Artistic skills of poetry
1. Expression: Four expressions are mainly used in poetry: narration, description, discussion and lyricism, among which description and lyricism are the focus of examination. Different description methods, such as dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination; Yes (lyrical way? There are two main ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric. ) Express your feelings directly, express your feelings through the scenery, cherish your feelings in the scenery, and blend the scenes. Because scenery is full of feelings, all scenery words are emotional words.
2, structural form:
The structural form of poetry, the common concern from beginning to end, comes straight to the point, goes deep at different levels, generalizes first and then divides, scenery first and then feelings, and then shows one's ambition, transition, bedding and foreshadowing.
3. Rhetoric:
The main rhetorical devices are duality, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition and symbol.
4. Writing skills:
Writing skills include: Fu Bi's arousing, setting off, comparing, rendering, expressing ambition, making the finishing point, seeing the big picture from the small, trying to promote before suppressing, associating imagination and reversing word order.
Appreciating expression means identifying the rhetorical devices, expression methods, expression methods or artistic ideas used in poetry, analyzing its own artistic effects and evaluating its role in expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings.
means of expression
The common expressions in classical poetry are narrative, discussion, lyricism and description. The focus of the examination is lyricism and descriptive. Among them, lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism (direct lyricism) and indirect lyricism (techniques are often lyrical by borrowing scenes, lyrical by blending scenes, lyrical by excuses, etc.). ).
1, direct lyric: that is, the author directly describes his strong inner feelings in the article, so that the strong emotional torrent can be poured out directly.
Why aren't you ecstatic? New tears overwhelm old ones, and heartbroken people remember heartbroken people. (Wang Shifu "Yao folk songs in December? The poem expresses the sadness of young women's lovesickness after leaving from four angles: fear of dusk, not forgetting me, new tears and heartbroken people. )
2. Lyric by borrowing scenery: it is an indirect lyric, which expresses the author's feelings through the description of the real scene.
Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. The businesswoman doesn't know how to die, but she still sings "back garden flowers" across the river. (Du Mu's Bo Qinhuai) (The first two sentences describe the scenery, and the last two sentences are lyrical. The scenery is not a clear moonlit night in Wan Li and a cloudless blue sky in Wan Li, but a foggy moon shrouded in cold water and white sand. The scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which adds atmosphere and color to the author's anxiety in the last two sentences. The two scenes blend into one, seamless. )
3. Entrusting things to express one's will: it is an indirect lyric. Entrusting things to express one's will is to express one's wishes and wishes through the description and narration of things.
Drop a wisp of water to clear the dew, and let out the sparse tung. Cicada is far away from cicada because cicada is on a tall tree, not relying on autumn wind. (Yu Shinan's "Chanting Zen")
What the author really wants to express in his poems is his feelings about life: all people with high moral character are always strict with themselves and constantly improve their self-cultivation, so their good reputation can spread far and far, and no one needs to brag about it. It can be seen that writing cicadas is the foundation, and expressing your feelings and ambitions is the real purpose.
4. Scenery blending: the author's subjective feelings are integrated into the description of scenery, so that poetry can achieve "the unity of things and me", and it is impossible to tell which is "scenery" and which is "emotion".
Building a house is under the condition of people, and there are no horses and chariots. When he asks you what you can do, his heart is far from biased. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence: leisurely seeing Nanshan. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say. (Tao Yuanming's drinking) (The underlined four sentences describe the scenery on the surface, but actually imply the poet's emotional realm of transcending the world, loving nature and staying away from officialdom. Here, both "scenery" and "emotion" are written, and the two are inseparable, that is "emotion". )
5. Write sadness in a happy scene: it is a contrast technique. On the surface, it is a happy scene, but in fact it is used to express a sad mood. The article Peacock Flying Southeast is about marrying Liu Lanzhi. "The speed of communication is like a cloud ... four or five hundred people, and Yu Yu is at the county gate." The more lively the scene, the stronger its sadness.
6, knot feelings with scenery: in the process of discussion or lyricism, poetry suddenly stopped and turned to writing scenery, ending with scenery instead of emotion, making poetry "ruthless at this time is better than emotion", which seems to be unfinished. The new sound of pipa dance is always the old love. I can't hear the dazzling edge, and the high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. (Wang Changling's Seven Armies)
Expression technique
The common expressive techniques in poetry are: contrast, contrast, rendering, contrast, allusions, bedding, symbolism, combination of static and dynamic, combination of reality and fiction, lyricism by borrowing scenes, blending scenes, lyricism by borrowing ancient times, satirizing the present by borrowing things, expressing grief by borrowing music, and mourning by borrowing Syaraku.
1. The poet uses the characteristics of something in nature to express some ambition or emotion, and the things in the poem are personalized. For example, Mo Mei in Wang Mian said, "I am the first tree in Xiyan Lake, and the flowers are pale with ink marks. Don't praise the good color, just leave the air full of dried Kun. " This poem is a metaphor of plum blossom, which uses ideographic means to show the author's loyalty and purity as noble as plum blossom, and does not flatter the secular.
2. Rendering: This is a traditional painting technique in China, and it is usually emphasized where it needs to be emphasized to make a certain aspect of the image more prominent. Used in artistic creation, it is deliberately described from the front. For example, in Zhao Shixiu's Guests, "It's raining at home" and "Frogs are everywhere" render an atmosphere, which sets off the deep and quiet night.
3. Contrast: This is a technique of Chinese painting, which uses ink or color rendering outside the outline of the object to make the object stand out obviously. Used in artistic creation, it refers to deliberately describing from the side as a foil. For example, Wang Wei's "Bird Singing Stream": "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, it surprises the birds and sounds into the spring stream. " The poem describes the moving scenery of flowers falling on the moon and birds singing, which not only makes the picture look vibrant, but also highlights the silence of the spring stream through sports.
4. Motion and stillness: In artistic creation, dynamic description and static description are inseparable, or they are opposite, or they complement each other.
5. Combination of reality and fiction: The writing method of combination of reality and fiction can make the structure of the work more compact and the image more vivid. For example, Yang Wanli's "Seeing Lin Zifang at Dawn in Jingci Temple": "After all, in mid-June, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that at four o'clock. The next day, the lotus leaf is infinitely blue, and the lotus color is different. " The first two sentences in the poem generally say that the scenery of the West Lake in June has its own characteristics and is imaginary; The last two sentences describe the lotus leaves all over the lake in the early morning sun, and the endless green and brilliant red are in harmony, which is a real writing style. The whole poem is true and false, which complement each other.
6. Lyric by scenery: that is, the poet expresses his feelings and thoughts in the scenery and expresses them by describing the scenery. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "The birds in the river are too white, and the blue and white mountains burn. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " The whole poem expresses the feeling of being stranded in a foreign land. The poet reveals the sadness of homesickness through the fresh and beautiful description of spring scenery, and expresses the sadness with music scenes, which has a unique charm.
7. Contrast: Also known as contrast, it is a way to express opposing things (or scenery, or environment, or people, or feelings) in order to enhance artistic effects. For example, Zhang Ji's night parking near Fengqiao. In the first and second sentences of the poem, frosty days and waning moon are cool colors, while Jiang Feng and Yu Huo are warm colors, which is the contrast of colors. This contrast creates a lonely artistic conception. So as to achieve the lyrical effect of scene blending.
8. Beginning: It is the traditional expression of China's poetry, that is, say something else first, and then lead to what is sung. For example, The Book of Songs and Guan Guan pheasant dove are in Hezhou. The beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman. The pheasant dove is a common bird in Hezhou, which can remind people of the daughter who often comes to the river to collect pheasants. The purpose of writing "dove" is to draw out the "lady" in the hero's eyes.
9. Line drawing: the name of Chinese painting technique. A method of drawing objects with colorless ink lines. There is also a slight light ink rendering. Mostly figures and flower paintings. It also refers to a method of expression in literary creation, that is, to portray a vivid and vivid image with concise pen and ink without comparison. For example, in the northern dynasty folk song Chilechuan, "the sky is grey, the fields are boundless, the wind blows low and the cattle and sheep are low" is a simple description of the grassland scene, which appears concise and has the strength of character, writes the grandeur of the grassland and highlights the life of herders. Another example is Liu Changqing's "Master Furong Mountain in the Snow" and "Send the Spirit to the Master", which are two famous works.
rhetoric
The rhetorical devices commonly used in classical poetry include metaphor, personification, exaggeration, contrast, antithesis, rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, repetition and intertextuality.
Appreciation of figures of speech means clearly identifying and judging what figures of speech are, mastering and understanding the characteristics of various figures of speech, and analyzing and evaluating their functions in shaping images, expressing emotions and embodying themes.
Metaphor: It is a rhetorical method to illustrate another abstract, abstruse and unfamiliar thing or situation with a specific, simple and familiar thing or situation. Metaphor can be divided into three forms: metaphor, metaphor and metonymy. The form of simile can be simplified as: a (ontology) such as (metaphor: like, like, if, Jude, like, like) b (vehicle). The form of metaphor can be simplified as follows: A is B (metaphor: Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng). Similes are similar in form, while metaphors are consistent. Metonymy: only vehicles appear, but noumenon and figurative words do not appear. Sparrows know the ambition of swans!
(1) Features and functions of metaphor: metaphor is "analogy". That is, to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another. The structure of metaphor is generally composed of ontology (object to be compared), vehicle (object to be compared) and figurative words (symbol of figurative relationship). The key of metaphor: A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise the metaphor cannot be established. The main functions of metaphor are: turning plain into vivid; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness.
(2) Types of metaphor:
1 simile. The typical form is: A is like B, and ontological vehicles all appear, which are connected by metaphors such as "image, image, as if, as if". For example, the harvested crops are piled up like hills. "
2 metaphor. The typical form is: A is B, both ontology and vehicle appear, and there are no figurative words in the middle. It is often associated with "yes", "success" and "success". For example, the relationship between Marxism and China Revolution is the relationship between the arrow and the target.
3 metaphor. The typical form is: A generation B. Without ontology, it directly describes the vehicle. But it is different from metonymy. Find out the similarities between the two things by metonymy. Such as putting down the luggage and starting the machine.
4 metaphor. Use several metaphors to compare the same ontology from different angles and with different similarities. For example, among the layers of leaves, there are some white flowers dotted sporadically, some bloom gracefully and some bloom shyly; Like a pearl, like a star in the blue sky, like a beauty who just took a bath. (Pearl, Star and Beauty Who Just Showed Bath describe the beauty of lotus from the perspectives of color, luster and feeling, and grasp the similarities such as light, faint flicker, freshness and tranquility. )
Exaggeration: a rhetorical method to describe the image, characteristics, function and degree of things in an enlarged or reduced way. For example:?
(1) Features and functions of exaggeration: exaggeration refers to the reasonable and intentional expansion or contraction of the original things in pursuit of a certain performance effect. Requirements are used without losing the foundation and basis of life and without exaggeration. Its function lies in setting off the atmosphere, enhancing association and enlightening people.
(2) Several forms of exaggeration:
A, expand exaggeration. For example, I suspect that the Milky Way has set for nine days.
B, reduce exaggeration. For example, Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills.
C. exaggerate in advance. For example, when you see such bright green wheat seedlings, you can smell the white flour steamed bread.
Contrast: it is a way to compare two things or two aspects of the same thing. Such as: ① the worries of the world first, the joy of the world later. ② The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the road has frozen bones.
Repetition: a method of making the same word or sentence appear repeatedly according to the need of expression. Repetition can be continuous or intermittent. Braving the enemy's gunfire, go forward bravely! Forward! Forward! (2) Where the enemy attacks, we will destroy it, and where the enemy attacks, we will destroy it.
Irony: the so-called "irony"-the actual meaning is opposite to the literal meaning. For example, "friendly people" can no longer be "surprised and inexplicable", so please rest assured.
similar
The Characteristics and Functions of (1) Analogy
Writing things as people, or people as crops, or things as other things, its formal characteristics are: humanization of things, materialization of people, or materialization of things. Its function is to make the written "people" or "things" colorful, vivid and meaningful.
(2) Types of analogy: ① personification. For example, Du Fuchuan is singing and laughing in the willows, and the red flag is fluttering. ② simulacra. For example, if we are honest, there will be bullies. If we dare to use a knife, the bully will have to run with his tail between his legs.
Metonymy and other rhetorical devices
The Features and Functions of (1) Metonymy
Metonymy is not to directly express the person or thing, but to replace it with something related to it. It emphasizes the correlation between two things. Its function is to replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, everything with strangeness and feelings with things.
(2) Types of metonymy:
① Feature-generated ontology. For example, the beard roared.
(2) Concrete generation abstraction. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses.
(3) proper name generalization. For example, our times need thousands of Qian Qian Lei Feng.
(4) Famous works. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun.
⑤ Part replaces the whole. For example: sing low eyebrows and don't write, and the moonlight shines like water on the skirt.
⑥ Consequences and causes. For example, specializing in pen and ink, laughing at strong men.
All landowners raw materials rather than finished products. For example, in fifty years, everything is empty, and I am lazy to turn my hair bronze.
(8) Place name replaces ontology. For example: Yan 'an or Xi 'an? It is necessary to draw a clear line.
5. Duality
Characteristics and functions of (1) duality: duality is "duality", also called "duality". It must be a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, relative parts of speech, the same structure and related meanings. The relationship between the two sentences includes inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis and conditions. Its functions are: easy to recite and beautiful music; Concise and expressive, lyrical.
(2) Several forms of duality
① According to the content, it can be divided into right, reverse and string.
Exactly: the meaning of the upper and lower sentences is similar, similar, complementary and contrasting.
Such as the silver hoes of Wuling in the sky, and the iron arms of Sanjiang shake.
Objection: the upper and lower sentences are opposite. For example, it is better to use the remaining brave to chase the poor bandits than to learn from the bullies.
Series pair: Also called "flow pair". The meanings of the upper and lower sentences are inheritance, progressive, causal, hypothetical and conditional. For example, in order to sacrifice more ambitions, I dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the weather.
② According to the form, it can be divided into working pair and wide pair.
The so-called pairing of works is to strictly follow the requirements of pairing in terms of words, parts of speech, structure, level and words; The so-called tolerance means that it basically meets the requirements of confrontation, but it is slightly different in some aspects. That is to say, the formal requirements are a little looser.
③ According to the structure, it can be divided into component duality and sentence duality.
Binary composition. If the mountains and rivers are ignorant, the butterflies and geese are ruthless; However, they treat human beings fairly and equally, that is, they will not laugh because of the rich and powerful, nor will they skimp on Shan Ye's fishing and firewood.
Duality of sentence. For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
6, parallelism
(1) Features and functions of parallelism: Parallelism consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. The same word that is often emphasized repeatedly appears in the same position in every phrase or sentence. Its function lies in strengthening language situation, emphasizing content and aggravating feelings.
(2) Several forms of parallelism
A, the proportion of ingredients. For example, it seems that without the three northeastern provinces, the party and the country are more and more like one country. No one will make a sound without the three northeastern provinces. Without the three northeastern provinces, only a few students have made several "submissions", and the party and the country are more and more like a country, which can win the praise of "friendly people" and "serve the country" forever.
B, sentence parallelism. For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
Step 7 ask questions
The characteristics of questioning: "Ask without doubt". Often know perfectly well past ask, ask yourself and answer yourself or ask questions with uncertain answers. The purpose is to emphasize the problem, so as to attract people's attention and inspire people to think. For example, what pigment does a white flower contain? White flowers have no pigment.
8. Rhetorical question: Another feature of rhetorical question is "ask without doubt". Express definite meaning in the form of interrogative sentences, so as to strengthen the tone and enhance the expression effect. A question mark is usually put at the end of a sentence, and some can also put an exclamation point.
There are two forms of rhetorical question:
(1) uses positive form to express negation. For example, Chairman Mao is like this. What are we proud of?
(2) Affirmation in negative form. For example, "Didn't we working people create the human world?"
9. Overlap: In order to express the need, the same polyphonic words are used together. This rhetorical device is called reduplication. Looking around, lonely and sad. ..... (Li Qingzhao's "The Sound is Slow") (The fourteen overlapping words at the beginning set a sentimental tone for the whole poem, and rendered the poet's lonely life scene and deep sadness in his later years. )
10, pun: In a certain language environment, using the conditions of polysemy and homophony, a sentence is intentionally made to have double meanings, and here is a rhetorical way of another meaning.
Types of puns:
(1) Homophonic pun: It refers to a rhetorical device that uses a word with the same meaning or similar pronunciation to give consideration to two different things. It can be divided into four types. (1) homophonic puns with the same sound and shape. In other words, the words used not only have the same pronunciation, but also have the same shape as the deep words. For example, the word "Yang" in "I lost my pride, I lost my willows, and the willows went straight to the sky with shame" actually refers to Yang Kaihui, and the word "Liu" actually refers to Liu Zhixun.
(2) Homophonic puns with different shapes. The surface words of this homonym are different from the deep words to be expressed. For example, Li Shangyin's Untitled, Silkworm to Death and Candle Tears at Night all use silk or thinking to express the love between men and women.
(3) argot homophonic pun. The deep meaning of this voice refers to an unspeakable event or the fate of a character. This kind of pun is mostly used in literary works. For example, the fifth time in A Dream of Red Mansions: "It is a pity to stop work, but it is a pity to praise it. The jade belt hangs in the forest and is buried in the snow. " The jade belt hanging in the "forest" and the golden hairpin buried in the "snow" in the poem, together with the previous two poems, imply the fate of Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai.
(4) misinterpreting homophones, that is, expanding the meaning of words through homophones, and a sound has multiple words. For example, in "There is a great scholar in talking and laughing, but there is nothing in communication", "red" and "red" blend together, so it can be opposite to "white". Another example is the homonym of "South" and "Male" in Mud Mica, which can be opposite to "Mother" when the wind sweeps the heather.
(2) Semantic pun: It is a rhetorical device that deliberately leads to the meaning of a word according to its polysemy. This rhetoric often appears in two-part allegorical sayings. For example, "Boil jiaozi in a teapot-you can't pour your mouth out in your heart" or "The old lady wears lipstick-I'll give you some color to see see." In addition, this rhetoric often appears in advertising words. Such as "xx mineral water, let you take it orally." Another example is "xx leather shoes, proud shoes".
Meaning of pun: (1) In ancient poetry, especially in folk songs, homophonic puns are used to appropriately express the feelings of men and women, which is lively and forms a special style. For example, in Liu Yuxi's Zhuzhi Ci, the willow tree is green, and Jiang Shuiping sings on the Langjiang River. Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny or sunny. (2) Homophony can act as a kind of argot. For example, Historical Records? "The Biography of Huaiyin Houchuan" "Its surface is to seal the Hou, but it is dangerous; The "back" in "back" implies that Han Xin will rise up and rebel. (3) Using homophones to achieve satire and humor. For example, the two-part allegorical saying "Reading on the Wall-Learning on the Wall" can not only play an encouraging role, but also achieve a humorous effect, killing two birds with one stone.
In short, when a reporter writes a book, mastering the rhetoric of puns can not only play the role of drunkenness, but also tap the deep connotation of sentences.
1 1. Intertextuality: Two words with relatively independent contexts complement and penetrate each other in meaning, and both * * * express a complete meaning. This figure of speech is called intertextuality. There are two common forms of intertextuality: seeing in sentences and seeing in sentences. Translation is easy to make mistakes, so pay special attention to it. The moon was bright in the Qin Dynasty and the city was closed in the Han Dynasty (Wang Changling's Out of the Great Wall). The moon was bright in Qin dynasty and the city was closed in Han dynasty. )
12. Use: Re-process and create the written works of predecessors and the language created orally by the masses, giving them new content and artistic conception. It can be divided into three types: word articulation, content sublimation and artistic conception development.
The sky is blue, the ground is yellow, the west wind is tight, and the wild geese fly south in the north. Whoever gets drunk at dawn always leaves people with tears. (Wang Shifu's "The West Chamber")
There are so many beauties in Jiangshan that countless heroes compete for beauty. (Mao Zedong's "Qinyuanchun")
As long as she turned her head and smiled, a hundred spells were cast, and all the powder and paint in the sixth house went up in smoke. (Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow)
(1) Fan Zhongyan "Su Mu" in the "blue sky, yellow leaves" period of words. (2) Su Shi's famous phrase "picturesque scenery"
Painting, how many heroes at one time. " (3) Ending Wei's poetic realm of "Beauty smiles, and many women are at ease". )
Common poetic expression techniques
The artistic techniques of ancient poetry mainly include lyricism, expression and rhetoric. Lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism (expressing one's feelings directly) and indirect lyricism, and indirect lyricism can be divided into lyricism by borrowing scenes (blending scenes, blending feelings with scenes), lyricism by holding things, lyricism by remembering the past and hurting the present, and instant lyricism. Description methods include frontal description and profile description, as well as line drawing, contrast and rendering. The common expression techniques of landscape poetry are the combination of reality and reality, the combination of movement and static, the combination of song and sadness, and the combination of up and down (or distance, intonation, time and space, melody, audio-visual). Other expressive skills include intonation, antithesis and so on.
Artistic skills of poetry
1. Expression: Four expressions are mainly used in poetry: narration, description, discussion and lyricism, among which description and lyricism are the focus of examination. Different description methods, such as dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination; Yes (lyrical way? There are two main ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric. ) Express your feelings directly, express your feelings through the scenery, cherish your feelings in the scenery, and blend the scenes. Because scenery is full of feelings, all scenery words are emotional words.
2, structural form:
The structural form of poetry, the common concern from beginning to end, comes straight to the point, goes deep at different levels, generalizes first and then divides, scenery first and then feelings, and then shows one's ambition, transition, bedding and foreshadowing.
3. Rhetoric:
The main rhetorical devices are duality, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition and symbol.
4. Writing skills:
Writing skills include: Fu Bi's arousing, setting off, comparing, rendering, expressing ambition, making the finishing point, seeing the big picture from the small, trying to promote before suppressing, associating imagination and reversing word order.
Appreciating expression means identifying the rhetorical devices, expression methods, expression methods or artistic ideas used in poetry, analyzing its own artistic effects and evaluating its role in expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings.
means of expression