Zhang Zhongjing (147 or150-219) is a famous machine. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was born in Nieyang, Nanyang County (now Nanyang City, Henan Province). His family is well-off, and he has been diligent and studious since childhood. When he saw the story of Bian Que seeing Cai Huangong from the history books, he was moved by Bian Que's medical skill of knowing the disease by looking at his face, so he became interested in medicine and thought it was a cause that benefited others, and he was determined to learn medical skills. When I was a child, I worshipped Zhang Bozu, a famous doctor in my hometown. Seeing his devotion to medicine, Zhang Bozu taught him all his medical knowledge and skills. In the process of studying, Zhang Zhongjing showed his outstanding talent in medical ethics. "Taiping Yulan" quoted "He Yi Biezhuan" as saying that He Yi is good at knowing talents and is famous in the world. As soon as He Yi saw the teenager Zhang Zhongjing, he asserted that he was "precise in thinking" and would be a good doctor in the future. Huangfu Mi in the Jin Dynasty described his fabulous superb medical skills in the preface of A-B Classic and Tai Ping Guang Ji: RoyceWong, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, met Zhang Zhongjing at the age of seventeen, and Zhang Zhongjing said that RoyceWong was ill and had to take "Jade Liquid Decoction", otherwise. I'm sick Eyebrows will fall off at the age of 30 (now called leprosy, which has a long incubation period). Zhang Zhongjing can recognize it from the beginning, which shows that he has a good understanding of endemic diseases. It's just that RoyceWong teenagers became famous. Very talented and energetic, he doesn't take Zhang Zhongjing's words seriously. Who knows that at the age of 30, his eyebrows really fell off. Some people don't believe this record, because Shu Wei only said that he died of illness at the age of 4/kloc-0 (didn't say what happened). This kind of death in the prime of life is precisely because of the long-term chronic disease, coupled with the fatigue of the journey, and the rapid deterioration of the condition.
Zhang Zhongjing lived in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Eunuchs and consorts were autocratic, politics was extremely corrupt, warlords were separated, wars continued, plagues prevailed and disasters were serious. People survived the military disaster, but were killed by the plague. Cao Zhi's poems describe the horror of plague epidemic: "Every family has the pain of strong corpse, and there is a voice of wailing in the room, or they die after closing the door or raising a family". The main plague is typhoid fever. There are more than 200 members of Zhang Zhongjing's family. Ten years after Jian 'an, three-thirds of them died in two dead, and seven out of ten died of typhoid fever. The sufferings of the people and their own experiences prompted him to study typhoid fever. Since then, he has been "diligent in seeking ancient teachings" and "learning from others", running among patients and taking medical practice as his lifelong career. It is documented that he once raised Lian Xiao, a Changsha magistrate. However, from the official history such as The History of the Later Han Dynasty and The History of the Three Kingdoms, it is found that he has been a prefect in Changsha since Jian 'an, and there is no Zhang Ji.
Zhang Zhongjing's medical skill is not only brilliant but also noble. He regards "treating your relatives' diseases" and "saving the poor" as his medical goals, and hates those quacks who neglect their duties and treat human life like a child's play. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the method of inch pulse diagnosis was popular. In order to be prudent, he advocated both the pulse of inch and the ruler of custom. Before the Western Han Dynasty, Su Wen had three methods of nine-wait pulse diagnosis: dividing the human body into three ancient landscape painting appreciation departments: each department took three, namely heaven, earth and people, and nine were named "nine-wait"; The "nine stages" are divided into 18 or so consultations, and the diagnosis can only be made if all these parts are consulted. It is much more troublesome than the inch-by-inch method, but it is easy to grasp the condition. Since the emergence of the method of inch, clearance and ruler in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three-part nine-waiting diagnosis has gradually failed. Zhang Zhongjing thinks that the inch is not enough, the hand is not enough, and the disease is difficult to cure (Preface to Treatise on Febrile Diseases). Therefore, he can not be disturbed by it and advocate participating in the law of three-thirds and nine-thirds.
Zhang Zhongjing summarized many medical theories and treatment methods in his clinical practice. Sixteen volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases are the product of this research and practice. He saw in "Su Wen in Neijing": "The husband who is hot is typhoid and so on." "When a person is injured by cold, it is a kind of fever." He developed this theory according to his own practice, thinking that typhoid fever is the general name of all fever, that is, all diseases caused by exogenous diseases can be called typhoid fever. But this disease occurs in different seasons and has different names. Typhoid fever is caused by a cold in winter; A cold attack in spring is called fever; In ancient summer, fan painting was called summer sickness when it was cold. The book discusses pathology, diagnosis, treatment and even medication in detail, which is a relatively complete work of traditional Chinese medicine. Among them, there are 22 theoretical descriptions, 397 therapeutic principles, 30 infectious diseases and 33 prescriptions/kloc-0. According to Xu Rong in Ming Dynasty, Wang Shuhe, a doctor in Jin Dynasty, began to sort out and expand it, and compiled two books, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. The former specializes in exogenous diseases, while the latter specializes in internal medicine, miscellaneous diseases, surgery and gynecological diseases. Treatise on Febrile Diseases is a revised edition of Lin Bu, Sun Qi and others in Song Dynasty. It is divided into 22 volumes 10, and there are 1 13 prescriptions except repetition. Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, also known as Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, was once lost, and Wang Zhu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, found the residual copy from the cupboard and copied it to the world. The book is divided into three volumes: pre-typhoid, miscellaneous diseases, diseases, medical prescriptions and gynecological diseases. In Xining, Song Shenzong, Lin Yi, the school manager of Bimige, and others ordered medical books. Because the first volume is too brief, but miscellaneous diseases are taken below, the last volume of medical prescriptions is scattered and attached to the names of various diseases for easy selection. * * * got 262 square meters, a total of 25. The content includes the study of etiology, pathogenesis, disease classification and diagnosis. The dosage forms used for treatment are soup, pills, powder, wine, washing, smoking and sitting. Zhang Zhongjing's medical achievements can be found in two aspects: one is about medical methods (diagnosis), and the other is about Chinese medicine prescriptions (treatment). In ancient times, acupuncture was mainly used to treat internal diseases. Since the Warring States period, the experience of drug treatment has gradually accumulated, and later books on traditional Chinese medicine such as Shan Hai Jing and Shen Nong Ben Cao appeared. But they don't involve medical methods. In the long-term medical practice, Zhang Zhongjing summed up the need to analyze the different symptoms of diseases, such as yin and yang, exterior and interior, cold and heat, deficiency and excess, and established the method of "syndrome differentiation and treatment" in traditional Chinese medicine. Treatise on Febrile Diseases is divided into "exterior-interior, deficiency-excess, cold and heat" according to the location and nature of diseases, which is called "eight types of syndrome differentiation" in later generations. Diagnosing diseases according to the "Eight Outline", he also put forward the treatment methods of warming, clearing away heat, tonifying, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea and digestion for those with cold nature, which were later called "Eight Methods" of TCM. Zhang Zhongjing believes that these treatments should be applied according to the specific conditions of patients, and they will be effective if used properly. He also believes that some diseases can be treated with cold and heat, and heat can be treated with cold, either from the outside to the inside or from the inside to the inside. However, the routine and changes of this treatment method must be carefully mastered and flexibly used by doctors according to the actual situation of patients.
Secondly, Zhang Zhongjing's contribution lies in: his works retain a large number of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, such as Mahuang decoction and Guizhi decoction, which excrete toxins through sweating; Baihu decoction for treating Japanese encephalitis; Pulsatilla decoction in treating bacillary dysentery; There are many prescriptions for treating acute appendicitis in traditional Chinese medicine, such as rhubarb peony soup, coix seed aconite powder and so on. , is Zhang Zhongjing's prescription to change. It not only enriches the medical treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, but also summarizes and creates in the processing of traditional Chinese medicine and prescription compatibility.
Zhang Zhongjing has made some inventions in prescription compatibility. Traditional Chinese medicine has gradually developed from unilateral to compound. Because the compound prescription is composed of a variety of drugs, the principle of monarch, minister and assistant is emphasized in preparation. That is to say, in one party, it must be a medicine (monarch) and a medicine (minister or assistant). Shennong Materia Medica simply classifies drugs according to their nature; "Su Wen" stipulates that the dosage of one party's monarch and minister has a fixed proportion. Treatise on Febrile Diseases increases or decreases according to the condition. Compared with Materia Medica and Suwen, the preparation method is more scientific. It is under the influence of Treatise on Febrile Diseases that later generations of Chinese medicine established the principle of "treating diseases with cubic meters".
Zhang Zhongjing not only attaches importance to the research of treatment methods, but also attaches great importance to the prevention of diseases. He put forward health care methods such as "proper diet, regular daily life and proper rest" to appreciate ancient landscape paintings, and also advocated qigong, massage and other exercises. When he treats patients, he not only pays attention to the treatment with medical prescriptions, but also pays attention to physical therapy such as acupuncture. He often uses enema to guide defecation and artificial respiration to rescue fainting patients.
Zhang Zhongjing has a lot of works, besides Treatise on Febrile Diseases, there are ten volumes of Differentiating Typhoid Diseases, one volume of Prescriptions for Treating Women, one volume of Treatise on Five Organs and one volume of Arthritis. Unfortunately, none of them have been preserved.
In the Han Dynasty when Zhang Zhongjing lived, the development level of social productive forces was not high after all, which greatly restricted his medical research. In pathology, he could not completely eliminate the influence of the five elements theory. His medical theory does not fully conform to scientific practice. There are still many problems and shortcomings in his medical works. Therefore, later generations of Chinese medicine commented on his treatise on febrile diseases and said: there is a good way to treat adult diseases, but there is no way to treat children's diseases; Some treat northern diseases, but not southern diseases.
However, Zhang Zhongjing's lifelong research and practice have made great contributions to the development of Chinese medicine. Treatise on febrile diseases, synopsis of golden chamber, Huangdi Neijing and Difficult Classic are regarded as medical classics, which occupy a prominent position in the development history of traditional Chinese medicine. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Zhang Zhongjing's works have influenced overseas. Up to now, there are many doctors in Japan who specialize in Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. They not only used original prescriptions to treat diseases, but also made some prescriptions, which expanded their application scope through scientific research. It can be seen that the position of this "medical sage" in the history of world medicine is quite lofty.