Liang Dynasty (Nanliang) generally refers to Nanliang, the third dynasty of the Southern Dynasties during the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. Xiao Yan, the secretariat of Yongzhou, replaced Nanqi as the emperor, and built its capital as Jiankang (now Nanjing). The national name Liang, in the county, has a fief, hence the name Liang. Because the royal family name is Xiao, also known as Xiao.
Liang Wudi was one of the emperors in the Southern Dynasties. Before he proclaimed himself emperor, he worked in grass-roots political institutions for some years, had certain political experience, and also heard and witnessed the decadent rule in the last days. Therefore, after Liang ascended the throne, most of the policies implemented were conducive to political stability and economic recovery and development. In the late Liang Dynasty, the corruption of the national government led to the chaos of the late Jin Dynasty, and the social economy of the Southern Dynasties was greatly damaged by the war. Later, the royal family in Nanliang attracted the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty to help them compete for the throne, which made the two dynasties seize a large area of land in Nanliang, greatly weakening the strength of the Southern Dynasty and laying a strong situation in the south. In the second year of Taiping (557), the emperor was abolished and the country name was changed to Chen.
Liang enjoyed the country for fifty-five years in the Southern Dynasties. In 560, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the remnants of Nanliang in Yunzhou, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In addition, Xiao Hu, a grandson fostered by the Northern Zhou Dynasty, established Xiliang in Jiangling and spread it to san huang, and cancelled his emperor's name when chen qian was destroyed in the Sui Dynasty.
nation
In the late Han Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, a large number of Han people in the north moved south. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the Han culture gradually spread and developed along the dotted line that the Han people had reached. During the Southern Liang Dynasty, the nationalities living in the vast areas in the south were mainly barbarians, sluts, slang and Liao. When the Han culture spread to the area where they lived, it clashed with them and gradually merged to a certain extent through the conflict.
"Man" is the largest ethnic group in the south, and is often used as a general term for southern ethnic groups. Barbarians have two branches: one is Wuling Barbarian in Changsha, and the other is Nanjun Barbarian in Bajun. Wu Lingren, Changsha, calls herself the Queen of Yun Xuan. Their living areas are Changsha and Wuling (now Hunan Province). They originally lived in Wuling area and were divided into Zhuixi, Suixi, Chenxi, Youxi and Wuxi Man. Some of them live in Yidu, Tianmen, Badong, Jianping, Jiangbei and other counties (now western Hubei).
During the Nanliang period, the development of the Han nationality in the Yangtze River valley first came into contact with the Manchu ethnic group. Han rulers need barbarians to rent taxes, send corvees and fight as soldiers. To this end, they constantly launched barbaric attacks on the areas where barbarians lived.
culture
literature
Xiao Yan's emphasis on culture also makes the whole country full of cultural atmosphere, which is very strong. From the emperor to the princes and nobles, they are all proud of elegance and strive to improve their cultural quality. Therefore, during the 55 years of Xiao Liang's rule, a large number of outstanding writers and poets emerged. For example, Xiao Tong, author of Selected Works of Zhaoming, Xiao and Liu Xie, author of Wen Xin Diao Long, and Jiang Yan, Xie Chu, Dao Gai, Dao Qia, Wu Yun, Wan Xin, Liu Rong and other literary celebrities. In a word, Xiao Liang's literary prosperity can only be compared with the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty in the history of China.
From the Qi and Liang Dynasties, the theme of landscape has been extended to various images in nature and daily life. Palace-style poems appeared again in the Liang Dynasty, paying more attention to the choice of sound and color, and the number of classics was just right. In addition, the poetic rhythm gradually takes shape, so the works are more regular and beautiful. Outstanding writers include Xie, Jiang Yan, He Xun and Wu Yun. Although their excellent works are not all algae, they give people a fresh and bright feeling. The development of parallel prose and fu corresponds to poetry, but because prose is more widely used than poetry, in addition to the common themes in poetry, we can also see the sadness of home and country, the feeling of poverty and the irony of the world. From the end of Liang dynasty to Chen dynasty, the bad tendency of writing style became more and more serious, and only Xu Ling and Yin Keng had some better works.
literary criticism
Literary criticism was fully developed in the Southern Dynasties. With the prosperity of literary creation, the analysis of literary system and the discussion of literary essence are more systematic and in-depth. The difference between writing and writing reflects the understanding and requirements of literary creation at that time. Yongming's theory of rhythm summed up the application law of Chinese phonology in verse, which had a great influence on the formation of new-style poetry at that time and later-generation rhythmic poetry. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long is an epoch-making masterpiece in the history of literary criticism, with a complete system and rigorous exposition, which comprehensively discusses all aspects of literary creation. Zhong Rong's Shi Pin is an important monograph on poetry, which has many insightful opinions on the ideological and artistic standards, writers' genres, specific evaluations and so on.
religion
Buddhism in the Southern Dynasties reached its peak when it reached ZSZSZSZ in Liang Wudi. At first, Emperor Wu worshipped Taoism. In the third year of his accession to the throne (504), on April 8, he led 20,000 monks and laymen back to Chongyun Hall, made their own vows, abandoned the Tao and returned to Buddhism, expressing their belief in Buddhism. There are many temples, such as Ai Jing, Guangzhai, Kaishan and Tongtai. The Buddha statues produced include the bronze statue of Zhang Batuomi in Guangzhai Temple, the bronze statue of Zhang Batan in Ai Jing Temple, and the silver statue of ten buddhas in Tongtai Temple. There are water and land fast, magnolia pot fast and so on. And treat monks and other monks as family monks. He also sacrificed the lives of temple slaves four times in four uncovered conferences (that is, four monks and others), and ministers redeemed the palace with 100 million yuan, thus enriching the economy of the temple.
Liang Wudi also attached great importance to translation. In the second year of Tian Jian (503), he ordered Fu Nanshamen Dato (immortal) to translate scriptures together with Sinatra. The famous translator Zhenzhi came all the way from southern Fujian at the invitation of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. He especially respects the Zen master Bao Zhi. Fa Chao, the famous author of Ten Chants, became a monk in Du Yi. He wanted to become a monk for nothing. In addition, there are many law departments, covering a wide range, and the law is written into fourteen volumes, which are distributed in China and ordered to be followed. In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strongly advocated that Nirvana and other Mahayana scriptures were forbidden to eat meat, which had a great influence on later generations and changed the habit of monks eating three golden meats since the Han Dynasty.
Because Liang Wudi is good at Buddhism, so are his eldest son, Prince Xiao, his third son, Xiao Gang (550-55 1) and his seventh son, Xiao Yi (552-554). However, there are many disadvantages in this respect. Soon there was a post-Beijing incident, in which the temple tower was destroyed, monks were killed and Jiankang Buddhism declined.
Among the Buddhist factions, Luchang Temple belongs to "Zen". According to legend, Dharma, a monk from Southern Tianzhu, came to China to preach Zen during the Pingnian period of the Liang Dynasty, and was later heard by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the eighth year of Pingping (527), he ushered in Jiankang. However, Dharma and Xiao Yan and Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties spoke different languages, but they crossed the river through a reed and came to Luchang Temple in Jiangbei. Luchang Temple is one of the famous temples of Zen. For thousands of years, Nanjing Luchang Temple has experienced ups and downs. According to historical records, the temple site built at the beginning was close to the river, but this section of the Yangtze River was very unstable, and the banks of the river often collapsed, so the temple buildings in Luchang were constantly destroyed.