Expressions are divided into narrative, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion; An article can be based on one expression and use other expressions; There are also related expressions in the requirements of hot topic composition-you can choose one expression and use other expressions comprehensively. Taken together, "expression" should be the method and form used to express thoughts and feelings with language, art, music and action.
2. Expression mode
Four methods of literary expression: narration, description, explanation and discussion.
means of interpretation
Common interpretation methods are 1 1, such as giving examples, classifying, listing data, making comparisons, drawing charts, defining, explaining, analogy, imitating appearances, quoting data, making assumptions, etc. We should choose the best method according to the characteristics of the explanatory object and the purpose of writing. The following are explained separately.
(1) example (graphic method)
Cite practical examples to explain things, make the things to be explained specific and make readers understand. This interpretation method is called example method.
For example, in the article "Marching into the Desert", the successful cases of sand control in desert areas of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia are cited, indicating that "the desert can be conquered".
To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples.
(2) As a reference (citation method)
In order to make the content of the explanation more substantial and specific, you can quote materials to explain. Quoting some documents, poems, proverbs and famous sayings can make the explanation more convincing. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings and epigrams, formulas and rules, allusions and legends, proverbs and sayings, poems and sentences, etc. Act as the content or basis of explanation to explain and introduce things.
For example, the article "China Stone Arch Bridge" quoted Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the design and construction are ingenious.
(3) Comparative method (comparative interpretation method)
Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison.
For example, in the Great Hall of the People, in order to illustrate the building area of the banquet hall, the author used the contrast method: "The 5000-seat banquet hall is another scene. It covers an area of 7,000 square meters, which is larger than a football field, and its exquisite design is rare. "
When comparing, you can compare things in the same category, things in different categories, things can be compared horizontally or vertically.
(4) Column number (numerical interpretation method)
In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of column data to make readers understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate.
For example, the article "The Dead Sea is Undead" explains the length, width and depth of the Dead Sea. The majestic Great Hall of the People also uses a series of figures to illustrate that the majestic Great Hall of the People is one of the most magnificent buildings in the capital.
(5) Classification (classification)
It is often difficult to explain the characteristics of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of shapes, properties, causes and functions of things, things can be divided into several categories, and then explained one by one according to the categories. This method of explanation is called classification.
Classification is an important way to clarify complex things.
Using classification, we should explain things and different aspects of things according to certain standards.
(6) For example
Using the similarity between two different things to compare, highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation is called analogy.
The interpretation method of metaphor in explanatory text is consistent with that in rhetoric. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate.
(7) Imitate appearance
In order to make the explained object more vivid and concrete, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation.
(8) Definition (definition interpretation method)
Defining the essential characteristics of a concept in concise language is called definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion.
Sometimes in order to highlight the main contents and problems of things, things are often defined in concise words, so that readers have a clear concept of the explained objects. For example, in the article "Overall Planning Law", the author defines the overall planning law with the method of explanation: "Overall planning law is a mathematical method to arrange the work process." The language is concise, concise and accurate.
When defining, we can consider it from different angles according to the purpose of description. Some emphasize characteristics, such as the definition of "person"; Some emphasize functions, such as the definition of "fertilizer"; Some explain both characteristics and functions, such as the definition of "master planning method" and "applied science".
(9) explanation
Explain some characteristics of things from one side. This method is called hermeneutics.
Definition and explanation often adopt the language form of "what is so-and-so". The form is the same, how to distinguish it? Generally speaking, the words on both sides of the word "yes" are interchangeable, which is the definition; If it is not interchangeable, it is interpretation.
For example, the sentence "Man is a senior animal who can make tools and use them to work" is changed to "The senior animal who can make tools and use tools to work is a man", and the meaning remains unchanged. The sentence "Snow is the solid precipitation formed in the cloud" cannot be changed to "The solid precipitation formed in the cloud is snow". It can be seen that the former sentence is a definition and the latter sentence is an explanation.
Draw a chart
In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also use charts to make up for the lack of simple words and explain some things more directly and concretely.
One explanation method is rarely used in an explanatory text, and many explanations are often used comprehensively. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to adopt one interpretation method or multiple interpretation methods, one interpretation method is another interpretation method, which can be flexible and not static.
(1 1) as a hypothesis.
Hypothesis describes the method of presupposing what will happen in the hypothetical environment.
For example, in The Sun: "Without the sun, the earth would be full of darkness, cold, wind and frost, rain and dew, plants and animals, and naturally there would be no one." This emphasizes the close relationship between the sun and human beings.
Citation: Also called citation. Quoting some documents, poems, proverbs and famous sayings can make the explanation more convincing. For example, the article "China Stone Arch Bridge" quoted Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the design and construction are ingenious.
4. Rhetorical methods
Rhetoric Rhetoric is to modify words and use various expressions to make language expression accurate, vivid and powerful. Commonly used figures of speech are metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, quotation, comparison, metonymy, irony and truth.
metaphor
According to the similarity of things, we use concrete, simple and familiar things to illustrate abstract, abstruse and unfamiliar things, that is, analogy. Metaphor can make the content of expression vivid and concrete, give people a vivid and profound impression, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with simple and common things, and help people understand them deeply.
There are three types of metaphors: simile, metaphor and metonymy.
Simile A looks like B, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like.
That little girl is like a flower.
Metaphorically, A is B, appearing as, becoming.
The thick green scenery is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters.
Metaphor a and metaphor b do not appear in ontology and metaphor.
Numerous arrows were shot from the ground and thousands of waterfalls fell from the roof.
Humanoid animal
Write things as adults, endow things with people's words and deeds or thoughts and feelings, and describe things with words that describe people. Anthropomorphic people can write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid. Such as: peach trees, apricot trees, pear trees, you won't let me, I won't let you, they are all full of flowers to catch up with.
exaggerate
Deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature, characteristics, etc of things. Exaggeration can prompt the essence of things, set off the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power and cause associative effects.
The categories of exaggeration include:
Magnification exaggerates the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things. The asphalt road was sunburned, and even the bronze medal in front of the shop seemed to be sunburned.
Only by reducing the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things can we see a big world in Barnabas.
Exaggerate in advance, say what comes later, and say what comes first. She was drunk before she got pregnant.
Paibi
Arrange sentences or components with the same or similar structure, consistent tone and related meaning together. Parallelism can improve the language atmosphere and expression effect.
For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their minds are so beautiful and broad.
drunk driving
A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings. Duality is neat and symmetrical, with strong sense of rhythm, high generalization, easy to remember and musical beauty.
Such as: frown coldly at a thousand fingers, bow down and be a willing ox.
Anti-reply
In order to emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, repeat a word sentence with sound.
Types of repetition: continuous repetition and interval repetition, with no other words in the middle of continuous repetition. There are other words in interval repetition.
There was an echo from the valley. He just left. He just left. (repeated)
It seems that without the three provinces, the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one will ring, but the party and the country are more and more like a country. (Repeat at regular intervals)
ask a question
In order to attract others' attention, ask questions first and then answer them yourself. Asking questions can remind people to think, and some are to highlight certain contents.
Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.
a rhetorical question
There is no doubt that there is no doubt, but the definite meaning is expressed in the form of doubt, the negation is expressed in the form of affirmation, and it is definitely expressed in the form of negation.
What about me? Have I nothing to blame?
cite
Quoting ready-made words to improve the effect of language expression can be divided into direct quotation and indirect quotation.
For example, "modesty makes people progress, and pride makes people lag behind", and we should remember this truth.
loan
Change what you want to express into something relevant. Types of metonymy: characteristic substituting for things, concrete substituting for abstraction, part substituting for whole, and whole substituting for part.
For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses.
Sir, can't you give me cash, Yuan Shikai?
ferreous
Express the original intention with words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention, and strengthen the expression effect by saying irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.
For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and you have to twist your neck a few times. It's really beautiful.
contrast ratio
Contrast is a metaphor, which compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together. Using contrast, we must have a deep understanding of the contradiction of what we want to express. Two things to be compared or two aspects of the same thing should be opposite, otherwise they cannot be compared.
For example, some people are alive but dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. (Cang Kejia, "Some People")