The Song Dynasty is another dynasty with the most developed poetic art after the Tang Dynasty, and the total number of Song poems preserved so far far far exceeds that of Tang poems.
Poets in the Song Dynasty knew the value of Tang poetry and paid great attention to learning from poets in the Tang Dynasty, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Han Yu, Liu Yuxi, Li Shangyin and some poets in the late Tang Dynasty. On the basis of inheriting the tradition of Tang poetry, they found a new way and created their own works, forming their own unique characteristics. It has been argued for hundreds of years which is better or worse in Tang poetry and Song poetry, and it is difficult to reach an accurate conclusion. Judging from the overall achievements of the two generations of poetry, it is an indisputable fact that the achievements of Tang poetry are higher and have a greater impact on future generations and the world. An expert said: "In terms of content, Song poetry is broader than Tang poetry. As far as techniques are concerned, Song poetry is more elaborate than Tang poetry. But there are advantages and disadvantages, so Song poetry is not better than Tang poetry, but different from Tang poetry. " (Miao Yue's On Song Poetry) This is an acceptable evaluation.
Poetry in Northern Song Dynasty
In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Yang Yi,, Qian and others arranged books in the emperor's secret cabinet (library), and often wrote poems and sang songs, which were later included in the Kunxi Rewards Collection (it is said that there is a library on the Kunlun Mountain in the west where immortals live, so "Kunxi" is used as a metaphor for the emperor's secret cabinet). They deliberately imitated Li Shangyin, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, pursued flowery rhetoric, piled up allusions, and the content of their poems was vain and their poetic style was extremely bad. Because of their high social status, these people have great influence.
During the period when "Kunxi Style" prevailed, the poets who had their own unique creations were Wang Yucheng and Mei He. Influenced by Bai Juyi, Wang Yucheng was concerned about the sufferings of people's livelihood, with sincere feelings and fluent and natural poetic style. And read one of his "country trip":
The horse crossed the chrysanthemum and crossed the mountain road, leaving the horse to walk freely.
Listen to the sound of thousands of valleys at night and watch some peaks silent in the sunset.
The leaves of huanghuali are as red as rouge, and the fragrance of buckwheat flowers is as white as snow.
To my dismay, the village bridge is like my hometown!
"Wild prosperity" is the cheerful and fresh feeling of being in nature after living in the city for a long time. Turning lotus is a famous sentence: the vegetation in the gully makes that unique sound in the evening breeze, as if telling something, and the mountain peak stands quietly in the afterglow of the sunset, as if meditating on something. This couplet is the so-called "poetic eye", which is steady and natural, expressing the feelings that people have felt but have not said yet, which makes people feel puzzled. Pear flower falls, Maihuakai, the bridge at the head of the village, and the trees in Yuan Ye, all these are so like the scene of the author's hometown! This aroused his strong homesickness, but also triggered endless associations among readers. This poem was written under the drive of true feelings. It's creation, not fiction, so it's really touching.
Su Shunqin was also an accomplished poet in the early Song Dynasty. He served as a local official twice and was dismissed for daring to speak. His poems are vigorous and approachable, and are highly praised by Ouyang Xiu. Unfortunately, he only lived in his forties and died because of his ill-fated career. His four-line poem "The Ferry" is the most popular:
Weeds are green in the spring shade, and sometimes there are flowers and trees.
At night, under the lonely boat ancient temple, Sichuan is full of wind and rain.
The fields are beautiful on sunny days, and so is Yuan Ye on cloudy days. How exciting it is to sail along the Huaihe River by boat and suddenly find a bright flower on the shore in the dark atmosphere! Stopping at the ancient temple in the evening, the poet hid under the awning, watching the stormy Sichuan and the choppy river, how full of vitality. The whole poem moves from static to dynamic, showing the vitality of nature and depicting the poet's delicate feelings. This poem is similar to the famous sentence of Tang Dynasty poet Wei, "The spring tide comes late, and no one crosses the boat in the wild", but it is not plagiarism, but creation, and perhaps even better than Wei's poem.
Mei He is as famous as Su Mei. They are both good friends of Ouyang Xiu. Mei's poems are simple, elegant and nuanced. After his wife Xie died, he wrote several mourning poems. Let's try one of them:
Every time I go out, it's like sleepwalking, and everyone just manages.
When the feeling of loneliness is stronger, who can tell?
Sleepless nights, lonely fireflies fly in my ears, and geese cry in the sky.
Nothing in the world is the most bitter, killing is the best.
Because of excessive sadness, I am in a trance every time I go out, as if in a dream, it is even more painful to see people barely say hello. When I got home, no one spoke. In the sleepless loneliness, I noticed that lonely fireflies entered through the window and a wild goose flew away. There is nothing more painful in the world. In this kind of pain, the spirit of all-out effort is exhausted. The scene of the whole poem is seamlessly integrated, which fully shows the sadness of widowhood. Some of his poems describing the sufferings of people's livelihood are more valuable and consistent with Du Fu.
Ouyang Xiu (A.D. 1007 ~ 1072), also known as Zuiweng, was a literary leader in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is both a scholar and a scholar. Together with Mei and Mei, he devoted himself to poetry creation, corrected the shortcomings of "Kunxi style" and made contributions to the development of poetry in Song Dynasty. We all know that the Song Dynasty was the dynasty with the most serious border problems. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty, which was mainly established by the northern Khitans, was often invaded, and the residents at the border of the two dynasties suffered the most. Ouyang Xiu's poem Flat Pot reflects this reality:
My family is a border resident and always grows a beard every year.
Children learn pommel horse, women can bend arc.
Chen Hu rises in the morning and evening, riding with contempt.
Encounters shot at each other, killing both sides.
Since the League of Nations, the North and the South have been happy.
Although the cloud is free from fighting, it is rented in two places.
It is of far-reaching significance for temples to avoid trouble.
Living in the boundary river, I dare not fish in the boundary river.
In order to resist the harassment of the Khitans, the border people practiced horseback riding and archery, but they were not afraid of enemy cavalry and archery. In A.D. 1004, Liao and Song fought once in Ganzhou, and Song was defeated. However, under the condition of victory, Song Zhenzong signed a humiliating peace treaty with the Liao Dynasty, which was called the "Union of Gan Yuan" in history and paid tribute to the Liao Dynasty every year. In fact, the poem "North-South knot is interesting" is ironic, and "Temple (Northern Song Dynasty court) is far away" is also an allusion to the policy of humiliation and surrender. Although the war was temporarily avoided, the suffering of the border people has not been alleviated. They have to pay rent and taxes to the two regimes at the same time, but they dare not cast nets to fish in the border river. The whole poem is clear and fluent, with solid content and valuable thoughts. Influenced by Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu's poems, like prose, are discussed more, which affects the image of poetry to a certain extent, which later developed into an important feature different from Tang poetry.
An important poet in Ouyang Xiu's later period was Wang Anshi. Wang Anshi (A.D. 102 1 ~ 1086) was a famous politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. He carried out political reform in Song Shenzong and lived in seclusion in Jiangning (now Nanjing) in his later years. He is one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" and a famous poet. His quatrains are the most famous, his feelings are true, and his words in antithesis are extremely particular, reaching the highest level. Such as "Mr Book Lake Yin Bi":
Grass eaves are long and quiet without moss, and flowers and trees are planted by hand.
One water protects the field and surrounds the green, and two mountains send green.
Mr. Hu Yin was the nickname of Wang Anshi's neighbor Yang Defeng when he lived in seclusion in his later years. This poem praises the scenery of his residence. The owner loves neatness and natural beauty, and "long sweep" and "self-cultivation" show that he is diligent and interested in life. Looking down from the window, a white canal surrounded the green seedlings; Looking up, the two peaks in the south pushed open the door and sent Qingshan into the room. It seems that sentient nature also helps to make his residence beautiful. This poem reflects the unique feelings of China people living in equality and harmony with nature. His five-character quatrain Plum Blossom is also a masterpiece:
There are some plums in the corner, and cold ling opens them alone.
I knew from a distance that it wasn't snow, because there was a smell coming.
China people especially like plum blossom, which symbolizes people's noble character, so plum blossom has become a common theme in poetry and painting. Common plum blossoms are white and red, and Bai Mei is sung here. It is the same color as snow, and it predicts the news of spring with its unique fragrance. The poet sang it with his keen sense and delicate feelings, expressing his joy in spring. Wang Anshi's quatrains are novel in thought and sophisticated in kung fu. Some people compare him to Du Mu, a master of quatrains in the Tang Dynasty.
Poetry in the Northern Song Dynasty did not reach its peak until the appearance of Su Shi and Huang Tingjian.
Su Shi (A.D. 1037 ~101year), born in Meishan, Sichuan, was named Zizhan, and was named Dongpo layman. He is a master of ancient prose in Song Dynasty, a poet, a poet, a painter and a calligrapher. He is outstanding in any of the above aspects, and he is a comprehensive literary genius. He has served as a local official for many times, and the official is the minister of rites. He was framed, demoted and moved around the country many times in his life, and he suffered the bitter taste of the ups and downs of his career. However, he is broad-minded and optimistic by nature, smiling at life and making unremitting efforts for the pursuit of knowledge and poetry creation. Finally, he left an immortal reputation in the history of literature with his outstanding literary achievements.
Su Shi is a good official with integrity and conscience. Wherever he goes, he does something good for the people. Many of his poems describe the sufferings of the people, and the following poem "Swimming in the Rain and Sensing the Temple" is one of them:
Silkworms want to be old, wheat is half yellow, and the rain waves in front of the mountains and behind them.
The farmer dropped out of school and abandoned the basket, and the white fairy was in the hall.
Silkworms should spin silk and wheat should be harvested, but on rainy days, farmers can't go to the fields and women can't pick mulberry. Seeing that your usual hard work will be in vain, what do you live on? The poet is worried about the peasants. Guanyin Bodhisattva (the fairy in white) was supposed to help the poor, but she sat in the temple indifferently. Su Dongpo is knowledgeable and proficient in Buddhism, but he doesn't believe that the bodhisattva with mud tires and wood plastic can have any effect, so he mocks it. It is also possible that some people think that the poet used the "fairy in white" to satirize those officials who had nothing to do with vegetarianism in the body.
Someone once used the word "Qing Xiong" to summarize the style of Su Shi's poetry. The so-called "Qing" is fresh and natural, and the so-called "Xiong" is bold and unrestrained. The following song "Rainstorm in Beautiful Hall" is magnificent:
A thunderous sound, like shaking from the feet of tourists to the feet, has a beautiful hall and thick clouds, which can't be opened.
In the distant horizon, the wind moves with the clouds, and the sea stands like a mountain. A rainstorm, which crossed the Qiantang River from eastern Zhejiang, hit Hangzhou.
The west lake is like a golden cup, full of rain, almost overflowing; The rain beat against the forest in the lake, making people feel relaxed and happy.
I really want to wake up the drunken Li Bai, wash his face with the waterfall in this mountain, and show him that this scene is like everything in the palace.
Youmeitang is above Wu Shan. Thunder starts from the soles of your feet, showing that the rainstorm is coming; Stubborn clouds can't turn away, and they can't be avoided. The sound of rain reminds the author that it seems that a black wind outside the sky lifted the sea surface, forming this rainstorm flying from the east of Qiantang River (Zhejiang). The rippling West Lake is like a full glass. The water surface seems to be bulging, and countless raindrops fall on the water surface, like thousands of drums and hammers urging the war. In the last two sentences, the author had a whim and remembered Li Bai, who was called "fallen fairy" According to the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty asked Li Bai to write poems. When he found that Li Bai was as drunk as a fiddler, he asked someone to sprinkle water on his face to wake him up. Su Shi imagined: Maybe God used the method of Tang Huangming to awaken Li Bai to write poetry, but instead of using a glass of water, he dumped all the water on the bottom of the sea, thus forming a rainstorm. The shark room is at the bottom of the sea. It is said that there is a kind of Jiao Ren that lives under the sea. Qionggui is a beautiful jade, which describes rain here. The rhetoric of "stubborn clouds", "black wind" and "flying rain" in the poem is strange and accurate, and the romantic imagination and flying momentum form a heroic style.
During the Song Zhezong era, due to the frame-up of political opponents such as Cai Jing, Su Shi was repeatedly relegated and exiled to Hainan Island until the death of Zhezong. Back in the north, he wrote a poem "Crossing the Sea on the Night of June 20th":
On the third night, the bitter rain will eventually clear up.
Who decorated the clouds and the moon? Natural beauty and clarification of ocean colors.
In his spare time, Chaucer took advantage of music to get a general understanding of Xuanyuan's music.
I don't hate the narrow escape in the south. I spent the rest of my life traveling.
Judging from the shift of Canxing and the Big Dipper, it was nearly midnight, and the continuous wind and rain suddenly stopped. There is not even a cloud left on the bright moon, and the sky and the sea are clear and transparent. These two couplets depict the scenery, and they also imply that the political situation is clear and their sufferings are over. The next two couplets are discussion. Confucius once said, "If the Tao fails, you can float on the sea by fork", that is to say, if his idea can't be realized, then you have to cross the ocean by raft to live in seclusion. There is a saying in Zhuangzi that "Emperor Zhang enjoys the wilderness of Dongting Lake", that is, the Yellow Emperor once played the music of "Fairy Pool" on Dongting Lake. Su Dongpo's poem said that he wanted to follow the example of Confucius and go across the ocean to escape, but he heard the joy of the majestic audio-visual image of the sea, which was also a harvest. I was exiled to the wild Hainan and suffered a lot, but I saw the natural beauty I had never seen in my life and enjoyed the simple and beautiful Hainan customs. Therefore, no matter how painful I am, or even dying many times, I have no regrets. Su Dongpo's broad-minded and optimistic attitude towards life is rare and lovely.
Su Dongpo also has many vivid, beautiful and thought-provoking poems widely read, such as one of the "Five Exquisites of Drunk Books in Wanghulou on June 27th":
Clouds poured out and poured down like ink, but a mountain range was exposed on the horizon, bright and fresh, and the splashing water was like white pearl gravel, splashing on the boat.
Suddenly, the wind rolled up and dispersed the clouds in the sky. The lake was blue as a mirror, beautiful and gentle.
This is the scenery of Hangzhou. A heavy rain came hard and walked fast. After a while, the sun was still shining. Words such as "black clouds turn to ink" and "white rain jumping beads" are vivid and just right, and the whole poem depicts the scene before and after the rain. Another example is Dongpo written by the poet when he was demoted to Huangzhou:
The rain washed Dongpo, the moonlight was clear, and the city people walked like savages.
Don't be too sure about the slope, but love the sound of your stick.
Dongpo is a place name where the poet lived in Huangzhou, and later he took it as his name. This poem is about his feeling of walking alone on a moonlit night. After a storm comes a calm, the moonlight is like water, and all the people who rush about for their lives disappear, leaving the beautiful moonlit night to the "savage" (the author calls himself a "savage" because he had no right to work at that time, so he was carefree and bohemian). "Accurate" refers to those skinny stones. The poet is lonely and depressed, but he is still enjoying the beauty of nature and the quiet joy. Even the loud sound of beating the stone with a cane made him feel the joy of life. After reading this poem, people may think of the rugged road of life and the attitude people should adopt towards life. You should also enjoy life in adversity, which is exactly what the author wants to tell people. Su Dongpo also has some such short poems, which are usually called interesting poems, such as "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only in this mountain" ("Stone Wall in Xilin") and "Qin Poetry". Reasoning in poems, or revealing some philosophies in poems, is a feature of Song poetry and Su Dongpo's poems.
Some people compare Su Shi to Li Bai in the Song Dynasty, which makes sense. Of course, Li Bai and Su Shi are different, but they both have a strong romantic temperament, which is reflected in the word "Fang" in their works. The difference is that Li Bai is wild and Su Shi is unrestrained. "Bold and unrestrained", which contains some rationality, makes people feel more cordial.
Just as Su Shi is compared to Li Bai, some people compare Huang Tingjian, a great poet with Su Shi, to Du Fu.
Huang Tingjian (A.D. 1045 ~ 1 105), named Lu Zhi, was a Taoist in the valley. He was an official in both the imperial court and the local government. The dispute between the new party and the old party formed after Wang Anshi's political reform lasted for many years. Huang Tingjian was implicated and relegated twice, and finally died of poverty and illness in Yishan County, Guangxi. He admired Du Fu, advocated that "there is no place to write poems without words" and turned ancient poems into poems, which was called "turning stone into gold". Many poets were influenced by it and formed a school of poetry. Because Huang Tingjian is from Jiangxi, he is called "Jiangxi Poetry School". Poetry, like all arts, pays attention to innovation, so Huang Tingjian's idea is not worth adopting. However, Huang Tingjian himself is knowledgeable and talented, and his poems have new creations, forming his own unique "thin and hard" style, that is, he pursues strength rather than fullness. Let's try to read a song he wrote to his friends, "Several Yellows":
I live in Junnanhai, Beihai, and I can't send geese to deliver books.
Peach and plum spring breeze, a glass of wine, ten years of night rain.
Housekeeping, but with four vertical walls, does not cure diseases.
I want to study, my head is white, and apes cry over streams.
Huang Tingjian advocates "turning stone into gold", so his poems are full of allusions, which are not easy to read. This poem has at least four allusions. The first sentence said that he was an official in Texas in the north, Huang was an official in Sihui County in the south several times, and the north and the south could not meet each other. In Zuo Zhuan, it is recorded that Qi Huangong attacked Chu, and The King of Chu State said to Qi Huangong, "You are in the North Sea and I am in the South China Sea." There is no conflict of interest. Why did you attack us? The expressions of "North Sea" and "South China Sea" are based on this, in order to "have no words and no place". The second sentence means that I can't send you a letter if I want to. Here is the story in Hanshu that Su Wu sent a book from Beihai to his hometown with a swan goose. Legend has it that the geese never left when they flew south to Hengyang, Hunan Province in autumn, and the fourth meeting was in the south of Hengyang, so the geese refused to send books. Three or four sentences mean that we used to have a good time in Taoli Chunfeng, but we haven't seen each other since then 10, and we only miss each other affectionately when we read books every night. These two sentences are well-received famous sentences. The fifth sentence is to praise Huang several times for being honest and upright, and his family has a wall. In Historical Records, it is said that Sima Xiangru, a great writer, is poor and "his family is surrounded by four walls", which is an allusion used in the poem. The sixth sentence is that Huang has rich political experience and can do great things. There is a saying in Zuo Zhuan that "a good doctor can be known if you break your arm three times", which means that you can be a good doctor if you break your arm three times and accumulate experience in treating diseases. Huang Shi compared being a good doctor to being a good official and praising his friends. Imagine that you have studied hard for 10 years, and your hair is probably white, right? But it is still not reused by the court. The chirping of apes on the trees and vines on the other side seems to be crying for you. Poetry is full of thoughts, memories, praise, concern, sympathy and complaints. He complained because Huang Tingjian himself was frustrated in officialdom. Like the fate of his friends, his poems are full of emotion. Besides the difficult ones, there are some simple poems, such as:
Standing in the south of the city, leaning against the railing, I saw mountains and water connected together, and water chestnuts and lotus flowers were in full bloom and fragrance on the vast water surface.
The freedom of no one to watch the cool breeze and bright moon, and the moonlight melts into the wind blowing from the south, which makes people feel cool and comfortable.
The title is "The Fourth Floor of Ezhou South Building", which is one of them. Ezhou is located in Wuhan today, where summer is a "big stove". There are mountains and water in the distance, and there are ten miles of lotus flowers nearby. It is a great pleasure to enjoy the rare coolness here on a quiet and empty night when the breeze and the bright moon are in the sky. Poetry is catchy, light and natural, and makes people feel happy after reading it.
Huang Tingjian is one of the "Four Bachelor of Su Men" and is appreciated and rewarded by Su Shi. He is eight years younger than Su Shi, and his teacher-friend relationship is very close. During his relegation to Lingnan, Su Shi wrote many poems similar to Tao Yuanming's Returning to the Pastoral Residence. After Su Shi's death, Huang Tingjian wrote a poem "Postscript on Tao":
Zi Zhan landed in Lingnan and wanted to kill when he was ready.
Have a good meal in Huizhou and taste a delicate and profound poem.
Peng Zeqian is manned, Dongpo immortal.
Although the source is different, the taste is similar.
Su Shi was exiled by his political enemies, who wanted to kill him. But Su Shi is very calm, and he still masturbates with Tao Shiming. Huang Tingjian said that Su Dongpo and Tao Yuanming have different life circumstances, but their noble moral integrity and attitude towards life are very similar, and both of them will remain immortal. China has always said that "scholars despise each other", but it is not entirely true. The relationship between Du Fu and Li Bai, and the relationship between Huang Tingjian and Su Dongpo are all disproves. Huang Tingjian also has a poem to commemorate his poetry friend:
Close the door and find a way to say that Chen has no selfishness and spends money on his guests.
I don't know if I have enough food and clothing. West wind tears Gu Teng.
This is to commemorate the famous poet Chen Shidao and the famous poet Qin Guan. Chen Shidao, a five-character, named Houshan Jushi, is an important poet of Jiangxi Poetry School. He lives in poverty and often has no food and clothes. It is said that when he had the impulse to create, he hurried home, closed the door and went to bed. He was conceived in college, sometimes it takes a whole day, so he is known as "looking for sentences behind closed doors" Qin Guan, whose real name is Shao You, is a Huaihai layman. He used to be a secretariat and was one of the "Four Bachelor's degree in Sumen". Qin Guan's literary thinking is quick, and he often writes it in one breath. Huang Tingjian remembered them fondly: Poor Chen Shidao, I wonder if you have enough to eat and wear? Qin Guan died in Tengzhou and was relegated here.
Huang Tingjian, the founder of Jiangxi Poetry School, was well-known before his death. But like his good friend Qin Guan, he was exiled and forced to live in a dilapidated garrison building in Yizhou (now Yishan County, Guangxi), and he died miserably.
Poetry of Southern Song Dynasty
In 1 126, northern nomads invaded Kaifeng in the capital of song dynasty and captured Huidi and Qin Shihuang, thus ending the northern song dynasty. 1 127, Song Gaozong established political power in the southern half of China, and later took Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) as its capital. This is the Southern Song Dynasty.
Although the Southern Song poetry is still influenced by Jiangxi Poetry School, the ups and downs have changed the poet's mood and made the Southern Song poetry have the characteristics of the times. The greatest achievement is Lu You's patriotic poems, followed by Fan Chengda's pastoral poems.
Chen is an outstanding poet at the turn of the North-South Song Dynasty in China. Chen,, the word goes back,no. Zhen Zhai. He admired Du Fu. After crossing the south, he had a deeper understanding of Du Fu's poems and gradually formed his own bold and sad style. Such as "Rebuilding Haishanlou in the Rain":
A hundred feet of pole head, further, the sky is vast, and the whole life is open to the mountains.
The sky shadow on the shore enters with the tide, and it is rainy in the spring upstairs.
Generous poetry is self-pity, wandering around is sorrow.
Is Juan the Warrior here now? There was no mother station in the same year.
Haishanlou is in Guangzhou. The poem is full of strong feelings of worrying about the country and the people. The railing at the top of the building faces the sea, and the magnificent scene in front of us is only used to symbolize the poet's broad mind of serving the country. The land on the shore and the sky above entered the poet's eyes with the tide, and the spring scenery around Haishanlou came to the building with the drizzle. Great rivers and mountains naturally arouse the patriotic feelings of poets. The mountains and rivers are half down, and I am powerless to return to heaven. I had to write a poem with deep regret and use a long sigh to relieve the depression in my chest. It is a national tragedy that we can't see "Destroy the Heroes of Hu". Although it is similar to Du Fu's poem when he climbed the stairs, his feelings are quite different. Du Fu boarded the single-parent platform, which coincided with the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, when the monarch and the minister enjoyed each other and the country became rich and strong. What I am facing at the moment is the reality that mountains and rivers are broken, and the country and the nation are suffering. The single-parent platform is located in Shan County, Shandong Province, where Mi Zi, a disciple of Confucius, played the piano. Chen wrote a famous poem "Peony Flowers", which is meaningful:
It has been ten years since the rulers trampled on the land of the motherland. Looking back at Luoyang, my hometown, the road is so long.
Years have made me old. Today, I am alone, wandering on the green pier by the spring breeze stream and enjoying the blooming peony.
Chen is from Luoyang. Yi, Luo means Yi water and Luoshui, and Luoyang means the north of Luoshui. Qingdunxi is in Tongxiang County, Zhejiang Province. Longidae refers to the elderly and infirm. Since the Jin invasion, the land north of Huaihe River has fallen into the hands of the enemy. The author has not seen the face of his hometown for 10 years. Luoyang is famous for its rich peony. At the moment, the author stands alone in the spring breeze of a distant foreign land, staring at the famous flowers in his hometown. What does the sentence "independent east wind" mean? Roughly speaking, it can be said that it is a legacy of the country's demise; In detail, it may include memories of the past, predictions and expectations for the future, and so on. If the author doesn't say anything, readers can make reasonable associations, that is to say, there are endless words and endless meanings.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a saying of "Four Great Masters of Zhongxing", which refers to You Mao, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and Lu You. These four people are similar in age and are good friends. Among them, Youmao's poems are few and poor, so they are not praised. The other three are famous.
Yang Wanli, the word court show, is named Cheng Zhai. His poetry began to learn from Huang Tingjian, and later changed to the poetry of the late Tang Dynasty, forming his own bright, simple and natural style. Such as his "Song of Transplanting":
Fu Tian threw the seedlings to the woman, and the children pulled them out and put them in.
Signing [d not u mó u] is a trick and a nail, and the rain drips from head to shoulder.
When eating, ask the canal to rest for half a minute, but bow your head and bend over just not to pick it up.
Take care of geese and ducklings when the roots of seedlings are not firmly twisted.
Fu Tian, Tianfu, sophomore, sophomore, family mobilization. Transplanting in rainy days, rain hat is like a soldier's helmet, and hemp fiber is like armor. Even so, it was soaked from head to toe. When robbing farmers, I didn't even care about breakfast, so I bowed my head and worked. I have to take care of geese and ducks before the seedlings are properly treated. The whole poem vividly depicts the word "busy", but the word "bitter" is also revealed, and the poet's sympathy is self-evident. This is the "implication". His poem "Vulture Temple in Suling" is both a description and an argument, which is very interesting:
At first, it was suspected that the night rain suddenly cleared up, but the mountain spring rang all night.
Without saying a word, it flows to Qianxi, making a lot of noise in the mountains.
Lingjiu Temple is located in Guangfeng County, Jiangxi Province. Living in a temple at night is like a heavy rain all night. When I woke up in the morning, I realized that it didn't rain at all. It is a rushing mountain spring that keeps the poet awake all night. The spring kept ringing in the mountains, but nothing happened when it flowed into the stream below. Anyone who has had this experience will know that the poet described it very aptly. Some people say that this is an allegorical poem, which compares a scholar with a spring. There were many impassioned comments when he was in opposition, and he was silent when he was an official. This understanding is also very appropriate, and the author's original intention is probably a pun.
Fan Chengda, whose real name is Zhineng, is a layman in Shi Hu, and is famous for his pastoral poems. China was an agricultural society in ancient times, and rural life naturally became an important theme of poetry creation. In Wang Wei's works, the poet only writes about the tranquility and leisure of the countryside, not about the suffering of the countryside; In Wang Jianyi's poems, the sufferings of farmers are vividly expressed, but there are few descriptions of simple and kind customs and life interests. Fan Chengda wrote both, with love and superb artistic attainments. Therefore, it can be said that his pastoral poems surpassed those of the past, and no one surpassed him later. Here are some songs from his Four Seasons Pastoral Miscellaneous Fun (* * * 48 songs) to enjoy:
Butterfly has entered cauliflower, and no guests have come to Tianjia for a long time.
The chicken flew over the fence and the dog barked until it knew that a businessman was selling tea.
The countryside is very quiet in summer. Pairs of butterflies fly quietly in the cauliflower field. Just then, suddenly chickens fly and dogs crow, and a businessman appeared in the village. Everyone came out to buy tea, called their brothers and sisters-in-law, took good care of their children and grandchildren, and bargained with the vendors. What a good genre painting! Poets write with equal feelings with farmers, which is beauty in itself.