In ancient China, anything that was not in harmony with music was called poetry, and anything that was in harmony with music was called song. In modern times, it is generally called poetry. It expresses social life and people's spiritual world according to certain syllable and rhythm requirements. The development of poetry has gone through the development process of "The Book of Songs" → "Chu Ci" → Han Fu → Han Yuefu Poems → Jian'an Poems → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Tang Poems → Song Ci → Yuan Qu → Ming and Qing Poems → Modern Poetry. There are many expression techniques for poetry. The earliest traditional expression techniques that were popular in my country and are still commonly used today are "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao's Poems" says: "Therefore, poems have six meanings: one is wind, the second is Fu, the third is Bi, the fourth is Xing, the fifth is Ya, and the sixth is Ode." There is a quatrain in it called: "Three Lights of the Sun and the Moon" Star, Four Poems on Elegance”. Among the "Six Meanings", "Feng, Ya, and Song" refer to the types of poems in the "Book of Songs", and "Fu, Bi, and Xing" are the expression techniques in poetry. Ancient Poetry 1. Poetry can be divided into two categories: ancient style poetry and modern style poetry. Ancient style poetry and modern style poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, and are divided from the perspective of the rhythm of poetry. (1) Ancient poetry: including ancient poetry (poetry before the Tang Dynasty), Chu Ci, and Yuefu poetry. Poems in ancient poetry genres such as "ge", "gexing", "yin", "qu" and "li" also belong to ancient poetry. Ancient poetry does not focus on antithesis and rhymes more freely. The development trajectory of ancient poetry: "The Book of Songs" → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties folk songs → Jian'an poetry → Tao Shi and other literati five-character poems → the ancient style and new Yuefu of the Tang Dynasty. ①Chu Ci style: It is a poetry form created by Qu Yuan of the Chu state during the Warring States Period. It is characterized by the use of Chu dialect and rhyme, and has a strong Chu color. The "Chu Ci" edited by Liu Xiang of the Eastern Han Dynasty has seventeen chapters, mainly the works of Qu Yuan, and Qu Yuan's works include "Li Sao" as his representative work. Therefore, later generations also called "Chu Ci style" and "Sao style". ② Yuefu: Originally the name of the official office in charge of music during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it later became the name of the poetic style. The music and songs collected and composed by the Yuefu official office in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are referred to as Yuefu for short. Although the poems written by poets in the Wei, Jin, Tang and later dynasties were not included in Yuefu, they also became Yuefu and Yuefu. Such as "Chile Song", "Mulan Poetry" and "Dan Ge Xing" (Cao Cao). Generally speaking, some titles of Yuefu poems include "ge", "line", "yin", "qu", "yin", etc. ③Singing style: It is a variation of Yuefu poetry. There are many Yuefu poems after the Han and Wei Dynasties titled "ge" or "xing". Although the two have different names, there is actually no strict difference. They both mean "song". Their syllables and rhythms are generally relatively free and the form is relatively free. It adopts the ancient style of five-character, seven-character, and miscellaneous words, which is full of changes. Later, there was the "Ge Xing" style. In the Tang Dynasty, poets in the early Tang Dynasty wrote Yuefu poems. In addition to using the old Yuefu titles of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets also created new titles. Although the title was Yuefu, it was not limited to the rhythm, so it was called New Yuefu. This type of poetry developed greatly by Li Bai and Du Fu. For example, Du Fu's "Sorrowful Chen Tao", "Ai Jiangtou", "War Chariots" and "Beautiful Women", as well as many of Bai Juyi's works, adopt the Yuefu song style, and most of them use three or seven words in a mixed manner. (2) Modern style poetry: Modern style poetry, which is opposite to ancient style poetry, is also called modern style poetry. It is a metrical style poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. It is divided into two types. There are strict regulations on the number of words, number of sentences, level and rhyme, etc. ① One kind is called "quatrains", each of which has four sentences. The five-character poem is referred to as Wujue, and the seven-character poem is referred to as Qijue. ② One type is called "Lvshi", each poem has eight lines, five-character poems are referred to as Wulu, seven-character poems are referred to as Qilv, and those with more than eight sentences are called Pailu (or long rhyme). Rhymed poetry has a very strict rhythm. The chapters have definite sentences (except for rhythm), the sentences have definite characters, the rhymes have positioning (the rhyme positions are fixed), the words have definite tones (the flat and oblique tones of each word in the poem are fixed), and the couplets have definite pairs ( The two couplets in the middle of the verse must be in opposition). For example, rhythmic poetry originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. Each four-part couplet has eight sentences. Each sentence must have the same number of words. It can be four- or five-rhyme. The two middle couplets must be in opposition. The second, fourth, sixth, and eighth lines rhyme. The sentence can be pledged or not. If the verses are laid out and extended to more than ten sentences based on the fixed patterns of the verses, it is called rhythm arrangement. Except for the first and last couplets, the upper and lower sentences need to be in opposition, and there are also opposite sentences in every other sentence, which is called "fan pair". For another example, quatrains are only four sentences and two couplets, also known as quatrains, truncated sentences, and broken sentences. They all have certain requirements for level, rhyme, and antithesis. From top to bottom, it is divided into first couplet, chin couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet. (3) Ci: Also known as poetry, long and short sentences, tunes, tune lyrics, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tune has a definite pattern, the sentences have a definite number, and the words have a definite tone. Depending on the number of words, it can be divided into long tune (more than 91 words), middle tune (59~90 words), and small tune (within 58 words). Words can be divided into monotonic and bimodal. Bimodal is divided into two paragraphs. The two paragraphs are equal or roughly equal in number of words. Monotonous only has one paragraph. A section of a word is called a block or a piece, the first section is called the front block, the upper block, and the upper piece, and the second section is called the back block, the lower block, and the lower piece. (4) Qu: Also known as Ciyu and Yuefu. Yuan opera includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu originated in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style is similar to the lyrics. Features: You can add lining words to the fixed number of words, and mostly use spoken language. Sanqu includes two types: Xiaoling and Taoshu (set of songs). A set is a continuous set of tunes, at least two tunes, and as many as dozens of tunes. Each set uses the tune of the first song as the name of the complete set, and the whole set must be of the same tune. It has no guest introduction and is only for a cappella singing. 2. Classified by content: it can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry, farewell poetry, frontier poetry, landscape pastoral poetry, nostalgic poetry (epic poem), poetry about things, mourning poetry, and allegorical poetry. (1) Nostalgic poetry. Generally, people and deeds in ancient times are remembered. Poems about chanting history and remembering ancient times often combine historical facts and reality, either lamenting personal experiences or criticizing social reality.
For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgia" laments his personal experiences and the contradiction between ideals and reality. He is over fifty years old and has no achievements. Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le·Nostalgia for the Past in Beigu Pavilion, Jingkou" expresses dissatisfaction with the imperial court's meager existence and criticizes social reality. There are also some poems that praise history and remember ancient times. They are just calm and rational thinking and evaluation of history, or they are just objective narratives. The poet's own experiences are not included in them, and the poet's emotions are just voice off-screen. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Woyi Lane" expresses the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes by contrasting the past and present. (2) Poems about things. Characteristics of poems about objects: in terms of content, a certain object is used as the object of description, and some of its characteristics are grasped and described deliberately. Thoughts often rely on things to express ambitions. From objects to people, from reality to virtuality, the spiritual character is written. Commonly used expression techniques such as metaphor, symbolism, personification, and contrast. (3) Landscape idyll. Cao Cao pioneered landscape poetry, and Tao Yuanming pioneered pastoral poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a landscape pastoral poetry school, represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Landscape and pastoral poetry is famous for describing natural scenery, rural scenery and comfortable and tranquil seclusion life. The poetic environment is meaningful and beautiful, the style is quiet and elegant, and the language is clear and concise. (4) War poetry. Since the pre-Qin Dynasty, there have been poems with themes of frontier fortresses and wars. In the Tang Dynasty, as wars were still frequent, the rulers emphasized martial arts and neglected literature. It was much easier for scholars to gain fame by asking for merit in frontier courts than to enter through the imperial examination. In addition, the prosperity In the atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty that was active and high-spirited, the strange and magnificent frontier poems developed greatly, forming a new poetry school, whose representatives are Gao Shi, Cen Shen and Wang Changling. (5) Travel poems and boudoir poems. The ancients may have been away from home for a long time, or wandered for a long time, or guarded the borders for a long time, which always caused a strong feeling of homesickness and nostalgia for others, so there are many poems of this kind. They may write about thoughts of traveling, or about missing relatives and friends, or about missing relatives and friends, or Write about people being homesick, or about cherishing someone in the boudoir. In writing, one may be moved by touching a scene, or be moved by a moment, or convey one's feelings by holding an object, or convey one's feelings through a dream, or express one's feelings through a wonderful metaphor. (6) Farewell poem. In ancient times, due to the inconvenience of transportation and the extremely underdeveloped communication, relatives and friends often could not see each other for several years, so the ancients paid special attention to separation. On the occasion of parting, people often bid farewell with wine, break willows to see each other off, and sometimes recite poems to say goodbye. Therefore, the emotion of parting has become an eternal theme for ancient literati. Because everyone's circumstances are different, the specific content and ideological tendencies of farewell poems often vary. Some directly express the feelings of parting, some use it to express the resentment in the chest or express one's aspirations, some focus on writing about separation and sorrow, some focus on exhortation, encouragement, comfort, and some are both.
To sum up, it is mainly divided into 9 types: 1 Satire 2 Love 3 Philosophy 4 Farewell 5 Landscape 6 Ambition 7 Imagination 8 Story 9 Thought