by the great powers further undermines the natural economy.
48) 1912-1919 (during World War I), a short spring. Reasons: ① The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the imperial system and removed some obstacles to the development of capitalism ② The Nanjing Provisional Government promulgated some decrees to reward the development of industry ③ The mass anti-imperialist and patriotic movement rose ④ During World War I, the great powers relaxed their policies against China economic aggression. Performance: The textile industry and flour industry are developing the fastest.
49) 1927-1936 (the first ten years of national rule), rapid development.
50) After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, it was a heavy blow. Manifestations: expansion of bureaucratic capital; shrinkage of national capital. (A devastating blow)
51) After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it shrank. Performance: The national industry is in dire straits.
52) Understanding: The oppression and restraint of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism are the main factors hindering the development of modern national industry. To achieve modernization, national independence must be achieved.
The progress of China's transportation and communication tools
53) In the early 1880s, the Qing government built the Tang-Xu Railway, marking the birth of China's railways.
54) In 1909, Feng Ru made China's first aircraft, marking the beginning of China's aviation industry.
55) In 1920, China’s first air route, Beijing-Tianjin route, was opened, marking the beginning of China’s civil aviation industry.
56) In the early 20th century, the first local telephone was opened.
57) Since the mid-1980s, China’s telecommunications industry has developed the fastest.
58) In 1873, Ai Xiaomei founded Zhaowen New News, the earliest Chinese newspaper in China.
59) In 1905, the successful premiere of "Dingjun Mountain" marked a milestone for China. The beginning of a film career.
60) China's first sound film, "The Songstress Red Peony"
61) China's first film to win international honors, "Yuguangqu"
< p>62) In the late 1960s, the Internet was born (the fourth media); it became popular all over the world after the 1990s; in 1994, China officially connected to the Internet. ▲Advantages of the Internet: It integrates the advantages of newspapers, radio, and television; it is low-cost; it can be highly interactive and two-way transmission; it can obtain information more actively, more conveniently, and to the maximum extent.63) The four major media: newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet.
64) "Current News" promotes reform and reform
65) "Min Bao" promotes democratic revolution
66) "New Youth" promotes democracy and science< /p>
1) The "Hundred Schools of Thought" during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period laid the foundation for the culture of the entire feudal era in China. It was the first ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history.
2) Confucius represented the interests of declining slave owners. Thoughts: The core is "benevolence", "restrain oneself and return to propriety", "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "kindness without education", and govern the country with virtue.
1) Mencius, thought: "benevolent government", "the people are more valuable than the king", and the theory of good nature. (Mencius’ benevolent government runs through the people-centered thought)
2) Xunzi, thought: "benevolence and righteousness", "kingly way", "the king's boat and the people's water", and the theory of evil nature.
3) Laozi, thought: "Government by doing nothing"
4) Han Feizi, thought: rule by law
5) Mozi, thought: "universal love" , "Salvation of the worthy", "non-attack"
6) The fundamental reason for the emergence of democratic ideas in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties was the development of the commodity economy and the increasing decay of the feudal system.
The evolution of Confucianism
▲Spring and Autumn Period: Confucius founded the Confucian school and laid the foundation of Confucianism.
▲Warring States Period: After the transformation of Mencius and Xunzi, the Confucian ideological system became more complete and became the most important sect among hundreds of scholars.
▲Han Dynasty: Confucianism became the orthodox thought respected by rulers of all dynasties, and also became the mainstream thought of traditional Chinese culture. Dong Zhongshu proposed the "unification of the Spring and Autumn Period" and the proposition of "deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". He vigorously promoted the idea of ??"divine right of kings", and also proposed the theories of "influence between heaven and man" and "unity of nature and man", as well as the ethical and moral standards of "three cardinal principles and five constant principles".
▲Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties: During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Confucianism absorbed the essence of Buddhism and Taoism and achieved new development. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the development of Confucianism entered a glorious period.
▲Song Dynasty: Confucianism absorbed useful content from Buddhism and Taoism and completed a more theoretical and speculative process. Became the emerging Confucianism. Such as Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism.
▲Ming Dynasty: Wang Yangming developed Neo-Confucianism to a new stage, known as "mind" study.
▲In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties: three progressive thinkers, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, and Wang Fuzhi, critically inherited traditional Confucianism and revitalized Confucianism.
The reasons why ancient China led the world in science and technology
①The long-term relatively stable political structure
②The continuous development of productivity
③Ethnic groups Interconnections and economic and cultural exchanges have been continuously strengthened
The reasons why China’s ancient science and technology declined during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the overall lag behind the West
① Fundamental reasons: backward social production relations and decadent feudal system Seriously constrained the progress of science and technology
②China's feudal rulers throughout the dynasties implemented policies that emphasized agriculture and suppressed commerce, suppressing the development of handicraft industry.
③The feudal natural economy dominated, limiting the development of productive forces
A hundred schools of thought contended, China's first ideological emancipation trend.
The Reform Movement of 1898, China’s second ideological emancipation trend. (The first time in modern times)
The Revolution of 1911, the third wave of ideological emancipation in China.
The New Culture Movement, China’s fourth ideological emancipation trend.
The landlord class resistance advocates understanding the world, learning from the West, and consolidating feudal rule.
The Westernization faction of the landlord class advocates learning science and technology from the West and introducing advanced military science and technology to achieve the goal of enriching the country and strengthening itself.
The bourgeois reformists advocate learning from Western political systems and choosing a Chinese political system.
Bourgeois radical democrats advocate learning from Western ideas and taking democracy and science as their banners.
▲The essence of the Westernization School's "Chinese learning as the body and Western learning as the application" is to use Western science and technology to maintain China's traditional feudal system.
▲The accuracy of pi once marked the mathematical level of a country.
▲The Book of Songs is an important symbol of the formation of mature Chinese poetry.
▲A sign of the maturity of Mao Zedong Thought: the publication of "On New Democracy".
▲After the Opium War, China entered the old democratic revolution. After the May 4th Movement, China entered the new democratic revolution.
World Literature and Art
▲The ideological background of romantic literature: People generally feel that the capitalist system established through the bourgeois revolution is not as beautiful as described by Enlightenment thinkers, so People are generally disappointed with the real society.
Content: It no longer highlights human rationality, but deeply explores the human emotional world, and creates distinctive characters through magnificent imagination and exaggerated techniques.
Creative style: Mainly based on imaginative ideas and ups and downs of plots.
▲Realist literature reveals the essence of capitalist society and criticizes the evils of society.
▲The social background of the emergence of modernist literature: the two world wars, the economic crisis sweeping the capitalist world and serious social problems have profoundly affected the development of literature.
Characteristics: Emphasis on concentrated self-expression, grotesque techniques, no obvious reason for the beginning and end of the story, reflecting a spiritual crisis.
▲Neoclassical art characteristics: emphasizing and highlighting rationality, paying attention to the rigor and harmony of the picture.
▲Characteristics of romantic art: focusing on expressing human emotions and emphasizing the use of color.
▲Characteristics of realist art: focus on expressing social reality.
▲Characteristics of Impressionism: obsessed with the study of light and color.
▲Characteristics of modernist art: anti-traditional and anti-rational, emphasizing the artist’s inner “self-feeling”
Characteristics of ancient Chinese legal system
Ancient Chinese law It is the embodiment of the emperor's will and the monarch's autocratic rule, and is a tool used by the monarch to maintain the centralized system of authoritarianism.