Jian 'an literature refers to literary works from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Cao and Wei Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms. This kind of works has various forms, is full of realism spirit, has the style characteristics of so-called "wind" and "bone", and is also influenced by Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty to some extent.
There are other things-
Writers have always regarded Jian 'an era as the golden age of literature, and the "Jian 'an style" formed by Jian 'an literature is highly praised by future generations. The representative figures in Jian 'an literature are "Three Cao" and "Seven Zi". Zhong Rong said in Poem: "On Jian 'an, Cao Gong and his son are good at exploring sven, Pingyuan Xiong Yu is Wendong, and Liu Zhen and RoyceWong are his wings. The second time, climb the dragon and help the phoenix. Since it belongs to the car, it will cover everything. Binbin's grandeur is well prepared. " Qizi is a subordinate of Sancao in political relations and a wing of Sancao in literary career. At that time, "Three Caos" were in a leading position in literature and politics, and their literary talents and practical achievements were also worthy of this position. Among them, Cao Zhi was an outstanding writer recognized at that time. "Three Cao" literature is the representative of Jian 'an literature.
Less than 300 Jian 'an poems have been handed down from generation to generation, among which Cao Zhi's poems are the most, about 80, followed by Cao Pi's, about 40, followed by Yi and Cao Cao's more than 20. This figure also reflects the position of the four Wang Cao schools in Jian 'an poetry circle.
"Three Cao" lived in the era of war at the end of Han Dynasty and participated in the fierce battle in the Central Plains. They are the main actors of Cao Wei Group, which is an important military and political group. The poems of "Three Caos" not only reflect their sadness of being injured in troubled times and the impermanence of the world, but also have the ambition of reorganizing rivers and mountains and recreating civilized and benevolent people. From this, some main characteristics of Sancao literature are formed, which is also the characteristics of the times of Jian 'an literature.
The first is reality. For example, Cao Cao wrote in "Lu Luxing": "Only the twenty-second Han Dynasty, there are treacherous people, bathing the monkeys and winning the crown, knowing the small and seeking the edge." "The thief holds the beans, and the master is destroyed in Beijing. Swinging through the emperor's inheritance, the ancestral hall was burned. " ..... lambasted blades for wrong country, and Dong Zhuo hurt people. Hao tells the story of the private giving and receiving between heroes and self-defeating, which leads to the chaos of war and the misery of the people. The poem vividly depicts the tragic military disaster: "Armor gives birth to lice, and all are surnamed Wu. Bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows in a thousand miles. There are hundreds of people left behind, which makes people feel sad! " . Cao Zhi's detailed description of the destruction and defeat of Luoyang at that time in "Looking at Ying Shi" is also terrible: "The walls are all bowed and the thorns are towering." "Nakano depression! Thousands of miles are uninhabited. " In this dilapidated scene, it conveys a sense of sadness and directly expresses the author's grief and indignation: "I miss my usual residence beyond words." Later generations commented that Cao Cao's first two poems were the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, which was called "the History of Poetry".
Second, lyric. From the point of view of Ci and Fu, before Jian 'an, the content of Ci and Fu was mainly praise and admonition, but in Jian 'an era, it changed from praise and admonition to lyricism. Judging from the development of Yuefu poetry, the folk songs in Han Yuefu were mainly narrative, but in the hands of Jian 'an writers, they changed from narrative to lyric. Cao Cao's "quite sad sentence" Cao Zhi has been "elegant and generous" for many years, and then "worried about life". Cao Cao's Short Songs is a song about wine. What is life geometry? For example, morning dew is much more difficult to go to Japan. "Express the anguish of" impermanence of life "in chaotic times. However, this feeling that life is short is a feeling of "generous elegy" based on making contributions in time and recruiting talents to help achieve great things. Later generations commented: "Deng Wendi and Chen Si ... were generous and used their talents in an open way." "When reading and writing, Masayoshi is generous, good things are scattered in the world, bad customs are resentful, and the ambition is deep and long, so it is generous and angry. The poetic style of "Three Caos" is "Jian 'an Style". "
The third characteristic of "Three Caos" literature is its popularity. The poems of "Three Caos" are folk songs with popular language. Influenced by Yuefu poems, "Three Caos" are mostly written in Yuefu songs. It is quite different from the elaborate, piled-up and complicated writing style of Ci and Fu in Han Dynasty.
Compared with "Three Caos", Cao Cao's poems are simple and heroic, like a veteran who lives in seclusion in Yan State. Cao Zhi's "character is extremely high, and his words are taken from Hua Mao", with a blend of scenes and beautiful language. Cao Pi, on the other hand, is good at imitating the love between men and women, leaving sorrow without hatred, lyrical and vivid, and considerate of generations. Cao Pi's poems are mainly characterized by various forms. His Ge Yanxing is the earliest complete seven-character poem in China, and Great Wall Haoxing is "a long sentence, and Si is the ancestor."
As far as prose and ci are concerned, Cao Zhi's Ode to Luo Shen is a masterpiece through the ages. His letters with Yang Dezu and Wu Ji are full of images, which can express his own character and have strong lyricism. Cao Pi's prose is not much, but his two letters with Wu Zhi are both lyrical masterpieces with fresh and smooth writing.
As the main figures of Cao Wei Group, especially Cao Cao, it is really remarkable that Cao Cao and his son have made such high achievements in poetry creation. In addition, the coexistence and mutual reflection of "Three Caos" is a miracle in the history of China literature. It was not until the Song Dynasty that it could be compared with "Three Sus" (Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe), but "Three Sus" were relatively inferior except for Su Shi's poetry, ci and literary achievements.
"Three Caos" had a great influence on the development of later literature, especially the famous Cao Zhi in history. Many famous writers and critics in the past dynasties admired him very much and regarded him as a model of literary creation. This is also the glory of Bozhou.