1. Ancient Greece:
Aesop (about 6th century BC) was an ancient Greek writer. The author of Aesop's Fables.
(2) Aeschylus (about 525-456 BC), an ancient Greek dramatist, the tragedy Prometheus Bound.
2. Italy:
(1) Dante, a great Italian poet, the pioneer of the Renaissance. The masterpiece of the narrative poem Divine Comedy
(2) Boccaccio, an important Italian writer in the Renaissance and an important representative of humanism. Decameron, a collection of short stories.
3. Spain:
Cervantes, an outstanding realistic writer in Spain during the Renaissance. Don Quixote is the earliest outstanding realistic novel in Europe, satirizing the extinct chivalry and chivalry literature.
4. Britain:
Shakespeare, an outstanding dramatist and poet in the English Renaissance. The comedies A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice and the tragedies Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello and King Lear Macbeth (the last four are collectively called the four tragedies).
Byron, an outstanding representative of English positive romantic poets. His masterpiece is the long political satire Don Juan.
(3) Dickens,/kloc-an outstanding representative of British critical realism literature in the 7th century. Novels david copperfield and A Tale of Two Cities
5. France:
Moliere,/kloc-the founder of French classical comedy in the 0/7th century. The representative works "Miser" and "Hypocrite" are satirical comedies.
② Stendhal, one of the founders of French critical realism literature. Describe Julian's ambitious novel Red and Black.
Balzac is an outstanding representative of French critical realism literature. His main novels have always been called human comedies, among which Eugenie Grandet and Gao Laotou are his representative works.
Hugo,/kloc-the leader and representative writer of French romantic literature in the 0/9th century. Novels Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.
(5) Mo Bosang, French critical realist writer. The short story The Road to Suicide, The Necklace and the novel Beauty.
6. Germany:
Goethe, German poet, playwright and thinker. His masterpieces include Young Werther and Faust.
7. Soviet Russia:
Pushkin, Russian poet, representative of positive romanticism literature, founder of critical realism literature and originator of Russian literature. Poems Ode to Freedom, Ode to the Sea, Ode to Chaadayev, poetic novel yevgeni onegin and novel The Captain's Daughter.
(2) Nicholas Nikolai Gogol, 19th century Russian satirist. The satirical comedy "An Imperial Envoy" and the novel "Dead Soul".
(3) Turgenev, Russian critical realist writer. Representative novels "Father and Son" and prose story collection "Hunter's Notes" and so on.
④ lev tolstoy, Russian critical realist writer, War and Peace, Anna karenin and Resurrection.
⑤ Chekhov, Russian critical realist writer and master of short stories. The short story chameleon and the man wearing a condom.
Gorky, a great proletarian writer, was the founder of socialist literature in the former Soviet Union. The novel Mother and the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth and My University.
⑦ ostrovsky, a proletarian writer in the former Soviet Union. His masterpiece is the autobiographical novel How Steel was Tempered.
8. United States:
Whitman is a democratic poet and an outstanding representative of American romantic literature. Leaves of Grass created a style of free verse.
(2) O. Henry, an American writer, short stories "The Gift of MacKay", "The Police and Hymns" and so on.
Hemingway, modern American novelist, the old man and the sea, farewell to arms.
9. India:
Tagore, a modern Indian poet. 19 13 to obtain Nobel Prize in Literature. His representative works include the novel shipwreck, poetry anthology Gitanjali and Birds.
10 Japan:
Yasunari Kawabata is a Japanese writer. 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature. Dancers in Izu, Snow Country
Sort out the common sense of Chinese literature in senior two and senior three.
1. The first female poet was Cai Yan (Wen Xi).
2. The first biographical history: Historical Records
3. The first dictionary is Erya.
The first encyclopedia is Yongle Dadian.
5. The first book of poetry is The Book of Songs.
6. The first anthology: Zhao Ming Anthology
7. The first dictionary: explaining words and explaining words
8. The first collection of myths: Shan Hai Jing
9. China's first collection of classical novels: Shi Shuo Xin Yu
10, the first collection of strange stories in classical Chinese: Search Ji Shen.
1 1, the first bibliographic work: The Analects of Confucius
12, the first chronicle book is: Spring and Autumn Period.
13, the first dynastic history: Hanshu
14, the first art book: Sun Tzu's Art of War
15, Sima Qian, the second Sima of the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Xiangru
16, Yuefu: Mulan Ci, Peacock Flying Southeast and Fu Qin Yin are the three unique Yuefu.
17, History: Historical Records and History as a Mirror
18, two beats: the first moment of surprise, the second moment of surprise (Ling Mengchu)
19, Du Li: Li Bai, Du Fu; Xiao: Li Shangyin, Du Mu
20. Gemini in China's modern literary world: Lu Xun and Guo Moruo.
2 1, Three Immortals: Virtue, Merit and Speech
22. Three generations: Xia, Shang and Zhou.
23. Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn Annals: Zuo Biography, Ram Biography and Biography.
24. Three Kings: Yu Xia, Shang Tang and Duke Zhou.
25. Three Mountains: Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou.
26. Three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
27. Sangong: Zhou, Sima, Situ, Western Han Dynasty, Prime Minister, Qiu, Imperial Examination Champion, Ming and Qing Dynasty Taishi, Taifu and Taibao.
28. Three Caos: Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi.
29. The Third Hospital of Public Security: Yuan Zongdao, Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao.
30. Sangu Building in Jiangnan: Yueyang Building in Hunan, Yellow Crane Tower in Wuchang and Wangtengting Pavilion in Nanchang.
3 1, three friends in cold years: pine, bamboo and plum
32. Three assistants: Zuo Fengyi, You Fufeng and Jing.
33. Three elements of scientific research: after having obtained the township entrance examination, the senior high school entrance examination, the imperial examination, and being the "first" (the champion of Huiyuan).
34. Gong Kao San Ding Jia: No.1 scholar, second place, exploring flowers.
35. The three quintessences of China: Peking Opera, Chinese Medicine and Chinese Painting.
36. Three words: Yu Shiming, Tong and Xing (Feng Menglong)
37. Three Confucian Classics: Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji.
38. Three officials: Xin 'an official, Shi Haoguan and Tongguan official.
39. Three Farewells: Wedding Farewells, Farewell to the Old and Welcome to the New, and Homelessness.
40. Guo Moruo's trilogy Goddess: The Rebirth of Goddess, Guo Xiang and Tang Dihua.
4 1, Mao Dun's "Erosion" trilogy: disillusionment, vacillation, and pursuit of the countryside trilogy: spring silkworm, autumn harvest, and winter remnant
42. Ba Jin's trilogy "Love": Fog, Rain and Electricity "Riptide" trilogy: Home, Spring and Autumn.
43. First National History: Mandarin.
44. The first album recording the words and deeds of counselors and military strategists: National Policy and Warring States Policy.
45. The first historical prose with the theme of personal words and deeds: Yan Zi Chun Qiu.
46. The first great patriotic poet: Qu Yuan
47. The first narrative poem: Peacock Flying Southeast (357 sentences, 1785 words).
48. The first monograph on literary criticism-"Dian Lun Paper" (Cao Pi)
49. The first pastoral poet: Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming
50. The first monograph on literary theory and criticism: Wen Xin Diao Long, written by Liu Xie, was born in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
5 1. The first monograph on poetry theory and criticism & Zhong Rong's Poems, born in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
52. The first popular science work, a comprehensive academic work written in the form of notes: Meng Qian Bi Tan by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty.
53. The first diary travel notes: the travel notes of Xu Hongzu and Xu Xiake in Ming Dynasty.
54. The first poetess, also known as "one pronoun Sect": Li Qingzhao.
Sort out the common sense of Chinese literature in grade three and grade three.
First, commonly used loanwords:
1, Mulberry: Hometown
2. Li Tao: Students
3. State and Xuanyuan: State
4. Nanguan: prisoners
5. Classmate: Classmate
6. Mist: War
7. Women
8. Four Books: Music
9. Men: Men
Chang 'e: The Moon
1 1, brother: brother
12, history: history
13, husband and wife: husband and wife
14, Ding Bai, Buyi people: people.
15, bent, yellow hair: old man
16, Sang Ma: Farming
17, Support, Care: Children
18, three feet: method
Below the knee: parents.
20. canopy: luck
2 1, letters, letters, notes, Hongyan, Zagreb: letters
22. Temple: imperial court
Second, the author's works:
1, eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong.
2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as "Liu Han", were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty.
3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).
4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as "Su Xin"; Graceful poetess: Li Qingzhao (poetess)
5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu. Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu.
6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He initiated the new poetic style of "Chu Ci" and the romantic style of China's poetry.
7. Confucius, named Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism, known as "Confucius Sage" and Mencius as "Yasheng", both of whom are called "Confucius and Mencius".
8. Su Shi praised Wang Wei for "painting in poetry and poetry in painting."
9. Du Fu was a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty. His poems reflect the social reality extensively and profoundly, and are called "the history of poetry". Du Fu was therefore honored as a "poet saint", and there were also some "three officials": Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan and Xin 'an official. "Three Farewells": wedding farewell, farewell to the old and welcome the new, and homelessness.
10. China's first biographical general history is Historical Records (also known as Taishi Gongshu), written by Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty. Lu Xun called Historical Records "the swan song of historians", including: 12 biographies, 30, 70 and 650.
1 1, Four Histories: Historical Records, Han History, Later Han History, History of the Three Kingdoms.
12, four masters of the Yuan Dynasty: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan.
13, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is the first excellent collection of short stories in classical Chinese in China, written by Pu Songling, a novelist in the Qing Dynasty. "Liaozhai" is the name of his library, "Zhi" is a narrative, and "Alien" is a strange thing.
14. Four great calligraphers: Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ou Yangxun and Zhao Meng (f incarnation).
15, the main schools and their representatives in the Warring States Period:
Confucianism: Confucius and Mencius
Legalist: Han Feizi
Taoism: Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Mohist school: Mozi
16, four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao.
17, frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling.
18, Tang Zong: Taizong Li Shimin Song Zu: Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin Qin Huang: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng Hanwu: Han Wudi Liu Che.
19. The first pastoral poet in China was Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He "does not bow down for five buckets of rice."
20. Four misers in world literature: Grandet, Shylock, Overflow Higgins and Abalone.
2 1, a typical miser in China: Yan Jiansheng.
Third, the most China literature:
The earliest collection of poems was The Book of Songs.
The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan;
The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The most patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty.
The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in Tang Dynasty.
The patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The oldest novel is The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty.
The longest historical novel in ancient times was The Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong in the early Ming Dynasty.
The earliest novel of peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan and the beginning of Ming Dynasty.
The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty.
The most outstanding satirical novel in ancient times is Wu's Scholars in Qing Dynasty.
The most outstanding collection of classical short stories in ancient China is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty.
The earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius.
The earliest chronicle work in ancient times was Zuo Zhuan.
The earliest biographical history in ancient times was Historical Records.
The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription in Tang Dynasty.
The greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun;
The most outstanding novel in modern times is Midnight by Mao Dun.
The most influential collection of short stories in modern times is Lu Xun's Scream.
Fourth, cultural common sense:
1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.
2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu and Wu.
3. "Four classic masterpieces": Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and Journey to the West.
4. "Four Legends": The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, butterfly lovers, Meng Jiangnv and the Legend of the White Snake.
5. The world's four great short story masters: Chekhov, Mo Bosang, Mark Twain and O Henry.
6. Su Shi's prose represents the achievements of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his poems are called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian.
7. Ma Zhiyuan's masterpiece Tianjingsha Qiu Si is known as "the ancestor of Qiu Si".
8. Cao Xueqin wrote A Dream of Red Mansions (also known as The Story of the Stone), the greatest realistic work in China's classical novels, which was widely circulated and loved by people after its publication. The study of this book, A Dream of Red Mansions, has now become an important topic in the study of world literature.
9. Lu Xun is the founder of modern literature in China, and Chen Yi is called "Marshal Poet".
Cang Kejia is called a "local poet" because most of his poems are rural themes.
In other places, Wen Yiduo is known as the "drummer of the times" (drummer poet).
10, three friends in the cold: pine, bamboo and plum.
1 1. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.
12, four friends of literati: piano, chess, books and paintings.
13, Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.
14, Sikuquanshu: Scenery, History, Zi and Ji.
15, the six meanings in The Book of Songs refer to: style, elegance, praise (classification), fu, comparison and honor (expression).
16, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels.
17, laurel, top, top, champion: first.
18, three cardinal guides and five permanent members: "three cardinal guides": the father is the child guide, the monarch is the minister guide, and the husband is the wife guide; "Five permanent members": benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.
19, The Four Books and Five Classics are the main classics of Confucianism: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and University; The Five Classics refer to poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period.
20. Huang San: Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang or Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong;
Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun.
2 1. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron and tin.
22. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty.
23. Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth.
24. "Eight methods of harmony" means that the word "harmony" has eight strokes: point, horizontal, vertical, left, press, fold, hook and lift.
25. In ancient times, there were names such as Yao, Xu and imperial academy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the institution of higher learning was imperial academy.
26. Three religions and nine streams: "Three religions": Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; "Nine streams": Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalists, Famous Scholars, Mohists, Strategists, Miscellaneous Scholars and Peasants.
27. Ancient imperial examinations (Sui Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties):
Tongsheng test, also called Tongsheng test, is called Tongsheng regardless of age. After passing the exam, you can get the qualification of trainee (scholar, xianggong), so as to take the imperial examination.
B. After obtaining the rural examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the examination was held in provincial capitals every three years. The scholar took part in the exam, and the person who passed the exam was called Jie.
C exam, an exam held every three years in Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, can be taken by juren from all provinces and students from imperial academy. Three hundred students were admitted to Gong, and the first one was Hui Yuan.
D Palace Examination is an examination at the imperial examination system level, and the emperor personally questioned Gong's family who will be admitted to the imperial court to decide the first grade. Admission is divided into three classes: first class, third class, giving the title of "Jinshi Ji", the first champion (Dingyuan), the second place, and the third place, Tan Hua, collectively called "Sanjiaping"; A number of dimethyl, given the name "Jinshi origin"; Number three, given the name "with Jinshi origin"
The official imperial examinations are held once a year in prefectures and counties. Candidates are Confucian scholars and young scholars, who have gained fame and knowledge.
After having obtained the township examination, the time is once every three years (autumn), the place is the provincial capital, and the candidates are scholars. The first famous place was Xie Yuan.
The examination is held every three years (spring) in the location of the Department of Ritual (Beijing), and the candidates are awarded the title of Gong Shi, with Huiyuan as the first place.
The palace exam was held in the palace in April of the same year after the exam. The examinee Gong Shi won three honors (scholar): the first place, the second place and the flower exploration.
The official imperial examination is divided into three levels: township examination, general examination and palace examination.
Lian Deng No.3 (Sanyuanji): Xie Yuan-Huiyuan-Ancient Imperial Examination Champion.
Verb (short for verb) Poetry and People:
1, San Gu is frequently used in the world, and he has devoted his heart to two generations. -Zhuge Liang
But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. -Zhuge Liang
3, the real name started, and it is comparable for thousands of years. -Zhuge Liang
4, knowing that there are three points in the world, you are still a teacher. -Zhuge Liang
5, integrity, keep positive; You are worried about me and angry, writing the glory of history. -Sima Qian
6, consider hops grinding needle stone, relying on the sword to hang a bow to help mulberry. -Li Bai
7. There are thousands of ancient poems, and the bones of great writers are your brushes, in Tianyuan; Proudly speaking, violet laity is immortal. -Li Bai
8. Weng has been gone for 800 years and his hometown is still drunk; Six or seven miles in the mountains, the pavilion is not alone. —— Ouyang Xiu
9. After Dongpo sang "The River of No Return", Meiqin mourned and flew south with Hongyan to the Southern Song Dynasty. -Xin Qiji
10, the world is pale, and the sage in the poem; Human suffering, pen bottom waves. -Du Fu
165438+- Wen Tianxiang
12, holding high white, pure and loyal, and tens of thousands of ancient haters in Guluo River. —— Qu Yuan
13, lakes and mountains, thousands of people are worried. —— Fan Zhongyan
14, a hundred generations of rivers, thousands of waves rushing together, washing out heroes of all ages; Ci Yuan is in full bloom for a thousand years, and a daughter flower is in full bloom. -Li Qingzhao
15, the translation hasn't been finished yet. I was shocked to hear the sound of meteorites. China, who took the lead in shouting? Mr. Wang has passed away, recalling the past rain, and the literary world has been at a loss since then. -Lu Xun
16, Mao Zedong called Zhu Ziqing: "A man who is not bent over five buckets of rice."
17, Lenin praised Gorky: "The most outstanding representative of proletarian art."
18, the incarnation of ballet: ulanova.
19, Guan Hanqing is called "Oriental Shakespeare".
Six, a word storytelling:
1, Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The words are not very deep and the words are not very vulgar.
2, "Dream of Red Mansions": The words are meticulous, and ten years of hard work is extraordinary. (Cao Xueqin)
3. Meng Qian Bitan: the coordinates of China science and technology. (Needham)
4. enter the dragon: Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
5. Mirror of the Emperor: Purple Tongzhi Sword
6. Meaningful rhetoric: The Warring States Policy
7. The Immortal Art of War: Sun Tzu's Art of War
8. Former Corona: Camel Xiangzi.
Seven, this person's title:
1, called word: the name given by my father and elders when I was a child. As an adult (male 20, female 15), the word Yan Bing was taken from Shen Dehong and Cai Yu from Lu Xun.
2. Title: Generally, it is only used to claim to express a certain interest or express a certain emotion, regardless of age, such as Li Bai's Qinglian layman, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan layman, and Li Qingzhao's Yi 'an layman.
3. Calling posthumous title: titles added after the death of ancient princes, senior officials and scribes, such as Fan Zhongyan calling Zheng Wen and Ouyang Xiu calling Wenzhong.
4. birthplace: named after the place where people were born. For example, Meng Haoran's name is Xiang-yang Meng and Liu Zongyuan's name is Liu Hedong.
5. Official names: named after people's official names, for example, Du Fu called Du Gongbu.
6. Official land: named after the place where people are officials. For example, Cen Can: Liu Zongyuan of Cenjiazhou is called Liu Liuzhou.
7. The ancient emperors conferred the titles of noble heroes (ranks): male, hou, bo, zi and male (fifth grade).
Eight, modest name:
1, claiming to be: stupid, humble, humble, servant.
The emperor claimed to be lonely and embarrassed.
3. Ancient officials claimed to be: Xiaguan, Last Guan and Xuli.
This scholar calls himself a pupil, a late student, a late student, a poor talent and a corrupt official.
The ancients said that relatives and friends use home or home, such as my father, mother, brother, brother, sister and nephew.
6. Other self-deprecating words:
The elders claimed to be: in this world.
The younger generation claimed to be the next one.
The old man claims to be an old man and an old man.
Women's modesty: concubines
Nine, your respectful name:
1, to the emperor: Long live the saint, the son of heaven, the holy driving, your majesty and the king.
2. to the general: under his command
3. Use honorifics in an orderly, respectful and virtuous manner to the other party or relatives of the other party.
Order: Your father (opposite father), your mother (opposite mother), your brother (opposite brother), your son (opposite son), and your love (opposite daughter).
Zun: Used to refer to people and things related to each other.
Respect (the other parent), the public, the monarch and the government (the other father).
Zuntang (the mother of the other party) respects relatives (the relatives of the other party), lives (the orders of the other party), and cares (the meaning of the other party).
Xian: Call them peers or younger generations.
Xianjia (referring to the other party) Xianlang (the other party's son) Xian Di (the other party's brother)
Jen: Call those friends who are older than themselves my good friends. Call a superior person a benevolent person.
4. Call the old man husband. After the Tang Dynasty, my father-in-law was called my father-in-law, also known as Mount Tai. The wife and mother are the mother-in-law, also known as Taishui.
5. adding "first" before the title means dead, which is used to address people with high status or older people.
Calling for the dead father: the first exam, the first father.
The name is dead mother: virtuous words, virtuous words.
The dead and the talented: sages.
The late emperor.
6. Jun pays tribute to his ministers: Qing and Ai Qing.
7. People with noble moral character and superior wisdom are regarded as "saints", Confucius as a saint, Mencius as an Asian saint and Du Fu as a poet. Later, "Saint" was mostly used for emperors, such as "Lord" and "Sacred Driving".
X. Special appellation:
1. Names of common people: Buyi, Limin, Sublime, Ordinary People and Mang.
2. Bo (Meng) Zhong: the ranking order of the elders among the brothers.
Bo (Meng) is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Uncle is the third and Ji is the fourth.
3. Appellations between different friends:
Poor friends: friends you made when your status was low.
Friendship in Jin Lan: Friendly and close friends like brothers.
A friend in need: a friend in need.
Forget the turn of the year: friends of different generations and ages.
Friends of the opposite sex who grew up together.
Cloth friend: a friend who associates as a civilian.
A friend in need: a friend formed when encountering hardships.
4. Age name:
Crying: three or four years old-eight or nine years old.
Overall angle: eight or nine years old-thirteen or fourteen years old.
Cardamom: thirteen or fourteen-fifteen or sixteen. )
Weak crown: 20 years old.
Standing: 30.
There is no doubt: 40 years old.
Know destiny: 50 years old.
Flower: 60 years old.
Gu Xi: 70 years old.
Octogenarians: 80 years old, 90 years old.
Period: 100 years old.
Eleven, the appointment and removal of ancient official positions:
1, relocation: transfer, generally refers to promotion; Moving to the left is demotion and transfer.
2. Demotion and remote adjustment.
3. worship: granting official positions.
4. Grant: Grant an official position.
5. Selection and promotion.
6. Except: Withdraw the old post and take a new post.
7. Strike: recall and suspension.
8. Exemption: Exemption from official position.
9. Deprivation or demotion is also used to deprive the throne or prince of his inheritance.
Twelve. Geographical part:
1, Yin: Mountain North Water Nanyang: Mountain South Water North
2. Left: East is left and right; West was right.
3. River: Yellow River. Jiang: Yangtze River
4. Five Mountains: Mount Tai (East), Mount Hengshan (South), Mount Huashan (West), Mount Hengshan (North) and Mount Songshan (Middle).
5. Four famous Buddhist mountains: Wutai Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain, Emei Mountain and Putuo Mountain.
6. Liuhe: six directions: heaven, earth, east, south, west and north.
7. Eight Barrens: East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest, North and Northeast.
8. Ancient names of China: Kyushu, Shenzhou, Chixian, Huaxia, Jiutu, Zhonghua and Huaxia.
9. Names of important towns, comparing ancient and modern times.
Suzhou: Gusu
Chengdu: Jinguancheng
Nanjing: Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Danyang, Jiangning, Baixia and Shicheng.
Yangzhou: Weiyang, Yangcheng, Huaishang, Jiangdu and Guangling.
Beijing: Dadu, Yanjing and Shenjing.
Kaifeng: Daliang, Bianliang and Tokyo.
Zhenjiang: Jingkou.
Hangzhou: Lin 'an, Wulin and Qiantang.
10, nicknames of some cities in China.
Kunming-Spring City
Suzhou-Venice of China
Chongqing-Mountain City and Fog City
Lhasa-the city of sunshine
Guangzhou-Huacheng, Yangcheng and Wuyangcheng
Xuzhou-Pengcheng
1 1. The "three furnaces" on the Yangtze River: Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing.