Eighteen volumes of Shan Hai Jing describe many foreign objects and myths and legends in ancient mountains and rivers at home and abroad. Wang Chong's Lun Heng and Wu Yue Chun Qiu all say that this book was written by Boyi when Dayu was in charge of water control, which is not credible. Lu Xun thought it was an ancient witch book (see A Brief History of Chinese Novels). Jin Guopu once commented on the book and Tao Qian read The Map of Mountains and Seas, which is this kind of "Mountain and Seas Classic". There are thirteen poems in Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas, all of which record the differences between the two books (Classic of Mountains and Seas and Mu Zhuan). And this article begins, especially writing about the fun of seclusion. In fact, this poem not only shows Tao Qian's joy in life, but also reflects his reading attitude and artistic conception of poetry creation. Chen Zhongchun said: "I said that this poem by Tao Yuanming is the best. Singing songs repeatedly, you can think of Tao Ran's interest. The sentence "I want to distinguish and forget my words" (referring to "drinking") is a bit tricky, so there is no need to get through it. " (quoted from Shi Tao's Hui Ping). This poem * * * 16 has rhyme at the end, but it can be interpreted in four sentences.
Let's start from a good time and get the happiness of "getting what we want". Xia Meng in April is a time series following late spring. "In late spring and March, the grass grows in the south of the Yangtze River, and miscellaneous peanut trees and warblers fly" (Qiu Chi and Chen Boshu). In April, although there are no miscellaneous flowers on the trees, the vegetation is more dense and green. "Xia Meng has long vegetation and trees around the house", and "sparse" is the appearance of the branches and leaves of trees. Mount Taos is kept in a shady place. What a quiet environment. Birds are naturally happy to camp in this forest. The phrase "all birds are happy and entrusted for life" is an image. However, the sentence "I love my house too" is another sign of prosperity-it has a magical effect caused by prosperity. The word "Xintuo" is the profound reason for "I love my family, too". I am not glad that my house is luxurious, but as Zhang said, "Life is precious because Yuan Ming has abandoned the" MG "and returned. In this "Yu Heng" (humble room), he can "draw a pot by himself to make a decision and make the court happy", leaning against the south window and judging his knees to be comfortable. "(Back to Xi Word) He already thinks that today is yesterday, and he is right." I love my house, too "is a common saying, full of joy and infinite mystery." Only when the poet pushes himself and things can he feel the happiness of "bird" and "support". Therefore, the phrase "bird" can be regarded as a metaphor. Comparing with the poet's own two sentences, "Each ethnic group has its own support, and the lonely cloud is alone" (Ode to the Poor), "Many birds are happy to raise, and I love my family" can better reflect Tao Yuanming's mental state of obtaining psychological balance, and "I am pure vitality in viewing things" (Shen Deqian's Ancient Poetry Source), which is quite famous as pantheism.
Then, the poet wrote about the happiness of learning and the relationship between people and me. "I have cultivated and planted, but I still read when I was young" is worth pondering. First of all, how did Tao Qian deal with the relationship between farming and reading reflected by the words "I have" and "I am still young"? Obviously, farming comes first, followed by reading. This shows the poet's simple and people-oriented outlook on life: "Life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid." Don't camp, but seek self-protection, run your own business and talk about your years. I am diligent in the morning and responsible every day. ""I hope so. I can't sigh. " (Geng Xu's Harvest of Early Rice in September) Loving productive labor is one of Tao Yuanming's most valuable qualities. When he arrived in Xiameng, the farming had finished, but the harvest was still early, and he was in the slack season, so he could study happily. Of course, he doesn't spend all his time reading, which can be realized from the word "when he returns". However, it is this kind of leisure reading that has the most interest in reading. Regarding whether Tao Qian receives guests, the answer should be yes. He is a born musician. "I wanted to live in Nancun before, not for Butch's house. His confession is "people who are always happy after listening to more" and "neighboring songs come from time to time, but they resist the past" (Migration). "The Book of Song Dynasty, Biography of Seclusion" says: "The noble and the humble have wine to drink." But if the other party doesn't come because of difficulties, he won't feel sorry. This sense of self-satisfaction is even more lasting than the poem "Being greedy for others is not good" written by Wu in Meicun in Qing Dynasty. It is in this sense that readers should understand that "a poor lane is separated by a deep road, which means that an old friend will return home." Here, the poet wrote a good sentence with a pen and did not intend to leave a problem, which made the later annotators have two completely opposite solutions. One thinks that these two sentences have the same meaning: "Living in a lonely lane often makes old friends return to the car, which means that they have no contact with the world" (note in the reference materials of the literary history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties); The other thinks that the two sentences have the same meaning: "The car is too deep, and this poor lane does not come to the nobles. However, I am quite back (calling) my old friend's driving, and I am happy to drink and pick vegetables. " No matter what you say, it doesn't hurt to know poetry. But comparatively speaking, it is more in line with the actual situation of Tao Qian's life to say that Yan Yanzhi's "banquet in the forest, holding an old friend's car" as a witness. It is better to have fun with others than to have fun alone, although the door is always closed.
For example, from "Writing Friends for the Second Time" (Wu Yi's On the Road), the following is about entertaining guests in the countryside and the scenery of Yueqing. The phrase "enjoy spring wine and pick my garden vegetables" is very idyllic. In the dead of winter, rural wine-making is called "spring wine" (The Book of Songs, July, "Spring wine leads to longevity"). Early summer is the time to open the urn and consider it. Wine is a guest, you can't live without food. The poet only wrote "Picking vegetables in my garden", which was true at that time. April is the peak season for vegetables. Spinning vegetables out of the ground is really refreshing. And the host's hospitality and joy are also written with a pen. "Happy word" or "happy". "Light rain comes from the east, and good wind exists together" is an impromptu sentence, and the "good" and "slight" of "light rain" and "good wind" are intertextual, that is, the so-called gentle breeze and drizzle. Good wind, good rain, not cold face and not wet clothes can all help friends to be careful. Where it is easy to make even sentences, Yuan Ming writes in scattered lines. The rain "comes from the east" and the wind "goes with the flow". If you look at the expression, you will accept it when you see it. "Not only was the meeting excellent, but it was also very good to settle down. If you are in the "I Love My Family" department, you are doing two or two sets, and the quantity is small, although it is good, it is not enough to save "(Selected Poems by Wang Fuzhi). Cover the cushion and write six sentences about personnel, and you will see that "the scale is flat, so the support is great."
In this way, the poet wrote his own happy mood, good days and good times, and the pleasure of meeting friends, and then fell back to "reading my books when I was young", that is, "reading the classics of mountains and seas" on the topic, which can be described as the end of the song. "Looking at Zhou Wang's biography, looking at the map of mountains and seas", although finished, is of great significance. There are two completely different ways to read. First, I study hard for practical utilitarian purposes. Because of the great pressure, I sometimes have to "hang my head and stab my legs", which is called "Su Qin-style hard study". First, for the purpose of seeking knowledge and pleasing feelings, I read it easily and I feel very happy. I can call it "Tao Qian-style happy reading" (Back to Xi Ci), "I study hard and don't want to know much, but I forget to eat every time I know" (Biography of Mr. Wu). Tao Yuanming's "Young people are poor, but they can swim well in the Six Classics" ("Drinking"), although reading classics, tends to "read well". I have made great progress since I returned to my rural home. What I am reading here is not the Biography of the Sages in the Bible, but the Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Biography of Mu (Biography of Zhou Wang). Shan Hai Jing is of course the source of ancient myths, and Mu Zhuan is also a myth and legend (Biography of Jin Shu contains "In the second year of Taikang (22 1), people in Jixian county were not allowed to rob tombs, or Wang Li's tomb was safe, and dozens of bamboo books were obtained." There are five biographies of Mu, which tells the story of traveling around the world on eight horses. They are literary and readable. Mao Mu said: "No one has the obligation to read poems, novels or other literary works that can be classified as pure literature. He can only study for fun. " (Book and you) It can be said that Tao Qian has long been ignorant. You see, he doesn't study hard at all, nor does he use books as a stepping stone; He is "reading widely" and "passing by", reading so happily that he "forgets to eat"-that is, "he doesn't even want to eat" (Jia Baoyu refers to reading The West Chamber), thus feeling a strong aesthetic pleasure. At the same time, he has such a beautiful reading environment that he manages himself. He was shut up in under the greenwood tree's Lu House, where birds were camping and singing. Of course, it is suitable for opening books and wandering with the ancients. His study is arranged in his spare time, so he has no worries in life. If you spread out the paper all day, there will always be a time for ants to crawl through the whole page. Taking part in labor is different. I feel a little tired at this time, but my mind is very easy to use. Sitting down is a kind of enjoyment, not to mention one or two good books that are not boring and can escape the summer. Then read the message, someone needs to talk for a while, and when an old friend comes back to the car and cares about him, he will "admire and write strange things and analyze doubts" (Migration).
"Pitching the universe, I am not happy!" These two sentences are the summary of the whole poem. Directly inherited the splendor of Pan Lan and Liu Guan. Xia Meng sun and moon geometry? Even if life is a hundred years old, it is very short. How can we pitch the universe? ("Huainanzi Qi Customs": "In the past, it was called the universe, and the four sides called the universe." The beauty of these five words lies in writing the feeling of "reading Shan Hai Jing". Because of his concentration, the poet traveled around the world with the characters in the book in an instant. How happy I am. As far as Tao Qian's pantheistic philosophy of life is concerned, he is originally a part of nature, and he is spiritually integrated with all things, which is a deeper joy of "throwing the universe to the end". As far as the whole poem is concerned, the joy mentioned in these two sentences is not limited to reading. It also includes the joy of life, of course, there is the comfort and happiness that later generations said, "clothes are warm, vegetables are fragrant, poetry and books are long"; This is because Tao Qian converted to nature, and gained solace and inspiration from it, and established an optimistic attitude towards life. Traditionally, it inherited Confucius disciple Ceng Dian's ideal of spring bathing interpretation; In fact, it is the result of taking part in labor and getting close to farmers. It is a spiritual heritage worthy of attention.
Although there are many witty remarks, the writing of this poem is purely natural. Elegant language, humorous words, thick accumulation and thin hair, light appearance, moderate rhythm, excellent fusion of literary talent and emotion. Therefore, if Wen can comment on it, there will be a cloud: "This article was obtained by accident in Yuan and Ming Dynasties and naturally flowed out. The so-called axe is missing. About the beauty of poetry, nature is the ultimate goal. The rate of Tao poetry is close to nature, and this one is even more incredible and wonderful. "