Wine culture in Song poetry
Wine in Song poetry Wine is one of the images that appears most frequently in Song poetry. The poet loves it, perhaps because wine has a very close relationship with people's lives. Did you not see that poets and poets like to drink wine and write poems, and knights and knights also like to drink wine to entertain guests. Wine can be used to express a free and generous mind, and it can also be used to express the melancholy emotions of farewell: reunion after a long separation, being named on the gold medal list, in front of flowers and under the moon. How can there be no such happy moments without wine? The old friend is far away, faceless Jiangdong, and alone in a foreign country. I wonder how to relieve my worries at this time, only Du Kang!
Zhuojiu
Zhuojiu can be found everywhere in Song poetry. So, what is turbid wine? Mokushu is the opposite of sake. One way of saying this is that turbid wine refers to wine that has not been filtered, or is not pure enough due to poor technology and therefore not clear enough. There is also a saying that the wine brewed in ancient times was all rice wine, and most of it contained a lot of sediment, so it was called turbid wine. By the Zhou Dynasty, there was a relatively complete wine-making technology, and there were people who specialized in wine-making (winemen) and corresponding officials (jiu-zheng). The wine at this time can be divided into three kinds of wine and five kinds of wine. "Distinguish the three types of wine, one is Shijiu, the second is Xijiu, and the third is Qingjiu" ("Zhou Li Commentary"). Shijiu is brewed for a short period of time; Xijiu is wine that can be stored for a short period of time. , slightly mellower; sake, brewed in winter and matured in summer, was the best among the wines at that time. "When distinguishing the names of Wuqi, the first is Fanqi, the second is Liqi, the third is Enqi, the fourth is Tiqi, and the fifth is Shenqi" ("Zhou Li Commentary"). Wuqi is five types of wine with different qualities. Fanqi is the lees floating in the wine, Liqi is the mixture of lees and liquid, Angqi is the white wine, Tiqi is the red wine, and Shenqi is the dregs and residue of the wine sinking. These five types of sake are cloudy sake as opposed to sake.
The original allusion of Zhuojiu probably comes from Ji Kang's "Book of Severing Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan". He told his friend Shan Tao about his many inconveniences when he persuaded him to become an official, and then said: "I want to stay in the back alleys now. Educate your children and grandchildren; talk about old times with relatives and talk about your life. With a glass of wine and a piece of music, Ji Kang showed that he did not envy glory and wealth, as long as he had simple material enjoyment, he could enjoy it with his children and grandchildren. Just family happiness.
It is not difficult to know from this that turbid wine is not a very good quality wine, and may even be a poor quality wine. This kind of turbid wine has become a symbol of simplicity in material life, and its meaning is quite wide. One can reflect the solemn and solemn feelings in a bad situation, the other can describe the state of mind that although it is drunken wine, it does not reduce the emotion and interest at all, the third can also express the sadness of sighing that the beauty is no longer, and so on.
——Tragic
Maojiu adds an extra layer of heroic spirit to the frontier poems. In his famous poem "The Proud of the Fisherman", Fan Zhongyan has a heart-stirring sentence: "A glass of dirty wine can lead to a home thousands of miles away". The dirty wine is a reflection of the poor living conditions of the frontier army, which is incomparable with the comfort at home. In the majestic and melancholy words, in the sharp contrast, we can vaguely see the old general who is over half a century old, holding a glass of turbid wine, looking at the sleepless soldiers around him, and thinking of his hometown thousands of miles away. , the inner depression is revealed. However, the border troubles have not been resolved. How easy is it to return? The feeling of unrealized ambitions and homesickness and worry about the country came to my heart together.
Yu Jia Ao/Fan Zhongyan
The scenery is strange when autumn comes under the fortress, but the geese in Hengyang leave without paying attention. Sounds echoed from all sides. Thousands of miles away, the long smoke sets and the sun sets, solitary city closed.
A cup of turbid wine can lead to a home thousands of miles away. The swallows have no plan to return before they are reined in, and the Qiang pipes are covered with frost all over the ground. When a man is sleepless, the general's hair turns gray and his husband weeps.
The word "turbid wine" in frontier poems mostly expresses tragedy and melancholy. Zhang Xiaoxiang's "A statue of a drunken wine garrisoning the east of the building, the wine stall weeping to the sad wind" is more tragic and heroic of the border soldiers! When guarding the border, only turbid wine can relieve the feelings of fighting for the country in the heart. After drinking, the oncoming wind becomes more tragic. Among them, "Yizun Zhuojiu" uses an allusion from Fan Zhongyan. When reading the two comparisons, the tragic life of the frontier fortress military is like experiencing it personally.
——Free and Easy
Yang Shen's "Linjiang Immortal" "We are happy to meet each other over a pot of wine. Many things in ancient and modern times are all discussed in a joke." Read it word by word and feel it What you can see is nothing but the author's optimistic and free feeling. When old friends meet again, all they need to celebrate is a glass of wine. Old friends know their hearts and don't care about external appearances. A glass of turbid wine is enough to drink all the changes in the world together. This is the freedom and heroism of a drinker.
Linjiangxian/Yang Shen
The rolling water of the Yangtze River passes eastward, and the waves wash away the heroes. Right or wrong, success or failure is gone, the green mountains are still there, and the sunset is red several times.
The white-haired fisherman and woodcutter on the Nagisa River are used to watching the autumn moon and spring breeze. We are happy to meet each other over a pot of turbid wine, and many things in ancient and modern times can be discussed with laughter.
This sentence "A pot of turbid wine makes us happy to meet again" is similar to Li Shutong's ("Farewell")'s "A pot of turbid wine makes us happy". This kind of optimistic, open-minded and disdainful state of mind is exactly what ancient scholars and scholars dreamed and pursued. The artistic conception of Lu Shengji's "Magnolia Blossoms Slowly? 6? 1 All the Remnants of Red Blowing Out" is quite similar to this: "Looking back on a dream from that time, I poured out the wine again with a smile."
Being alone in a foreign country often brings the poet the sadness of homesickness. However, in "Jiangchengzi" by Wang Zhidao, "A glass of turbid wine will make you drunk on the road. Even if your home is far away, you will return in a dream." It is a completely open-minded view of the situation of living in a foreign land: although home is far away, you can see every bit of it in your dream. It is said that when you are here, your heart is home, but where is your home? Chen Liang's "Yu Jia Ao? 6? 1 Double Ninth Festival" contains the sentence "What is the limit of Huanghua's drunkenness?"
Chen Liang, known as Mr. Longchuan, most of his poems express his feelings directly and are generous in spirit. The Huanghua turbid wine in this sentence is not like the sentences of Huang Tingjian and Lu Benzhong below. The turbid wine is not used to imply sadness, but to express the romance expressed in the whole poem. Free and easy rendering.
——Qinghuan
Su Shi once had a famous saying, "The taste of the world is Qinghuan." This sentence has been sung by many literati and poets, and it touches the hearts of literati with one sentence. A dream: stay away from officialdom, the hustle and bustle of the city, stay away from fame and wealth, and just keep a simple happiness. Lin Qingxuan also wrote a prose "Qing Huan" specifically for this purpose. The quality of turbid wine is not high, but it is a symbol of light joy, so there are many words and sentences with this meaning in Song poetry.
Jiang Kui's "Touching Fish? 6? 1 Xiangqiu Lai" "But the turbid wine is mixing, the sparse curtains are rolling up, and the moon is shining on the clear drink." Baishi's poems mostly describe the life of idle clouds and wild cranes, and the language is light , the artistic conception is far-reaching, and you can get a glimpse of it from this sentence: in just a few words, a quiet and elegant scene emerges quietly. Huang Ji's style of writing "learns from Xin Qiji's style, which is melancholy and desolate without losing elegance." His poem "Pouring wine to cherish the fleeting time. When will you wear it at the Yaqi Night Market" ("Partridge Sky? 6.1 Liuji Plum Blossoms with Dry Wax Snow") also describes the situation of being accompanied by wine and feeling the elegance of the passing years. Zhang Ji's "Haoxi Mountain" even has the words "Sip the wine, enjoy the music, play the five strings at will". What a leisurely and light life requires is such a casual and unrestrained life. Xin Qiji's "Shui Tiao Ge Tou" contains "Simple Qin and turbid wine to greet guests, which is in the style of the ancients." It can be seen that the ancient style is the ideal in the hearts of poets and poets. Thinking, what an elegant scene. In the poem "Congratulations to the Bridegroom" written by an unknown person, there is "three glasses of wine and a game of chess, sitting in front of the flowers, hugging the bride and groom". This kind of leisurely life is enviable.
——Melancholy
The sentence "Dark wine and yellow flowers, painted eaves have no autumn swallows for ten days" in Huang Tingjian's "Dian Crimson Lips" ranks the two images of turbid wine and yellow flowers. At the same time, it conveys the author's sadness as he laments the passage of time. In Lu Benzhong's "Moon over the Xijiang River", "Two poems with a cup of turbid wine, drunk with yellow flowers on a small threshold" is the conclusion of the poem, which expresses the author's sad mood about current events but being unable to do anything about it. Holding a wine glass alone and facing yellow flowers, in the author's opinion, only wine and poetry can relieve sorrow, and only yellow flowers can know their own hearts. This kind of loneliness and sorrow can also be found in Lu You's poems. In Lu You's "Qinyuan Chun? 6? 1 Pink Broken Plum Blossoms", "A statue of turbid wine pours out with tears." He laments the passage of time and is so sad that he can only rely on turbid wine. Let’s talk about the worries.
Wang Qianqiu's "A glass of turbid wine brings everything in the world" ("Magnolia"). The first reading seems to be an optimistic mood. As long as you have turbid wine, what else do you not have? In fact, if you look closely, you will find that behind this self-deprecating optimism is a deeper sadness. It is precisely because there is no solution to the sadness that I sigh that all things are intoxicated. Read it carefully and you will be deeply moved. Zhao Yifu has the idea of ??"coming to old age to work, three cups of wine, and a scroll in Huangting" ("The Candle Shadow Shakes Red"), which depicts the loneliness of old age with nothing but the companionship of the book of wine. This sentence is implicit, but it is not as directly pointed out by Wu Qian's "sorrow and helplessness, and three cups of turbid wine, and a pillow to sleep soundly" ("Qinyuanchun").