Four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems are common genres in ancient Chinese poetry. In which "word" refers to words. For example, in form, four-character poems are ancient poems with four words as a sentence.
Four-character poem is the earliest poetic style in ancient times. Four-character poems are the basic genres in The Book of Songs, such as national style, Xiaoya and elegance. In other ancient books of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, such as Mai Xiuge in Historical Records, Notes on Song Chengzi, and Zi Chanyong in Zuo Zhuan, etc. Four fonts are also dominant. It can be seen that from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, the most popular poetic style is four-character poetry, whether it is the upper or lower class of society, whether it is entertainment or sacrificial occasions.
After the Spring and Autumn Period, four-character poems gradually declined, but many poets still wrote four-character poems. For example, Cao Cao and his son in the Three Kingdoms period, Ji Kang in the late Wei Dynasty, Lu Ji and Lu Yun in the Western Jin Dynasty, and Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At the same time, there have also been some excellent works, such as Cao Cao's "Walking out of Xiamen, Although the tortoise lives long": "The old horse crouches and aims at a thousand miles. In the year of martyrs, go forward bravely. " People have been chanting it ever since.
The origin of five-character poems is very early, and there are some five-character poems in the Book of Songs. But its official rise was in the Han Dynasty. The last four sentences of Lady Qi's Song in the early Han Dynasty are five words, which are Yuefu folk songs in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, such as the nursery rhyme "Evil roads defeat fertile fields and slander good people." Gui Shuhua is not real, and Huang Nestle is on it. I used to be envied by people, but now I am pitiful. "It is also a complete five-character work. Compared with four-character poems, five-character poems only add one word, but increase the overall rhythm. Therefore, the capacity of the sentence is much larger and the expressive function is much stronger, which provides more space for the change of the poem.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, great progress was made in the creation of both folk songs and literati. Yuefu folk songs, such as Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave, Traveling Up the Mountain and Joining the Army in the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan, are all remarkable works. Ban Gu was the first writer to write five-character poems. His epic poems, with five words and sixteen sentences, show the phenomenon of literati learning folk new poems at first. Later, Zhang Heng's Song of Union, Qin Jia's Poems for Women and Li Yan's Poems for Wisdom came into being. By the end of the Han Dynasty, with the appearance of Nineteen Ancient Poems, five-character poems had reached a quite high level. Since Jian 'an, five-character poems have overwhelmed four-character poems and entered its heyday.
The origin of seven-character poems is also very early. There are also some seven-character quatrains in the Book of Songs, such as "cutting ice on the second day of the second year and collecting Lingyin on the third day". In the late Warring States period, there was a seven-character labor song. Xunzi's Xiang Xiang Ci adopted the style and tone of folk songs. Some proverbs and Yuefu songs in the late Western Han Dynasty, such as "painting the land is not a problem, carving wood is out of date", are all based on seven words. Zhang Heng wrote four sad poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which were the earliest seven-character poems of literati. Later, Cao Pi wrote Ge Yanxing, which is generally considered to be the first mature seven-character poem. In Wei and Jin Dynasties, compared with five-character poems, seven-character poems were neglected. It was not until the early Tang Dynasty that seven-character poems gradually flourished, and many excellent works appeared, such as Lu's "Ancient Meaning Chang 'an" and Zhang's "Moonlit Night on a Spring River".
There are more words in a seven-character poem than in the May 4th Movement, and one sentence can express more complex and complete meaning, and the tone is more soothing and long. After the Tang Dynasty, five-character poems and seven-character poems became the main poetic styles, and four-character poems tended to die out.
The connection and difference of Chu ci in Han fu;
I. Differences
(A) different backgrounds
Political background: Chu Ci appeared at the end of the Warring States period, when social unrest, warlord separatist war, social instability, the country has not yet been unified. At that time, the state of Chu had a history of more than 700 years, and it was turning from prosperity to decline. At this time, the land on the northwest border has been lost. Later, the situation became worse and worse, and Ying, the capital of Chu, also fell. In the late Warring States period, the western boundary of Chu moved eastward again and again, and its political, economic and cultural center also moved to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. At the same time, the focus of Chu culture was forced to move eastward. Doctor Han appeared in the early years of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty to the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty. During this period, the whole country was unified, the Han empire formed a national situation of four strong States, and the economy was also the most prosperous era. During this period, cities were constantly emerging. Emperor Wudi attacked Xiongnu in the north and sent troops to the south to actively safeguard state power and stop border disputes.
Cultural background: Chuci is processed on the basis of folk songs and has strong local characteristics. Chu has a long history, and witchcraft prevails in Chu, so it is full of primitive religious flavor. At the same time, Chuci is the intersection of North and South cultures. Han Da Fu was developed on the basis of Sao Style Fu. At this time, the rise of Confucian classics expanded the knowledge of scholars. At this time, the five-character seven-character poem has not yet taken shape, and Chu Sao has developed greatly in the Han Dynasty. This style can be lyrical, narrative and tortuous. At the same time, due to the strong national strength of the Han empire, especially after the Xiongnu suffered heavy losses, it was magnificent and its spiritual strength rose, which required the style of Fu.
(2) Different genres
Chu Ci is a new poetic style that appeared in Chu area at the end of the Warring States Period. Han Da Fu, on the other hand, takes the subject-object question-and-answer as the narrative form, paying more attention to the description of the surrounding things, so it is closer to narrative prose. Han Da Fu is large in scale, rich in content and specialized in narration. Therefore, Chu Ci is a poem, and Han Fu is both rhyme and prose. It can be said that poetry is prose, and prose is poetic and rhythmic. Obviously, the two are different styles.
(3) Different forms of themes
Literary works are the reflection of daily life, and Chu Ci is a new poetic style, which is mainly lyrical and often expresses personal feelings, but it is not specific enough. However, Han Da Fu focused on description and narration, and began to pay attention to the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, which reflected the great unity of the motherland. For example, Yang Xiong's Changyang Fu and Ban Gu's Du Liang Fu. Secondly, it describes superb architecture and superb art. For example, there are many realistic descriptions of acrobatics in Zhang Heng's Erdu Fu, in addition to Sima Xiangru's Hunting Emperor Fu and Ban Gu's Erdu Fu.
(D) Rhyme method
Generally speaking, Chu Ci rhymes throughout. Such as: Li Sao, Mulan Xi is in the morning, but the night is in the continent, and the sun and the moon are not flooded, and the spring and autumn have successively. However, the vegetation is scattered, and I am afraid that the beauty will come late. "Nine Songs": "Bathing orchid soup is like a square wood, and Hanfu is like English; Linglian curled up and stayed, rotten and bright; I want to pay tribute to Shougong, and I want to be with Guang Qi. Dragon driving, emperor clothes, chatting, swimming, Zhang Zhou. "Han Fu is a combination of rhyme and prose, and it doesn't pay attention to rhyme.
(E) differences in sentence patterns
Chu songs mostly use Chu sounds, and a large number of Chu dialects appear. As function words, "Xi" and "some" have become an obvious symbol. Sentences vary in length and are uneven, showing strong subjective feelings. However, Han Da Fu seldom uses function words and modal particles. "Give the heart of the family, including the universe." Pay attention to rhetoric, adopt question-and-answer style, blindly exaggerate, pile up rhetoric, use obscure words and phrases, use more parallelism sentences, and lack subjective feelings. Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Fu" also said: "Fu, paving also; Buy prose and write something. " The Book of Songs: "Fu, go straight." To explain it simply and clearly, Fu is centered on layout and writing, and the sentence pattern is neat.
(6) The purpose of writing is different.
The writing of Chu Ci is to vent one's feelings, for example, Li Sao has no external utilitarian factors. On the other hand, Han Dafu's writers are different. They want to fly to the sky and get official positions. Sima Xiangru, Liu Xiang and others wrote poems to cater to the emperor at that time. Ban Gu said in "Preface to the Ode to the Two Capitals": "As for the world of Wu Xuan, it is to worship officials and examine essays, set up a golden horse and stone canal department inside, and promote Yuefu to assist the law outside, so as to revitalize the waste and the future and moisten the great cause. ..... Therefore, it is said that the ministers of attendants, such as Yu Qiushou, Wang, Bao Wang, Liu Xiang, etc., will discuss their thoughts in the morning and evening, and offer them in the sun and the moon. ..... Or express their feelings and satirize the Oracle, or preach virtue, loyalty and filial piety, elegance and luxury, and emphasize on the inheritors, restraining elegance and praising elegance. So the world of filial piety has been recorded, and there are more than a thousand articles about it. "
(7) differences in reading pronunciation
Generally speaking, Chuci is directly related to Chuci and Chusheng. "It's sad and frustrating to read." Even if you can't sing, you can read it in Chu Yin. Some of its chapters even consist of music and witchcraft songs. According to legend, Zhu Maichen was promoted by the emperor because he could read aloud in the voice of Chu. Of course, this skill was lost in the Song Dynasty. Doctor Han can't sing, he can only recite.
(eight) the author's identity is different.
Gao Mei said: "It is a matter of giving, and it is like advocating it." Yang Xiong also said: "It's like being superior." It shows that their political status is relatively low and they welcome those in power in order to improve their status. The authors of Chu Ci are different and have higher status. For example, Qu Yuan is a doctor in San Lv; Song Yu, for example, once held a high position.
(9) Different degrees of criticism
The greatest feature of Han Fu is that almost all articles are against the arrogance and extravagance of emperors. For example, the theme of "The Emperor's Travel and Hunting Fu" is to persuade frugality and extravagance. Biography of Sima Xiangru: "Although many function words are overused, they should be attributed to thrift. What's the difference between this and the irony in the poem? " (Sima Qian's comment on Shang) Although the article greatly exaggerates the enjoyment of the authorities and the splendor of the court with exaggerated and gorgeous words, it has played a role in persuading everyone except satirizing one person and giving up or weakening advice. However, the author of Chu Ci expressed his helplessness and indignation when his ideal and ambition could not be realized after being excluded. The language used is no longer mild, but severe and sharp satire, reprimand and exhortation.
(10) Chu Ci expresses dissatisfaction through words.
Lu Ji's "Wen Fu": "Doing things clearly." This shows that Fu pays more attention to describing foreign things than Chu Ci, which is both "expressing ambition" and "things".
(XI) Creation of Chu Ci
For example, Li Sao is a lyric poem from the heart, not for the purpose of pursuing art and entertainment, but Han Da Fu is different. The artistic pursuit of Han Da Fu is obvious. For example, many Fu writers use uncommon words, abuse allusions and pile up rhetoric.
This wonderful work of Han Fu is rooted in Chu Ci. The biography of Han Jia Yi said, "Qu Yuan ... wrote Li Sao Fu." It can be seen that people in the Han Dynasty thought that Qu Yuan was writing a poem, and Liu Xie also said, "On the orders of the poet, expand the scope of Chu Ci." We can clearly see the relationship between Chu Ci and Han Fu. Of course, due to the close relationship between the two, the highest achievement of Han Fu, Han Fu, undoubtedly has something in common with Chu Ci.
Second, similarity.
(A) fictional imagination and romanticism
Because Chu Ci belongs to the southern culture and is influenced by witchcraft, it has a strong tendency of fiction and romanticism. There are many fictional characters in Li Sao, such as "Phoenix spreads its wings and raises its flag to fly high". Suddenly, I am walking in this quicksand and following Chishui. I asked Xiaolong to be Liang Jinxi, and I asked Sidi to participate. "Dr. Han inherited this feature of Chu Ci and carried it forward. Such as adult fu, zi Xu fu and shanglin fu. At the same time, most of Chu Ci's novels are inner worlds, which are immortals and fairies in the sky. Doctor Han is a famous mountain in real life, which is richer in comparison.
(B) ups and downs in writing techniques, extravagance and waste
Li Sao, the representative work of Chu Ci, is magnificent, and dozens of things are cited to illustrate a smaller thing. For example, "He Qiong's admiration was suppressed, but the public ignored it. However, if this party member doesn't forgive me, he may be jealous and upset. Colorful and changeable, how can we go for a long time? It became fragrant and turned into hair. " "Many women are jealous of Yu's beauty. They say Yu is good at prostitution." This feature has been further improved in Han Fu. For example, Shanglin Fu describes the emperor's garden in an exaggerated and gorgeous style, and Tian Zi Hunting Fu describes the emperor's hunting scene with an open and grand momentum, which is spectacular.
(3) The authors are all frustrated people.
All the works accuse those in power of using loyal and treacherous people, ignoring morality and ignorance, suppressing talents and making society dark. They want to contribute to the country, in vain and out of breath. Such as Qu Yuan in Chu Ci, Sima Xiangru and Gao Mei in Han Fu. Yang Xiong vowed: "A strong man is not ambitious", and Sima Xiangru wanted to change his status as a gifted scholar and family, but the emperor basically failed to give him an important task. Such as: Yang Xiong's "Poverty Alleviation Fu": "Everyone embroiders it, and the brown is endless; Everyone is a fan Liang, I am a single fruit ... "Jia Yi's Pengniao Fu" and so on. It shows that these authors are depressed, their ideals cannot be realized, and they can only comfort themselves in their works. Therefore, Sima Qian said, "Live in silence and stay in the soil." . ("report to the post")
(4) Language expression
The language of Chu Ci is composed of a large number of Chu Ci, which is gorgeous and beautiful. Jiu Si, Li Sao and Jiu Ge can give people a comfortable, delicate and broad feeling. A major feature of Han Da Fu lies in its gorgeous rhetoric and peculiar language. Yang Xiong said: "The poet's gift is beautiful, and so is his resignation." All these show that the style of Han Da Fu is magnificent, huge and gorgeous, which is obviously deeply influenced by Chu Ci.
(5) Formally
The basic structural form of Han Fu is to learn from Chu Ci. For example, Jia Yi's works, as well as the Sao Fu in the early Han Dynasty, all say that Ming Fu is the gradual movement of Chu Ci. The shadow of Chu Ci can still be found in the works of Ci and Fu in Han Dynasty, such as "Xi" appearing from time to time in Fu. Some Han writers still have traces of Chu Ci in their works. Liu Xizai said: "There are two methods of narration: column, one left and one right, and horizontal righteousness; The narrator, in tandem, is upright. "
In a word, Dr. Han was deeply influenced by Chu Ci. She absorbed the nutrients of Chu Ci and had her own new content at the same time. She is a literature with mixed sounds and sounds, and it is a widely circulated literature. Although Dr. Han has some defects, such as empty content and gorgeous words. However, at that stage, the appearance of Han Da Fu was a kind of literature and art, which prepared for the later lyric Xiao Fu and legal Fu. Of course, we can't lift her to a very high level, but we should examine and appreciate her objectively.