(Article 39 of Antique) And the ugly behavior of those who stole power by flattering the emperor is extremely ridiculous, such as: "The cart flies in the dust, and the pavilion is dark in the afternoon. China is more expensive than gold, and Lianyun has a room. He Huihe was dubbed cockfighting. When the snorts are dry, pedestrians are afraid. There is no deaf ear in the world, who knows Yao and wisdom! " In "Dream on Mount Tianmu", he issued the loudest call: "Ah, how can I solemnly bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials who will never get an honest face!" The significance of this artistic generalization in Li Bai's poems is as important as Du Fu's famous sentence "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road freeze to death" ("Ode to 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian"). In the deteriorating political situation at the end of Tianbao, Li Bai linked anti-dignitary with extensive social criticism. For example, Answering the King on Twelve Cold Nights not only fought bravely for the fallen sages, but also expressed disappointment and contempt for the imperial court: If there is no Beihai in Li See, where can there be heroic spirit? If you don't look at Pei Shangshu, there are three feet of wormwood thorns in the earth grave. Teenagers have long wanted to go to the Five Lakes. Seeing this, I will spare Zhong Ding. Li Bai even sharply reprimanded Xuanzong himself in the way of satirizing modern people in his poems, such as "Feeling the Book, Being a Gentleman", "Ancient Style" and "Ascending to the Far Sea". In a word, it can be said that he developed the anti-power theme in Tang poetry to the point of dripping and hearty. Ren Hua said that Li Bai "lived for decades and never lost his color for a day" ("Miscellaneous Words Send Li Bai"). This consciousness of never giving in to powerful people and bravely fighting for self-dignity is an important content of attaching importance to personal value since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it is also a tradition of attaching importance to strength and character. It is under the new historical conditions that Li Bai inherited and carried forward this excellent tradition and became a star in poetry. Li Bai's poems and songs are full of passion for life. His poems are often full of childlike interest in the wild, such as: "Two people love each other, one cup after another." Drunk enough to sleep, I plan to hold the Ming dynasty piano. "("lovers in the mountains ")" Long sleeves, light desire, drunken dancing in Hanzhong. Put a robe on me. I'm drunk and sleep on my stomach. "Life is like strong liquor, which intoxicates the poet. Of course, this does not mean that there is no sorrow and pain in life, but the poet's optimism is enough for him to transcend and overcome his sense of hardship. The so-called "sentimental life? "And drink and climb the stairs" (Song of Liangyuan) and "Drunk Jia Qianchi, don't look at the monument to tears" (Xiangyang Qu IV) are the portrayal of his broad-minded mentality. He is never satisfied with loneliness and loneliness, such as drinking the bright moon alone, which shows that only a poet full of vitality can make such fantastic ideas. He has a "short song line", and the idea is: "If you want to win the Six Dragons, go back to the car and hang the Fusang. With the help of the Big Dipper, every dragon advised them to drink a glass of wine, so they all fell asleep and couldn't stay awake. Wealth is not what you want, you are in your twilight years. " There is no old man's sigh here, but the naive imagination of "persuading wine" is used to express infinite attachment to life. These poems, with their pure taste, appeal to the beautiful humanity submerged by vulgar life, thus gaining permanent charm. Li Bai has a strong feeling for nature, and he is good at integrating his personality into natural scenery, which makes his landscapes and valleys have idealized colors. He said in the poem "Sunrise": "I will include a big piece, and I will be noble and have the same topic." He also said: "Yangchun told me to smoke, and I took articles during the holidays." (From the preface of my brother's spring banquet in Taohuayuan) Li Bai is heroic and pursues a pure and noble state of mind. These different personality aspects also form two types of his artistic conception of mountains and rivers: one is to highlight the beauty of strength and movement in the majestic mountains and rivers and express his lofty sentiments and strong thoughts in the magnificent artistic conception; The other is interested in pursuing the beauty of Ming Che and expressing innocent feelings in a beautiful artistic conception. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in his works roared and roared: "How does the water of the Yellow River move out of the sky and into the ocean, and never return" ("Into the wine"); "The Yellow River Wan Li touches the mountains, and the vortex hub turns to Qin Mine ... djinn growls and breaks the two mountains, and Hongbo jet shoots the East China Sea ("Xiyue Yuntai Song Send Dan Qiu Zi "); "I climbed up. I look at the world and I can't go to the river. " The wind blows Huang Yun for hundreds of miles, and the snow peaks are white around the nine streams. "(Song of Lushan's suggestion and Lu Xuzhou) Poseidon has been to the evil wind, and the waves hit the stone walls of Tianmen. What happened to Zhejiang in August? Snow in Taosi Mountain (Hengjiang Ci). The peaks in his works are towering and steep: "The highest cliff is only one foot below the sky, and the dry pine trees hang their heads from the surface of the cliff" (Shu Dao Nan); On a straight line leading to heaven, its peak enters heaven, with five holy peaks on top, casting a shadow across China; The rooftop is 18,000 feet, right here, and it begins to turn to the southeast (Dream of Tianmu Mountain). He endowed mountains and rivers with lofty aesthetic feeling with heroism in his chest. His praise for the great power of nature is also a tribute to the far-sighted and unremitting pursuit of life ideals. Extraordinary natural image and proud heroic character are integrated. At the same time, Li Bai also wrote many beautiful landscape poems. For example, "people travel around the moon and ships travel in the air" ("Send Weiwan, a man from Wuwangshan, back to the palace"); "People ride on the sea, and sail down the lake to the sky ("Looking for Yang to send a younger brother to swim in Poyang Sima Zuo "); The moon turns with the castle peak, and the castle peak flows with water. It's like being on the Milky Way, but I feel the clouds are quiet ("On a Moonlit Night, Jiang Xing sends a chronicle of Cuiyuan"); Jinling night is quiet and cool, watching the five mountains in the west wing alone. The white clouds reflect the water and shake the empty city, and the white dew drops the beads and the autumn moon ("The Moon on the West Tower of Jinling City"). These poems are famous for their clarity and purity. Li Bai's landscape poems are not so much a realistic description of natural features as a reformed and idealized picture according to the poet's personality. He just wants to grasp the overall momentum or atmosphere, splash ink on the basis of sudden excitement, while ignoring the specific details, and even the visual transfer order of the scenery is often not concerned. Li Bai's landscape poems are pervasive and lyrical. He is good at blending mountains and rivers with specific emotions, and there is a subtle relationship between the situation of "scenery" and the characteristics of "emotion" For example, seeing a friend off: to the north of the Great Wall is a blue mountain range, and to the east is a white waterline. Here we say goodbye to each other, and you, like losing your father, are floating in the wind and traveling far away. Floating clouds are like wanderers, like wandering, and the sunset slowly goes down the mountain, which seems to be nostalgic. With a wave of his hand, he will be separated from now on, and his friend on horseback will carry him on a long journey, blowing a long wind, as if reluctant to leave. The "floating clouds" and "sunset" in the poem are not only the foreground of the eyes, but also the concrete images with specific emotional content in ancient poetry, which means that once a wanderer leaves, he will be like a floating cloud, so he will say goodbye to the sunset without leaving a scar. Another example is "the clouds return to the blue sea and the evening, and the geese have no blue sky." The first two sentences not only point out the season and time, but also use the images of "clouds" and "geese" to refer to departure and travel. In addition, for example, "Sometimes white clouds rise and the sky unfolds. "However, in my heart, I am grateful for every happiness" ("Looking at Nanshan to send a song to a hermit"), "Oh, go and ask this river flowing eastward, whether it can go further than the love of friends!" (Parting to a Restaurant in Nanjing), "Xi Hui is driven by water, blue waves are rippling and falling" ("Swimming in Nanyang Qingling Spring") and so on. Li Bai's thoughts and sentiments of freedom and liberation and his personality with the tendency of popularization also enabled him to explore all kinds of human beauty in social life more deeply. There is a yearning for a quiet life here, such as the third part of Midnight Wu Ge: a new moon hangs over the capital, and ten thousand laundry hammers are beating. The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border. When will the border war be settled and when will my husband end his expedition? There are praises for working life, such as "Song of Autumn Pu" XIV: "Fire shines on the heavens and the earth, and red stars are everywhere. Langlang moonlit night, winding cold Sichuan. " All these poems, without exception, use the ideal light wheel to make the theme of daily life glow with poetic style. Li Bai is indeed an outstanding poet in China. The great wanderer enriched the scenery of the Tang Dynasty with his feet and poetic pen. He swept away sturm und drang, and then, the smoke in Dongting, the wind and cloud in Chibi, the apes in Shudao and the mighty river suddenly flew. In poetry, the poet is smart and heroic, like a cloud in the sky; He wandered between the eight poles, galloping freely, like a fine horse galloping on the Yuan Ye. In the poem, the poet sweeps away the worldly dust and completely restores his immortal posture: above, he looks for the green void, below, the yellow spring. His romance, madness, love and hate, loneliness and pain, dreams and awakening, heroism and vagrancy all reached the extreme. His poetry creation has a strong subjective color, which is mainly manifested in his emphasis on expressing heroism and passionate feelings, and rarely describing objective things and specific time in detail. Free and easy temperament, independent personality, and strong emotions that are easy to touch and erupt form the distinctive features of Li Bai's lyric style. He often erupts, and once his feelings are aroused, he rushes out without restraint, just like a hurricane in the sky and an overflowing volcano. His imagination is very strange, often has unusual connections, and changes with the flow of emotions.
Du Fu's middle-aged poems are called "the history of poetry" because of his gloomy poetic style and feelings of worrying about the country and the people. His poems are good at antique and rhythmic poems, and have various styles. He accurately summed up his work style with the words "depressed and frustrated", mainly focusing on depression. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems involve social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time. His poems recorded the historical changes of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and expressed the lofty Confucian spirit of benevolence and strong sense of hardship, so they were called "the history of poetry". Du Fu was concerned about his country and people, and his personality was noble. Officials arrested people at night.
Exquisite poetry. Du Fu wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been handed down from generation to generation, such as Three Officials, Three Farewells and Du Gongbu Collection. Among them, the "three officials" are Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official, and the "three farewell" are newly married, homeless and resigned. Du Fu's poems handed down from generation to generation are the most extensive in the Tang Dynasty, and he is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Du Fu's works are known as the scars of the world and the sages in poetry. The people are in poverty, and the bottom of the pen is turbulent.
Tao Yuanming is known as a recluse poet. Its recluse culture has three styles: one is soft, the other is light, and the third is far away. His creation initiated the system of pastoral poetry and brought China's classical poetry to a new level. From ancient times to the present, many people like Tao Yuanming's life philosophy of being cold, caring for the countryside and refined, as well as his long, quiet, natural and unparalleled artistic style. Regarding Tao Yuanming's official and seclusion, people are used to explaining it from the social environment, advocating seclusion and his Confucianism and Taoism. In fact, by grasping Tao Yuanming's five official experiences and analyzing the reasons for his clumsy retirement, we can get some new understandings. It can be summed up in two points: one is Tao Yuanming's nature, and the other is social reality. The essential feature of Tao Yuanming's personality is the pursuit of the greatest freedom of mind and the elegance of mind. Officialdom life does not conform to his nature of advocating nature. Tao Yuanming is in an era of advocating freedom and mysticism. Political usurpation and war can easily make literati who are bent on avoiding disasters form a recluse character. The formation of Tao Yuanming's recluse temperament should be said to have something to do with the universal envy of recluse and the pursuit of spiritual freedom by scholars in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is this natural, carefree and free talent that makes him unbearable to "bend down to pick up five buckets of rice for the children in the village" and finally return to the field. He wrote "Hui Xi Ci", in which he admitted that he was forced to become a county magistrate because of his livelihood; He resigned because he was "natural in nature, not self-motivated, hungry and cold, and sick to himself". His detached personality made him rather hungry than sneak into officialdom against his will. The poet sang in "Returning to the Garden": "Shaoshao is not suitable for popular rhyme, but naturally loves Qiushan. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. The birds are loving Lao Lin, and the fish in the pond are thinking about the past. " "I've been in a cage for a long time, and I'm back to nature." In just a few words, I hate my career beyond words. Tao Yuanming, who regarded his career as a cage, finally resigned, left behind the dust and returned to nature because of his "nature" and "love for his post". Tao Yuanming's seclusion in the countryside should not only be considered in combination with his frank personality, but also be observed from the broad political background and his official career. His entry into WTO and his birth can be said to be related to the social reality at that time. Although Tao Yuanming was finally dismissed from office and returned to the field, he had the idea of making contributions and saving the world when he was young. In his poems such as Drinking Miscellaneous Poems, he once said that "young people are poor and can swim well in the Six Classics", "they are eager to escape from the world and like Philip Burkart", and "young people are strong and swim alone with swords", which shows that he did not have the idea of being born at the beginning. He was born in the family of several generations of bureaucrats. After the founding father, he also expected to make progress in his official career and make a difference in politics. However, at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the situation was turbulent: the internal struggle of the imperial clan and the warlord's ambition for the regime constantly led to bloody killings and even fierce battles. This kind of social unrest not only brings disaster to the people, but also causes serious anxiety in the upper class of society. This made Tao Yuanming's political ambition have to be reduced. In addition, in this power struggle, all dirty and bloody plots are under the guise of lofty morality, which makes Tao Yuanming, who is really pure in nature, unbearable. Tao Yuanming, twenty-nine, first came out as an official in Taiyuan in the eighteenth year of Emperor Xiao of Jin Dynasty, and returned to the field at the age of forty-two for thirteen years. During this period, Tao Yuanming has been in the contradictory struggle between "being born" and "joining the WTO", which is reflected in his poems. Xin Chou sighed in his poems "Walking in Jiangling at night in July": "Why leave this place as far away as Xijing" and "Sun and Moon abandoned people and deliberately refused to hire them". There are too many disappointments and sorrows in the poem. It can be seen that the poet once had a painful hesitation about whether to return to the field, but after all, his long-cherished wish of "loving Qiushan" overwhelmed "fleeing the four seas", so his seclusion was the result of social reality, and it was the result that his thoughts and social reality could not be reconciled.
Li Qingzhao is in a lonely situation. Experienced the prosperity and danger in the late Northern Song Dynasty and the turmoil in the early Southern Song Dynasty. Li Qingzhao was a rare talented woman in ancient China. She is good at calligraphy and painting, and is familiar with epigraphy, especially poetry. Her ci works are unique and spread through the ages, and are known as "a unique poet". Her ci can be divided into early stage and late stage. In the early stage, write more about your leisure life, describe your love life and natural scenery, and use beautiful rhymes. Such as "a plum cut, red lotus root fragrance, residual jade autumn color" and so on. Later, I lamented my life experience, recalled my hometown and felt sad. Such as "slow voice, looking for". Her personality is as awe-inspiring as her works. She has both women's Shu Xian and men's fortitude; There are both the cynicism of ordinary people and lofty patriotic feelings. She is not only talented and knowledgeable, but also has lofty ideals and heroic ambitions. Among her contemporaries, her poetry, prose and ci theory are outstanding. However, she worked the hardest, achieved the highest success and had the greatest influence on the creation of ci. Her ci has reached the pinnacle in art and is unique in the field of ci, forming her own unique artistic style-"Yi 'an Style". She does not pursue beautiful algae decoration, but extracts expressive "eight tones of common language", expresses her keen feelings about things around her by line drawing, depicts delicate psychological activities, expresses rich and varied emotional experiences, and shapes vivid artistic images. In her poems, sincere feelings and perfect forms are integrated. She developed the graceful school of "endless words and endless feelings" to the peak, thus winning the position of the "elder" of the graceful poet and becoming one of the representatives of the graceful poet. At the same time, the bold style of her poems made her unique in the Song Dynasty, which had a great influence on Xin Qiji, Lu You and later poets. Her outstanding artistic achievements won high praise from later scholars. Later generations thought that her ci "not only looked down on women, but wanted to overwhelm men". She is called "the greatest poetess in the Song Dynasty, the greatest poetess in the history of China literature" and has the reputation of "the first talented woman in history".
Qu Yuan (340-278 BC) was the earliest romantic poet in China. His original surname is Mi, whose name is Ping, and he is a descendant of Qu Xian, the son of Xiong Tong. The first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature. His appearance marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to solo. Born in Lepingli, San Lv Township in Zigui (now Zigui County, Yichang City, Hubei Province) in 340 BC. Qu Yuan was studious and ambitious since childhood. In his early years, he was trusted by Chu Huaiwang as Zuo Tu and Dr. San Lv. He often discussed state affairs with Chu Huaiwang, participated in the formulation of laws, advocated clear laws and regulations, appointed talents, reformed politics, and united with Qin. Advocating "American politics." With the efforts of Qu Yuan, the national strength of Chu State has been enhanced. However, due to his honest and frank personality, he was unwilling to listen to Dr. Shangguan when amending the regulations. In 305 BC, Qu Yuan opposed the conclusion of the Yellow Thorn Alliance between Chu Huaiwang and Qin, but Chu completely embraced Qin. Qu Yuan was expelled from the capital by Chu Huaiwang and began his exile. As a result, Chu Huaiwang was lured by the State of Qin and was imprisoned in the State of Qin under the strong encouragement of his youngest son Zilan and others. After King Xiang of Chu ascended the throne, Qu Yuan continued to be persecuted and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River. In 278 BC, the general of the State of Qin led an army south to attack the capital of Chu. Qu Yuan's political ideal was shattered and he was desperate for the future. Although he wanted to serve his country, he was unable to return to heaven, so he had to die in the Miluo River in May of the same year. May 5th is now designated as Poets' Day.
Su Shi (1037-1101) was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi Zi Zhan, also known as Dasu, is called Dongpo layman. Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people. Together with their father Su Xun and brother Su Zhe, they are called Su San. He is an all-rounder in literature and art, and his writing style is unrestrained and fluent. He is also known as Ou Su with Ouyang Xiu, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His poems are fresh and vigorous, and he is good at using exaggerated metaphors. He has a unique style in artistic expression, and is called Su Huang with Huang Tingjian. Bold ci school has a great influence on later generations, and it is called Su Xin with Xin Qiji; Calligraphy is good at running script and regular script, and it can be innovative. Writing with a pen is ups and downs, full of childlike interest. And Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called Song Sijia. Painting is the same as literature. His favorite painting is103765438+1October 8th (December 19th, the third year of Youjing). Su Shi was born in Meishan and Yumei. Su Shi's father, Su Xun, is the "Su Lao Quan" mentioned in The Holy Amethyst. Su Xun worked hard, although he worked very late. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, if Su Xun didn't study hard, Su Shi couldn't get a good tutor when he was a child, let alone "learning the history of classics is a thousand words a day", and it is even more impossible to have literary achievements in the future. 1056 (the first year of Jiayou), 2 1 year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination of the imperial court. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with an article on loyalty to punishment, but Ouyang Xiu mistakenly thought it was his disciple Ceng Gong. In order to avoid suspicion, he had to come second. 106 1 year (in the sixth year of Jiayou), Su Shi took the Chinese secondary school exam, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", and got the third class of "the first in a hundred years", and was awarded the position of judge and book signing in Fengxiang Prefecture, Dali. Later, when his mother died in Bianjing, Ding returned to his hometown. 1069 (the second year of Xining) returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed. When he entered the DPRK as an official, it was the time when the political crisis in the Northern Song Dynasty began to appear, and the crisis was hidden behind the prosperity. At this time, Zongshen acceded to the throne and appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new Prime Minister Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty. On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people, and because of his conservative political thoughts, he disagreed with Wang Anshi's approach to politics and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter against it. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general. From then on, Su Shi misunderstood Wang Anshi and other reformists all his life. Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After leaving office, he was transferred to Mizhou (Zhucheng, Shandong Province), Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places as well-known county magistrates. Outstanding achievements, won the hearts of the people. This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people (Li Ding and others) deliberately distorted his poems, and made a big fuss in the name of satirizing the new law. 1079 (in the second year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned less than three months after he arrived in Huzhou. He was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law and "slandering the monarch", which is called "Wutai Poetry Case" in history. Su Shi was imprisoned 103 days and was on the verge of beheading several times. Thanks to Mao's reign in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi was spared. After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to be Ying Yong's assistant in Huangzhou (now Huanggang City, Hubei Province) (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is rather humble and has no real power. At this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this campaign. After Su Shi came to power, his mood was low. He visited Chibi Mountain outside Huangzhou for many times, and wrote such famous works as Pre-Chibi Fu, Post-Chibi Fu, and Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia, expressing his thoughts and feelings in exile. Yu led his family to reclaim a sloping land in the east of the city and farm to supplement their livelihood. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man". In Song Shenzong (1084, the seventh year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi left Huangzhou and worked in Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he insisted on returning to Changzhou, Zongshen died. Dead wood and strange stones, painting theory advocates shape. He is the author of The Complete Works of Su Dongpo and Dongpo Yuefu.
Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that his so-called "Wang Dang" was just birds of a feather, and once again made suggestions to the emperor. He attacked the corruption exposed after the old Party came to power, which aroused strong opposition from conservative forces and was falsely accused and framed. So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou after a long absence 16 to serve as the prefect. Su Shi dredged the West Lake in Daxing, Hangzhou, and built the famous "Su Causeway" by the West Lake with dredged silt. Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in 109 1 year (six years in Yuan You), he was recalled to North Korea. But soon, due to political disagreement, Yingzhou was released. 1093 (eight years), the Empress Dowager Gao died, Zhezong came to power, and the new party came to power again. In June of the following year, he was demoted to Huiyang (now Huizhou City, Guangdong Province). 1097, Su Shi was exiled to Hainan (I don't regret dying in the wild, so I will travel wonderfully to comfort my life). It is said that in the Song Dynasty, banishing Hainan was only a lighter punishment than copying others. After Hui Zong acceded to the throne, he was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Zhou Shuan for permanent resettlement and Yongzhou for resettlement. 110/year (Fu Yuan's third year) was pardoned, returned to Lang Feng, and died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu) on August 24th,1kloc-0/year. He was buried in Tancheng County, Ruzhou (now jia county, Henan Province). He was sixty-four years old and was named Wenzhong (male). So there is "calendar eight States, take Wan Li Road." The name of honor.
Sima Qian (former 145 or former 135- former 87? ) was born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi, Hejin, Shanxi) in the Western Han Dynasty. He was a great historian, thinker and writer in ancient China, and was honored as "Shi Sheng" by later generations. His greatest contribution was the creation of China's first biography, Historical Records (formerly known as Taishi Gongshu). Historical Records records the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary period of the Yellow Emperor to the first year of founding ceremony (BC 122). Sima Qian's Historical Records, which was completed with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between heaven and man, connecting the changes of ancient and modern times, and forming a unified view", became the first biographical general history in the history of China, and was praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme", which had a great influence on later generations.
Sima Qian's Biography of Huo Zhi quoted Laozi's ultimate governance thought at the beginning, and the whole article was shrouded in the naturalistic thought of "conforming to nature" and "governing by doing nothing" from beginning to end. The opening quotation of Laozi said: "The ultimate rule is that neighboring countries look at each other, and the voices of chickens and dogs hear each other. The people are willing to eat what they eat, dress what they like, be vulgar and cheap, and enjoy their business until they die." Then there is Sima Qian's own words: "If we must take this as a service and attract the eyes and ears of the people in the near future, there is nothing to do." This quotation omits "a small country with few people, so that hundreds of tools are not used, which makes people die again and migration is not far away" in the original text of Laozi's Tao Te Ching. Although there is a boat, nothing is taken; Although there are soldiers, there is nothing to show off. The words "make people use it" and "ultimate rule" have been added. This shows that Sima Qian attaches importance to this passage in Laozi, and the quotation is followed by Sima Qian's own point of view-"it must be used as a service." Here, Sima Qian apparently quoted Laozi's words, but actually borrowed Laozi's mouth to express his thoughts of governing the country. He kept the core of Taoism and nature, consciously eliminated the thought of "small country and few people" in primitive society and "creating man" in slave society, embodied the thought of "keeping pace with the times" and won the essence of Taoism (preface to Shi Ji Tai's poems). The core of Sima Qian's ultimate governance thought is the unity of man and nature, and the essence is people's desire. Sima Qian's ultimate ideal of governance is comparable to Confucius' ideal of great harmony, that is, "the world is public, talents and abilities are selected, faith is upheld, and harmony is improved" (Li Yun). The difference is that the latter emphasizes order arrangement, while the former emphasizes natural evolution. Wang Chong quoted Tai Shigong in Lun Heng Ming Road, which further summarized Sima Qian's thought of "the unity of man and nature". Taishi Gong said, "Richness does not violate poverty, and poverty does not violate wealth." "The rich do not want to be poor, and the poor are self-sufficient; If you are poor, you don't want to be rich, but if you are rich, you are complacent. Prisoners die in spring and summer, but not in autumn and winter; The sun comes out and enters, which is not what you want. Heaven is natural. " [