The Book of Songs · Picking Wei
The Book of Songs · Picking Wei (Excerpt)
In the past I left, and the willows were still there;
Now I am here Thinking, the rain and snow are falling
(Translation)
Recalling that when we set out for the expedition, the willows were still blowing in the wind;
Now on the way back, heavy snow is flying all over the sky.
Note)
Past: refers to the time of war.
Yiyi: lush appearance. One thing to say is attachment to appearance.
Thinking: the particle at the end of the sentence.
Feifei: Snowy appearance.
Appreciation 1:
This is a famous sentence in the Book of Songs. It is like a painting, which vividly expresses the mood of a traveler who is away from home. When I went out, it was spring, and the poplars and willows were fluttering, but when I came back, it was already winter with rain and snow. It's hard to tell what he went through during the past year.
Appreciation 2:
"Plucking Wei" is an article in "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya". Annotators in the past have different opinions about the year of its writing. However, according to its content and the verification of other historical records, it is more likely that it is a work from the era of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty. In the Zhou Dynasty, the yangnu (later known as the Xiongnu) in the north were very powerful and often invaded the Central Plains, bringing many disasters to the lives of the people in the north at that time. There are many records in history of the Emperor Zhou sending troops to guard the borders and ordering soldiers to send troops to defeat the wolves. Judging from the content of "Caiwei", it was probably written when soldiers were returning from hard work. The poem sings about the hard life and longing for home of the soldiers in the army.
The whole poem is divided into three chapters. The first three chapters are overlapped. It is about picking up the weeds and describing how the weeds are soft and strong. The soldiers in the garrison are far away from their hometown and have not returned for a long time. They feel homesick and worried. Endless! The author wrote: Shanwei, you have sprouted and been born. It’s time for us to go home! But in the blink of an eye, another year has passed and we can’t take care of our family. Why is this? We didn’t even have time to sit down for a while, also because of the lynx invasion. We need to attack! It’s time to pick weeds again. The weed leaves have grown up and the branches and leaves are tender. It’s time to go home! The sorrow in our hearts is so intense, we are rushing for the war, our garrison period is not yet determined, who can hardly bring us a letter home! Shanwei has grown strong and strong, it’s time to go home! It’s already October! But the king's affairs were not over yet, and he had no time to spare. His sadness was so painful, but no one came to comfort him! Chapters 4 and 5 are about the busy and tense border wars: What are the blooming flowers? It is the flower of Tangdi. The flourishing of flowers is used as a metaphor for the flourishing of the chariots, horses and costumes of the troops on the expedition: What is that big, big thing? That is the military chariot of the generals. The chariots have already been driven up, the horses are tall and strong, battles are frequent, and the army has to move. How dare you settle down? Driving four tall stallions, the generals sat on the chariot, and the infantry hid behind the chariot. The horses were powerful and powerful. The soldiers held elephant bone bows and fish skin quivers at their sides at all times. The war of aggression is so powerful and rampant, how can we not strengthen our vigilance every day? These two chapters describe the fierceness of the 烃狁 and the grand military power of the Zhou family's army, with strict discipline and strong soldiers. However, the life of a soldier is also difficult and tense. The author writes these things in a realistic way. Chapter 6 takes a turn and writes about the sad mood of the soldiers who suffered from hunger and cold on the way back home: I think of the willows with lush branches and leaves when I went out for the battle, but at this time, the journey back was snowy, the road was long, and the weather was cold. , hungry and thirsty, it can be said to be very embarrassed and miserable. Xie Xuan, a native of Jin Dynasty, regarded the four sentences "I am gone in the past" as the best poems among the 300 poems. It had a great influence on the history of literature. It is often chanted and imitated repeatedly by later generations of literati. Since the Book of Songs is known for its simplicity and simplicity, there are not many works of this kind that are so poignant and moving. Therefore, it has become a model of lyrical works in the Book of Songs and has been praised by writers of all ages.
The willow trees and the falling rain and snow all highlight the soldiers' "sun-predicted" life, but their hearts are full of longing for home. What is written here are the true thoughts and sad mood of the soldiers. This does not reduce the value of this poem as a patriotic poem. On the contrary, it expresses people's innocence and simplicity, reasonable thoughts and emotions. It is this pure authenticity that gives this poem strong vitality and appeal.
A happy rain on a spring night
Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty
Good rain knows the season, and spring will happen.
Sneak into the night with the wind, moisturizing things silently.
The wild paths are all dark with clouds, but the river boats are only bright with fire.
Looking at the red and wet place at dawn, the flowers are heavy on the official city.
Notes
Good rain: refers to spring rain, timely rain.
Nai: Just.
Occurrence: Promote plant growth, germination and growth.
Quiet: secretly, quietly.
Moisten things: Make plants nourished by rainwater.
Wild path: a path in the fields.
Ju: all, all.
River boat: a fishing boat on the river.
Du: Alone, only.
Xiao: Early morning.
Red wet place: refers to the place where there are red flowers with rainwater.
Hua Zhong (zhong) (fourth tone): The flowers look plump and heavy due to the rain.
Jincheng: The former site is in the south of present-day Chengdu, also known as Jincheng. The officials in charge of brocade weaving in the Shu Han Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms were stationed here, hence the name. Later generations used it as another name for Chengdu. Also on behalf of Chengdu.
Translated Poetry
The good and timely rain seems to know the season. When spring comes, it will fall to the ground and stimulate the growth of plants. The spring rain quietly falls in the night accompanied by the spring breeze, silently nourishing the spring plants. The country paths and the sky were dark, except for the looming fishing fire on the boat on the river, which looked particularly bright. Wait until dawn and look at the flowers with rainwater. They are beautiful and red. The whole Jinguan City has turned into a world of blooming flowers.
Appreciation
The poet closely followed the word "happiness" in the title of the poem and gave a detailed description of the spring rain. In this poem, the first two sentences describe the rain falling at the right time, in which the word "knowledge" is used vividly, which makes the rain come alive; the third and fourth sentences describe the "occurrence" of rain, in which "latent" and "moisten" are used. Words such as , "thin" and "thin" express the characteristics of rain; the fifth and sixth sentences describe the beautiful scene of rain at night. "Black" and "bright" set off each other, which not only highlights the thick clouds and sufficient rain, but also gives people a strong sense of beauty; The last two sentences still use the word "happiness" to describe the imaginary charming scene of Jinguan City in the morning after the rain, which is "red and wet" and "flower heavy", and the objects are extremely delicate. There is not a single word "happiness" in the whole poem, but the word "happiness" permeates between the lines. This artistic technique of "speaking" through images is worthy of our imitation.
The moonlight of Xijiang River walks along the yellow sand road at night
Xin Qiji
The bright moon leaves the branches and the magpies are startled,
Seven or eight stars are outside,
Cicadas chirp in the breeze and sing in the middle of the night. ??
Two or three points of rain in front of the mountain.
The fragrance of rice flowers speaks of a good harvest.
In the old days, by the forest of Maodian Society,
listened to the sound of frogs. ??
I suddenly saw a bridge over a stream.
Notes:
1 Huangsha: Huangsha Village, Huangshaling Township, Shangrao County, Jiangxi Province. Huangsha Road: refers to the approximately 20 kilometers of rural road from Maodian in the village to Huangshaling in Dayu Village. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was a relatively prosperous official road that led directly to the ancient city of Shangrao, reaching Shangrao in the east and leading to Jiangxi Province in the west. (sound: salt) Shan County.
2 "Mingyue" sentence: Su Shi's poem "Ci Yun Jiang Yingshu": "The bright moon scares the magpies that have not settled on the branches."
3 The branches scare the magpies: the magpies fly away from the branches.
4 Singing cicada: The sound of cicada.
5Old times: the past.
6 Shelin: The woods near the Tutu Temple. Society, Temple of the Land. In ancient times, there was a community tree in the village, which was used as a place for worshiping gods, so it was called community forest.
7 See: Same as "present".
8Suddenly: appear suddenly.
9 Xijiang Moon: the name of the word brand.
Translation:
The bright moon in the sky rose above the treetops, frightening away the magpies perched on the branches. The cool evening breeze seemed to bring the distant chirping of cicadas. In the aroma of rice, people are talking about the good harvest year, and there are bursts of frogs croaking in their ears, as if they are talking about the good harvest year. Light clouds floated in the sky, twinkling stars appeared and disappeared, and a drizzle started falling in front of the mountain. The poet hurriedly crossed the small bridge to escape the rain. In the past, where were the thatched huts and shops next to the woods near the Tutu Temple? ? After turning a corner, Maodian suddenly appeared in front of him.
Appreciation of Works
"Lovely Rain on a Spring Night" expresses the poet's love and praise for the selfless dedication of the drizzle on a spring night. The whole poem goes like this: "Good rain knows the season, and spring will happen. It sneaks into the night with the wind, moistening things silently. The clouds on the wild paths are dark, and the fire on the river boats is only bright. Look at the wet place on the river at dawn, and the flowers are heavy on the official city." "The word "good" in one or two sentences is full of emotion, praising the spring rain. "Knowing the season" gives the spring rain human life and emotions. In the author's opinion, the spring rain is considerate, knows the season, and comes when people are in urgent need, stimulating vitality. What a wonderful spring rain! The first couplet not only talks about the "occurrence" of the spring rain, but also implicitly conveys the author's anxious mood for the spring rain to come. The couplets are obviously the poet's auditory experience. The spring rain comes, coming with the wind in the vast night, quietly, nourishing all things, not seeking "good things", but only seeking dedication. Look, how carefully the author observed the scene of listening to the rain. Even the sprinkling of spring rain and the silence were heard by the poet. It can be seen that the poet was so surprised by the subtle influence of spring rain that he could not sleep all night. The neck couplet tightly holds the chin couplet. The poet only hopes that the spring rain will last all night, but he is afraid that it will stop suddenly. He is both happy and worried. He opens the door and stands looking into the distance. He sees that the usually clear-cut field paths have also melted into the night. It is pitch black, and it can be seen that there is night. How dark and how heavy the rain was. The red boats and fishermen on the river are dazzling, reflecting the vastness and darkness of the spring night, and also highlighting the dense spring rain from the side. At the end of the poem, the poet witnessed the continuous spring rain and thought with relief that at dawn the next day, Jinguan City will be a colorful spring. The blooming redness and vitality of the flowers are the result of the silent drizzle, nourishing and baptizing them imperceptibly. Therefore, writing flowers actually highlights Chun Yu’s selfless dedication. This is a masterpiece depicting the rainy scene on a spring night and expressing the joyful mood. At the beginning, the word "good" is used to praise "rain". In life, "good" is often used to praise those who do good things. Nowadays, praising rain with "good" has evoked associations with people who do good things. Next, the rain is personified, saying that it "knows the season" and knows how to meet objective needs. Spring is the season when all things sprout and grow. When it needs rain, it starts to rain. It is indeed "good".
The chin couplet further expresses the "goodness" of rain. The reason why rain is "good" is that it is timely and "moistens things".
The rain in spring is usually accompanied by gentle wind and drizzle, nourishing all things. However there are exceptions. Sometimes, it will be accompanied by cold wind, and the rain will turn into snow due to the influence of cold air. Sometimes it rains violently, accompanied by strong winds. Although the rain at this time falls in spring, it is not a typical spring rain. It will only damage things but not "moisten them". Naturally, it will not make people "happy" and it is impossible to get "good" reviews. Therefore, the "knowing the season" in the first couplet alone is not enough to fully express the "goodness" of rain. When the second couplet wrote the typical spring rain-the drizzle accompanied by the gentle breeze, the word "good" was finally implemented.
"Sneaking into the night with the wind, moisturizing things silently." This still uses anthropomorphic techniques. The combination of "diving into the night" and "silent" not only indicates that the rain is the drizzle accompanying the gentle wind, but also indicates that the rain intends to "moisten things" and has no intention of "please". If you want to be "good", it will come during the day and create a little momentum so that people can see and hear it clearly. Only because it intends to "moisten things" and has no intention of seeking "good things" does it choose a time that does not hinder people's work and labor to come quietly, silently and carefully at night when people are sleeping soundly.
Since the rain is so "good", I hope it rains enough and lasts all night. If it only rains for a while and then the clouds clear and the sky clears, then the "moistening" is not very complete. The poet grasped this point and wrote a neck couplet. On a less gloomy night, the path is easier to see than the fields, and the river is easier to distinguish than the shore. Looking around now, "the wild paths are all dark with clouds, but the lights on the river boats are bright." Only the lights on the boats are bright. In addition, even the river surface cannot be seen, the path cannot be discerned clearly, the sky is full of dark clouds, and the ground is as dark as clouds. It looks like the rain will continue until dawn.
The last couplet writes an imaginary scene. When such "good rain" falls for one night, all things will be moistened and prosperous. One of the flowers of all things, the flower that best represents the color of spring, it blooms with rain and is so red. The poet said: Wait until early tomorrow morning to see the peanut trees throughout Jinguan City (Chengdu), which are "red and wet". The flowers are bright and heavy, forming a sea of ??flowers.
Pu Qilong said: "It is easy to write about rain at night, but it is difficult to write about spring." This poem "happy rain on a spring night" not only writes about night and spring, but also writes about typical spring rain, that is, The noble character of "Good Rain" expresses all the noble personalities of the poet's "good people".
The poet looks forward to such "good rain" and loves their "good rain". Therefore, although the word "happiness" in the title does not appear in the poem, "the meaning of 'happiness' bursts out from the cracks" (Pu Qilong's "Reading Du Xinjie"). When the poet was looking forward to the spring rain to "moisten things", the rain started to fall, so as soon as it came up, he shouted "good" with joy.
In this poem, the first two sentences describe the rain falling at the right time, in which the word "know" is used vividly, which makes the rain come alive; the third and fourth sentences describe the "occurrence" of the rain, in which Words such as "submerged", "run" and "thin" express the characteristics of rain; the fifth and sixth sentences describe the beautiful scene of rain at night. "Black" and "bright" set off each other, which not only points out that the clouds are thick and the rain is sufficient, but also It gives people a strong sense of beauty; the last two sentences still use the word "happiness" to describe the imaginary charming scene of Jinguan City in the morning after the rain, which is "red and wet" and "flower heavy", and the objects are extremely delicate. What was written in the second couplet was heard by the poet. The poet listened carefully and heard that the rain was falling continuously on the spring night, just to "moisten things" without asking anyone to know, so he was naturally "happy" and unable to sleep. Because the rain "moistened things silently", I couldn't hear it clearly, and I was afraid that it would stop, so I went out to see it. What is written in the third couplet is what the poet saw. Seeing that the rain is getting heavy, I can't help but imagine the beautiful scenery of spring filling the city after dawn. His boundless joy was expressed very vividly. Li You, a poet of the mid-Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Watching and Praying for Rain": "There are no leaves on the mulberry branches, and the smoke is growing in the soil, and the flute pipes welcome the dragon water in front of the temple. I watched the singing and dancing in several places in the Zhumen, and I was afraid that the spring yin would swallow the orchestra." And those who watched the singing and dancing in the Zhumen Compared with other people, Du Fu's joy at the spring rain "moistening things" is naturally a very noble emotion.
Tianjingsha·Autumn
(Yuan Dynasty) poet Bai Pu
The sunset in the isolated village,
The old trees in the light smoke Jackdaw,
Under the shadow of a little Feihong.
Green mountains and green waters,
white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers.
Notes
①Tianjingsha: the name of the song.
②Autumn: Title of the song.
③Remnant glow: The sunset glow that is about to dissipate.
④ Jackdaw: A crow that is about to return to the forest when the weather is cold.
⑤Under the shadow of Feihong: The shadow of wild geese passes by.
⑥Baicao: grass whitened by autumn frost.
⑦Yellow flowers: golden flowers.
⑧Under the shadow of Feihong: The shadow of wild geese passes by.
⑨Red leaves: maple leaves.
Translation
The sun gradually sets in the west, already hugging the Western Mountains, and the sunset on the horizon gradually begins to dissipate, leaving only a few dim colors, reflecting the quiet villages in the distance. How lonely it is, dragging out the long shadow. The smoke from the kitchen was rising faintly, and a few black crows were perched on the rickety old trees, and from time to time they would emit a few heart-wrenching crows. Suddenly, a wild goose in the distance flew down and crossed the sky. Looking along it from a distance, you can see beautiful mountains and clear waters; frost-white grass, fiery red maple leaves, and golden flowers are all swaying in the wind, and the colors are almost alluring.
Appreciation of Works
The representative work of Bai Pu's Zaju Opera "Wutong Rain", whose full name is "Tang Minghuang Autumn Night with Wutong Rain", is based on "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" by Chen Hong of the Tang Dynasty, and "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" by Bai Juyi "Poem "When the sycamore leaves fall in the autumn rain".
The play tells the story of Tang Ming Emperor Li Longji and Yang Guifei. The plot is: Youzhou Jiedu envoy Pi will kill An Lushan when he misses the opportunity and send him to the capital. Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty favored her more, and An Sui had an affair with Concubine Yang. Because of his discord with Yang Guozhong, he also served as Fan Yang's military envoy. An Lushan rebelled, and the Ming Emperor fled Chang'an to Shu in haste. When they arrived at Mawei Station, the army stopped moving forward, and they asked the soldiers to kill Yang Guozhong's brother and sister. Emperor Ming had no choice but to order his concubine to hang herself in the Buddhist hall. Later, Li Longji returned to Chang'an and hung a statue of the imperial concubine in the West Palace, facing each other day and night.
Bai Pu's poem "Tian Jing Sha·Autumn" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Tian Jing Sha·Autumn Thoughts" are similar in both writing method and artistic conception. Although the title of this song is "Autumn" and it expresses the meaning of autumn, there is no word "Autumn" in it. This song begins with a picture of autumn dusk, creating a tranquil and lonely atmosphere. Then, it selects typical autumn scenery in the form of a juxtaposed combination of nouns, and paints a colorful picture from far to near. Autumn landscape picture. At this point, the autumn scenery in front of the reader has changed from the previous bleak and lonely to clear and beautiful. This song has only twenty-eight characters, but its language is concise and beautiful, and its meaning is profound. This song expresses the author's positive, optimistic and cheerful attitude towards life, which is really the so-called "Don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself" (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower").
Bai Pu’s piece uses autumn scenery as the theme of his writing. Readers can see from the rhetoric that his literary accomplishment is extremely high. The entire work is composed of beautiful natural scenes, and Bai Pu himself is like an artist holding these natural puzzle pieces to piece together a beautiful and harmonious picture of life.
When writing about autumn scenery, it is natural to set off a bleak atmosphere. However, if the bleak atmosphere is the main theme of the whole article, it will make readers feel dull and stressed. In order to avoid this situation, Bai Pu paid a lot of attention when choosing words. In the first two sentences of "The sunset in the isolated village and the jackdaws in the old trees with light smoke", *** uses six pictures: "the isolated village", "the sunset", "the remaining clouds", "light smoke", "old trees" ", "Jackdaw", any one of these pictures represents the bleak atmosphere of autumn scenery. In order to liven up this bleak atmosphere, the author then chose "under the shadow of Feihong" as the conclusion of the first half. In this way, the originally bleak scene became active, and the lonely autumn scene seemed to show another kind of vivid vitality. Finally, in order to strengthen the author's image of the Mid-Autumn Festival as a beautiful and charming one, he ends the poem with "green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers". These two sentences use the five colors of "green", "green", "white", "red" and "yellow", and the three colors of "white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" are mixed with the two colors of "green mountains and green waters". Among the three colors, "green mountains and green waters" are broad pictures, while "white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" are detailed pictures. They are so intertwined that the originally lonely and desolate autumn scenery suddenly becomes colorful and colorful. This shows how superb Bai Pu's Sanqu writing skills are.
The autumn landscape depicted in this song consists of two parts: the first part is a dim, bleak, and deserted late autumn landscape, while the second part is colorful, bright, and full of vitality. The pictures before and after are also autumn scenes, forming a strong contrast. If linked to Bai Pu's reluctance to be an official in the Yuan Dynasty, it is not difficult for readers to understand why there is such a huge contrast in the same autumn scenery. The "feihong" in the picture is the same as the "feihong" in Li Bai's "Send Pei Shiba Tunan to Songshan": "It's hard to say how it feels to fly with a finger. There is no sooner or later when we return together, and there is Qingyuan in Yingshui". They have different approaches but similar effects, and they are all metaphors for the author himself. Bai Pu does not want to seek a position in the court, but hopes that he will be like a wild goose soaring high, flying away from that bleak, deserted, lifeless place, and find a happy land where he is satisfied and full of life. He also expresses the author's wishes Life has taken a wonderful turn. Therefore, readers can understand the land of "green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" "under the shadow" as the author's place of retreat and the scene in the author's heart. The mood is cheerful and peaceful, without any sense of negativity. It shows the author's love for the secluded life, so it should be a fictional writing. In this piece of music, the author very cleverly and discreetly puts the "scenery in his heart" together with the real environment at that time, creating a strong contrasting effect and implicitly revealing his love and hate.
Although this song is similar to Ma Zhiyuan's "Tian Jing Sha·Autumn Thoughts", it has its own characteristics. The first two sentences start with "lonely village", deliberately exaggerating the loneliness of autumn dusk. "A Little Feihong" brings vitality to the cold and static picture, causing a shift in the emotions expressed by the song. Then the poet used five colors of blue, green, white, red and yellow to depict the beautiful scene of autumn in a three-dimensional and intersecting manner from far to near, from high to low, with multiple levels and sides, making the whole picture full of poetry. This piece of music is full of artistic tension. It writes two sides in one stroke, successfully blending the bleak scenery of late autumn with the bright and gorgeous scenery. The pleasing autumn scenery is used as the main theme of the song. It can be regarded as another autumn masterpiece.
There is a difference between elegance and vulgarity in lyrics and music. Generally speaking, lyrics are charming and subtle, while music is sharp, new and straightforward. Bai Pu's Xiaoling reads like the artistic conception of a poem.
Although there are no sentences such as "The heartbroken man is at the end of the world" in the song, the lyrical protagonist disappears and appears intermittently, conveying a kind of silence like the end of the world in the hazy haze.