Shangguanyi was a famous imperial literati in the early Tang Dynasty. He often drafted edicts for the emperor and created the Shangguan style of poetry. He summarized the antithesis methods in poetry since the Six Dynasties, including six pairs and eight pairs, which had a great influence on the formation of rhymed poetry in later generations
Introduction to Shangguan Yi Shangguan Yi, courtesy name You Shao, was born in Shaanxian County, Shaanxi Province. Prime Minister and poet of the Tang Dynasty
Shangguanyi became a monk in his early years, and later became a Jinshi. He successively served as a direct bachelor of Hongwen Hall, a secretary, a living minister, a secretary and a young eunuch, and a prince in the palace. He was a famous imperial literati in the early Tang Dynasty. He often drafted imperial edicts for the emperor and created the Shangguan style of poetry.
In the second year of Longshuo, Shangguan Yi paid homage to the prime minister and was awarded the title of Minister of West Taiwan and the third rank of Tongxi Tai. In December of the first year of Linde's reign, he offended Wu Zetian by drafting an edict to abolish the queen, and was framed for treason and jailed and executed. During the reign of Emperor Zhongzong, he was given a posthumous gift to the Duke of Chu
Early experience Shangguan Yi moved to Jiangdu with his father Shangguan Hong since he was a child. In the fourteenth year of the Great Cause, Shangguan Hong was killed in the Jiangdu Incident. Shangguan Yi was spared because of his hiding. In order to avoid disaster, he became a monk by himself. He studied Buddhist scriptures, was proficient in the Three Treatises, dabbled in classics and history, and was good at writing articles.
During the Zhenguan period, Shangguanyi gained the respect of Yang Rengong, the governor of Yangzhou, and went to Beijing to take the imperial examination. He passed the imperial examination and was awarded the title of Jinshi. He was awarded the title of direct bachelor of Hongwen Museum and moved to Secretary Lang. At that time, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty often ordered Shangguan Yi to draft edicts, and also asked him to participate in palace banquets, attend banquets and compose poems
In the 22nd year of Zhenguan, prime ministers Fang Xuanling, Chu Suiliang and others completed the Jin Shu . Shangguan Yi was awarded the title of Living Lang because he had participated in the compilation of Jin books. In the 23rd year of Zhenguan, Tang Gaozong succeeded to the throne, and Shangguanyi was promoted to Secretary Shaojian
In the first year of Xianqing, Tang Gaozong appointed his fifth son Li Hong as the crown prince, and later appointed Shangguanyi as the crown prince's minister. In the second year of Longshuo, Shangguan Yi was promoted to the rank of Minister of West Taiwan, the third rank of East and West Taiwan, and became the prime minister. He was also added as Doctor Yinqing Guanglu, and was still a bachelor of Hongwenguan.
In the first year of Linde's unjust murder, Queen Wu Zetian introduced Taoist priests into the palace. In the palace, he practiced the art of being tired of winning, but was reported by the eunuch Wang Fusheng. At that time, Tang Gaozong was often suppressed by Wu Zetian and was dissatisfied with her. He wanted to depose her as a commoner, so he secretly summoned Shangguan Yi for discussion. Shangguan Yi said: The queen is tyrannical and the country is disappointed. She should be deposed in order to comply with the people. Gaozong then ordered him to draft an edict to depose the queen. Wu Zetian got the news and appealed to Gaozong for justification. Emperor Gaozong couldn't bear to depose the queen, and because he was afraid of Empress Wu's anger, he said: Shangguan Yi taught me this.
In December of the same year, Wu Zetian ordered his confidant Xu Jingzong to frame Shangguan Yi and Wang Fusheng for colluding with the deposed Prince Li. Loyalty, plotting rebellion. Shangguan Yi once served as a consultant in Li Zhong's Prince Chen's Mansion and joined the army, and served Li Zhong together with Wang Fusheng, so he was framed. Soon after, Shangguan Yi was imprisoned and executed together with his sons Shangguan Tingzhi and Wang Fusheng, and their family property was confiscated. Li Zhong was also given to die in a demoted place. From then on, the power of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty fell away, and the government was completely controlled by Wu Zetian
When Shangguan Yi was killed, his granddaughter Shangguan Wan'er was still in her infancy, and she and her mother Zheng were taken into Yeting and used as maidservants. She was intelligent by nature and gradually gained favor from Wu Zetian. She was promoted as a trusted female official and was in charge of making imperial edicts in the palace. In the first year of Shenlong, he succeeded to the throne and was registered as Zhaorong. He was rehabilitated and given posthumous gifts to Zhongshu Ling, the Governor of Qinzhou, and the Duke of Chu, and was reburied with ceremony
Shangguanyi's poems are recorded in the New Tang Dynasty calligraphy and literature records. One volume, he participated in the compilation of Jinshu and Fanglin Yaolan. In addition, Shangguan Yi's poems and prose works are also included in the Complete Tang Dynasty and the Complete Tang Poems
Shangguanyi grew up in a southern temple. He was influenced by the culture of the Southern Dynasties and palace-style poetry, and his writing is exquisite. Yi is good at five words and has neat rhythm. The content is mostly composed in response to orders, praising virtues, whitewashing peace, and pursuing stylization in form. The words are gorgeous and charming. Because of its prominent position, many people at that time imitated it, and it was called Shangguan style in the world. He also summarized the duality method of poetry after the Six Dynasties and proposed the theory of six pairs and eight pairs, which represented the formalist tendency of the court poets at that time, but it also promoted the shaping of rhythmic poetry. Entering Chao Luo Di Bu Yue is a better representative work of Shangguan style. The eight-yong Yingzhi is a typical palace style poem. Volume 1 of the Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty
He was a court writer in the early Tang Dynasty and a representative poet of Qi and Liang Yufeng
Shangguanyi was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. The tendency to attach importance to the formal skills of poetry and pursue the beauty of poetry's voice and words formed the Shangguan style, a new poetry style that was eagerly imitated at that time. In the history of the development of Tang poetry, it can be traced back to Yang Shidao, Li Baiyao and Yu Shinan, and further down to Wen Siyou, Shen Qi and Song Zhiwen. Shangguan Yi's innovation in the poetry system was mainly in the delicacy and exquisiteness of the objects and images, and with highly proficient techniques, it diluted the relief and carving of the Qi and Liang poetry styles; however, the subject matter and content of the poems were still limited to the chanting of objects that should be produced in court literature. Within the scope, there is a lack of generosity, passion and heroism. He also summarized the antithesis methods in poetry since the Six Dynasties, including six pairs and eight pairs, which had a great influence on the formation of later generations of rhymed poetry
Mature rhymed poetry must meet three basic conditions. The first is duality; the second is temperament, and the third is using a specific format to arrange duality and temperament. In other words, determine the sentence arrangement of antithesis and rhythm, and the number of lines and words of the whole poem. The latter one is the external form of rhymed poetry. The first two are the inner meaning of the verses. Connotation may be more important than form. The external form strengthens and beautifies the internal aesthetic value. In order to find and perfect these contents, many poets have made many efforts since Jian'an, but they were perfected in the early Tang Dynasty.
Its precursor is Shen Yue's four tones and eight diseases, and its complete symbol is Shen Song style between Shen and Song Dynasties. Shangguan Yi's contribution was that he summarized and proposed six pairs and eight pairs
The content of the six pairs is: ① pairs of rectification of names; such as heaven and earth to the sun and moon; ② pairs of similar species; such as flowers and leaves to grass buds, ③Lianzhu pair; such as Xiaoxiao against Hehe; ④Double tone pair; such as yellow locust tree against willow green; ⑤overlapping rhyme pairing, such as wandering vs. Fangkuang; ⑥double pairing, such as spring tree vs. autumn pond
Eight pairs The contents are: ① Pairs with the same name, such as sending wine to the southeast and welcoming harp from the northwest; ② Pairs with different types, such as the wind weaving the trees in the pond, and insects walking through the grass; ③ Pairs with double voices, such as the autumn dew fragrant and beautiful chrysanthemums, and the spring breeze fragrant. Orchid; ④ Overlapping rhyme pairs, like a thousand wild thoughts, lingering on one mind; ⑤ Coupled pairs, like a lingering river like a belt, and the first moon like an eyebrow; ⑥ Double duplication pairs, like a crescent eyebrow deceiving the moon, a flowery cheek is better than a flower; ⑦ A palindrome pair is like a love that is new because of an idea, and the idea is a new love; ⑧ A sentence pair is like missing each other again and remembering each other again, with tears staining the clothes every night; empty sighs and empty seats, and the king of the court has not returned
Whether it is six pairs or eight pairs, when Tang rhymed poetry matures, it will seem a bit shallow. But at the beginning, it did work. Of course, the formation of rhymed poetry is not so simple. On the one hand, there are many works on the study of Tang rhymes; on the other hand, poetry is first and foremost a practical art. How can it be truly perfected without a large number of creations? Shangguan Yi is a transitional figure. His poems do not depart from the old style of Qi and Liang Dynasties, but his research on poetry is the forerunner of Tang style.